中国普法-2017年3月10日

英语从句大全
1）表语从句
1.定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2.构成：关联词+简单句
3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
（1）从属连词that.如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
（2）从属连词whether，as，as if.如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago，but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be，seem，look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。
（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever， whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why.
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释：
1.连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。
2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从 句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形
表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
2）主语从句

































1.定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2.构成：关联词+简单句
3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
（1）从属连词that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
（2）从属连词whether.如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。
（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what， which，whoever，whatever，whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why.如：
What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone.这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome.不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home —— my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。
解释：
1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
+be+形容词（o bvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funn y，possible，likely，certain，
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probable，etc.）+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
+be+名词词组（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that从句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
+ be+过去分词（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，ann ounced，arranged，etc.）+that
从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
+seem，happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。
+doesn’t matter（makes no difference，etc.）+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的
吗？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他们明天不来很要紧吗？
G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
2.注意连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever等引导主语从句的含义。
Whoever comes will be welcome.（whoever=the person who）来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right.（whatever=the thing that）他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.（whichever=anyone of you who）你们当中不论哪个进来
将会得到奖
3）宾语从句
1.定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2.构成：关联词+简单句。
3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
（1）从属连词that.如：
He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。
注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语
从句放在and的后面时， that不能省略。）
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that
不能省略。）
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
3. That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。）
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主

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句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。）
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
（2）从属连词ifwhether.如：
I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。
（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，wha tever，whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why. 如：
Who or what he was，Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。
类型：（1）介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如：
I don’t care （for）who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful （as to）how you do that.你要注意做这件事的方式。
解释：
1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
2.作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只 用在except，but，in后。其他一
些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先 行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done？
你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？
3 .某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure，glad，certain，pl eased，
happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，连词that 可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.

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妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4.连词whether （…or not）或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether.试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为 宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你
想去的话，请告诉 我一声”。
5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think，believe，suppose，exp ect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是
否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否 定形式。如：
I don’t think you are right.我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares，does he？ 我想他不在意，是吗？
6.宾语从句的时态变化规律：
（1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
（2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
4）同位语从句
1.定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact，n ews，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，
关联词多用从属连词that.如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come？
你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。
连接代 词who，which，what和连接副词where，when，why，how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question that should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释：
引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的同位语从句
that引导的定语从句
句法功能上
that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。

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意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用，是定语
如：The news that will be our new English teacher is true.（同位语从句，that不可省。）
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news （that）he told me yesterday is true.（定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。）
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中， 谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原
形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this （should）be settled as soon as possible.
这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
5）定语从句
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或 关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性
成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性 从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which,
who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，
代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分 。
注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。
4.定语：定语用来限定 、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语
中常用‘……的’表示 。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词
短语也可以来担任，也可 以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。
短语和从句作定语时则放 在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
限定性定语从句
一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人， which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾
语时常可省略关系词，whi ch在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you wan t。]而
且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且 介词总是放
在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是
anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰
时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰 时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级
时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都 只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，w hom作宾语时，要注意它可
以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是 关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人
和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
二、关系副词（在句中作状语）
关系副词=介词+关系代词
Why=for which
Where=in at on ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
When=during on in ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引

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导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I
met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush
etc。
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或
nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进 一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，
将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，
例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose
代表事物.；
关系代词引导的定语从句
指人在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
(3) The man whowhom you met just now is my friend.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whomwho I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(1) The number of the people thatwho come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(2) Where is the man thatwhom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. Whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

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(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (thatwhich) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (thatwhich) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whomthatwho)
或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，
例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose
代表事物.；
关系代词引导的定语从句
指人在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
(3) The man whowhom you met just now is my friend.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whomwho I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(1) The number of the people thatwho come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(2) Where is the man thatwhom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. Whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

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注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (thatwhich) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (thatwhich) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We will go to hear the famous singer (whomthatwho)
宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum
___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从
句。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum
词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who,
whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间
状语，why 原因状语)
介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互
换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.
（八）先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents
will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
（九）as, which引导的非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般
放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D.
he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句
子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that
D. it

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答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，
it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词 都指主句所表达的整个意思，且
在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面 的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句
中的关系代词只能 用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
一、“as which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：
My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的 身份、职业、状
态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词 不能用who
whom.
2. 动词短语先行成分
这种动词短语既可是限定形 式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或
非限定形式的替代动词do和 as which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。
3. 句子作先行成分
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至 可以是一个完整
的故事。
二、“aswhich”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“aswhich”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：
1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as which”特
殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是 ，
当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果
先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从< br>句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时
它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“aswhich”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来，as与which的语义功能相 同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差
异。
1. 表示结果 表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，
如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，< br>
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普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一 些表示“合乎自然规律”“众所周知”或“经常发
生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。
3. 有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意 义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”
特殊定语从句的状 语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受
这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1. as which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等
时，系 动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词
be 常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：We thought him a gentleman, aswhich he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：He talked like a native, whichas
he hardly was.
4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，
有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.
（十）关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land thatwhich we get our
food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用
which。
(c) 先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时，只用that。
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复．
(h)先行词是the way时
举例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？
Who that break the window should be punished．谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交
给了警察。
6）状语从句
由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整 个句子，它可以用来表示
时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较 大的语法项目，也是近

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几年高考题中常见的一个重 要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些
从句仍是今后高考热点，应作 充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the
moment ), by the time, no sooner … Than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
E.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既
然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
E.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now that you mention it, I do remember.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
E.g. sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，
以免）等。
E.g. speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没
有情态动词）, so … That, such … that等引导。
E.g. she was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语 从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大
可能实现的事情 ）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that,
so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
E.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.
You can go swimming on condition that (= if) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … Or, no matter
whom (when, what …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
E.g. though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever (= No matter what) you say, I’ll never change my mind.

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（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
E.g. you must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … As, the more … the more等引导。
E.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表< br>示将来。
E.g. we’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的 主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），
从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
E.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同 从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以
where为例，能引 导多种从句。
E.g. you are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
I don’t know where he come from.（宾语从句）
Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）


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