脚下的土地-2014辽宁高考英语

中英文资料翻译

一篇对于入库系统规划与控制的调查文献
我们提出了一个关于方法以及规划和仓储系统控制技 术文献调查。规划
是指管理决策影响中期内（一个或多个个月），如库存管理和储存位分配。控
制是指经营决策短期（小时，天），如路由，排序，调度和订单批量。
在此之前的文献调查，我们展现了 仓储系统介绍和仓库管理问题的分类。说
明
1．1仓库的递增
GUDEHUS与G RAVES,HAUSMAN,SCHWARZ通过把入库系统规划与控制作为一
个新的研究主题而对此 介绍构思。 入库系统的操作在文献中自始自终受到了
相当大的关注。
入库系统的研究在70 年代就得到了关注，这不足为奇，管理部门将眼光
从生产力的提高转移到财产目录的消减，这是研究领域 的一个新纪元。信息
系统的采用使得这个策略有了实施的可能，随着把制造业资源规划作为一个
显著的范例，日本出现了一个新的管理哲学：及时生产（JIT）。及时生产试
图实现在短时间内用极小 的一部分存货清单实现高产量的任务。这个新的发
展需要人们通过仓库在短期的回复期内频繁的运送低量 货物到一个显著的宽
广而多样化的储存保管单元(SKU's)中实现。对于质量的关注，使得仓库负责

人要从产品损坏的角度反复检查他们的仓库操作，在建立短而可靠的交易时< br>期同时提升汇单采购的准确性。
当前在入库与分配后勤学的趋势中，是供应链管理与高效消费响 应
（ECR）。供应链管理与高效消费响应负责小量存货清单供应链与贯穿于供应
链的可靠短期 响应机构的驱动。所有的交付都是在供应链中销售额日趋下降
的情况下促成的。这样一个机构需要各个公 司之间在供应链与当前销售信息
的反馈中形成一个严密的合作。现今，信息技术使得这些手段能够通过电 子
数据的交换（EDI）与类似基于MRP的企业资源规划（ERP）软件系统与仓库
管理系统 （WMS）实现。
新市场极大的影响着仓库的经营。一方面，他们需要一个增长的生产力；
另 一方面，迅速变换的市场将金融风险强加于采用密集资本的高成果上，由
此可能很难重新装配甚至需要摒 弃入库设备。因此，在这样一个复杂的环境
中，有着对可提供用于合适规划与仓库控制可靠基准这样复杂 方法的巨大需
求。
上面，我们描述了曾在图书资料中出现的关于入库系统规划与控制的方法与模型调查，在第一部分的剩余部分，我们讨论入库系统与仓库的管理。
在第2与第3部分我们分 别讨论文献的规划与控制问题。最后，在第4部分
我们将做总结并对将来的研究给予建议。
1．2入库
入库意味着所有商品的变动都在仓库与分配中心内(DC’s)，那就是：入库，储藏，汇单订购，资本增值与分类、运输。一份顾客或生产单元大量需
求的储存保管单元目录分 别在分配中心或生产仓库中。汇单订购是采集过程

中储存保管单元在一段时期 内的需求。在一个汇单采购操作中，汇单采购者
可以一次订购一个
单子，或者可以更高效的同 时订购多个单子。此外，订单可以从单独的
入库系统中或通过系统在不同的区域订购。因此，在这种情况 下，订单需要
分类并积累来建立完善的表单。汇单可以在单子订购过程中或者在这之后分
类。
入仓系统可以分成3组：
（1）采购者-产品系统
（2）产品-采购者系统
（3）无人采购系统
在采购者-产品系统中，汇单采购者骑着车辆沿着采购地点。有一个多样
高效通过手工驱动的用于从高处取物并可以垂直移动的移动车辆，它在用于
商品采购并包括外送 的系统中替代了车辆。
产品-采购者系统的例子是自动化的储藏恢复系统（ASRS）与旋转木马。
一个ASRS是一个显著的仓库存储恢复机构，可以自动化的完成储存舱
存储与取回的吊车（像 是集装架或箱子）。轻负荷仓储系统是一个特别用于装
备小物料项目存储与汇单采购的ASRS。旋转木 马由围绕着封闭环旋转并传送
给请求存储管理单元给采购者的存储地点组成，它可以水平或垂直的转动。
无人采购系统利用机器人技术或自动分配。涉及到产品取回部分，我们
区分为装载单元取回系统 与汇单采购系统。在取回装载单元系统中，完整的
装载单元已经被取回。因此，运输工具在单个路程中应 当执行一个或二个站
点。我们将这些行程分别归类为单控制周期与双控制周期。在一个订单采购

系统中，大都少于装载单元的数量，因此会出现每次路程都有许多站的情况。
1．3仓库管理。
我们可以通过将任务分派给一系列按等级划分的管理人员助理来建立一个仓库管理的高质量解决方案。一个定义较好的阶级体系可以使局部最优化
而不必考虑总体的背景。
一个比较广泛的管理部门阶级体系如下：1．战略判断；2．策略判断；3．经
营判断。 战略管理判断是一个长期的判断并且涉及到广泛方针的决断力与利用公
司资源支持长期竞争战略的计 划。策略管理判断主要满足如何高效的安排材
料与在受不成熟战略判断限制下的工作。相比较之下，经营 管理判断是一个
严密与短期的管理，而且在战略与策略管理判断的营运限制下行动。
这篇调查 的核心论题是规划与入仓系统的控制。入仓系统的规划涉及到
在策略层面的关于商品存储场所任务的成熟 方针。控制问题涉及到现实商品
的顺序，安排与工艺路线的变动。
规划与控制判断取决于战略 管理判断与财产目录管理。战略管理确定了
长期的目标并且它构成了供应链机构与仓库的设计。财产目录 管理决定了多
少数量的哪个产品被保存在仓库与什么时候装运到达。
理性的财产目录管理可以 降低详细目录的程度与由此提升仓库运转的效
率。回顾财产目录模型，考虑到总体详细目录的数量，我们 将他们分类为
HARIGA与JACKSON。由于这些模型牵涉到财产目录与仓库运转，这些模型确< br>立了一座介乎于入仓与详细目录管理领域的桥梁。
由于战略判断有着一段长时期的影响，这些判断有着高度的不可靠性。

典型的方法是用于解决基于需求估计的随机与模拟模型问题。规划问题涉及
到中间时期与考虑其间存在 的情况。规划规则系统是基于它的局部数据，它
试图找到一个高质量平均成果的解决方法。控制规则系统 基于现实数据并且
试图找到一个高质量成果的解决方法。最优的组合方法也是适合于解决规划
与 控制问题的。案例研究已经表明可以通过应用理性的规划与控制方法来相
当大的改进生产力。
2．仓库运转的规划
在这部分，我们主要集中在策略层储存场所任务的问题。成熟水准的步< br>骤，是作为一个供应与收回商品场所选择的架构。在这些程序中，对于中期
的反映是对于过去需求 模式的评价。由于储存场所任务的问题自始自终都是
比较棘手的，我们提出将储存场所规划步骤分4阶段 的等级体系。
储存场所规划步骤：
1．入库系统中产品的分配；2．关联产品的群集；3． 入库系统中的协调
工作量；4．产品储存场所选择任务。
我们将在2.1部分与2.4部分中论述这些资料。
2．1入库系统中产品的分配
大部分大型的仓库拥有不只一种入库系统。每种入库系统都是特别基于
尺寸，重量，形状，不可储藏性， 体积，需求率，采购量，运输量，储存模
式等需求特征产品组装备的。
此外，许多仓库采用 分散的系统或区域用于汇单采购与货物存储。无论
前部区域的产品何时耗尽都可以在储备区中补充。一个 众所周知的前部储备
机构是低标准的人工汇单采购与包含货物储备的高标准储藏货架。

BOZER用更高层区域与前部区域处理分裂货物架的问题。他采用
CHEBY SHEV传导期与固定采购期用于所有的前部区域存储单元。他指出分散的
储备区域情况是正常的。他同 样研究了可变的储藏单元型号与远程储备区域
的案例。他通过分解推导出了用于前部区域产品的潜在利用 与存储单元采购
期收支平衡的重要性。
HACKMAN与ROSENBLATT提出了从储备 区域汇单采购模式的可能性。相应
地，应当从前部区域中采购产品与如何为每样产品分配空间的问题产生 了。
目标是减小汇单采购与补充的总费用。他们认为补充产品中的再补充经验与
分配数量无关。 他们推导出一个有效存储空间中理想产品数量作用的解析表
达式。他们提出一个基于背包的启发：给持续 减小储金花费的前部区域中分
配数量，并且直到满为止。








A literature survey on planning and
control of warehousing systems

We present a literature survey on methods and techniques for the
planning and control of warehousing systems. Planning refers to
management decisions that affect the intermediate term (one or multiple
months), such as inventory management and storage
location assignment. Control refers to the operational decisions
that the short term (hours, day), such as routing, sequencing,
scheduling and order-batching. Prior to the literature survey, we give
an introduction into warehousing systems and a classification of
warehouse management problems.
1. Introduction
1.1. The increasingly busy warehouse
Gudehus [1] and Graves [2], Hausman [3] and Schwarz [4] introduced
the design, planning and control of ware- housing systems as new
research topics. The operation of
warehousing systems has received considerable interest in the
literature ever since. It is not surprising that the research on
warehousing systems gained interest in the 1970s, since this was the
era that management interest shifted from productivity im- provement
to inventory reduction. The introduction of information systems made
this strategy possible, with Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP-II)
as a notable example. From Japan a new management philosophy emerged:
Just-In- Time (JIT) production. JIT attempts to achieve high-volume

production using minimal inven- tories of parts that arrive just in
time. These new devel- opments demanded from warehouses that low
volumes be delivered more frequently with shorter response times from
a significantly wider variety of Stock Keeping Units (SKU's). The new
interest in quality forced warehouse managers to re-examine their
warehouse operation from the viewpoint of minimizing product damage,
establish- ing short and reliable transaction times and improving
order-picking accuracy. Current trends in warehousing and distribution
logis- tics are supply chain management and E?cient Consumer Response
(ECR). Supply chain management and ECR pursue a demand-driven
organization of the supply chain
with small inventories and reliable short response times
throughout the supply chain. All deliveries are driven by the sales
downward in the supply chain. Such an organization requires a close
cooperation among the companies in the supply chain and the immediate
feedback of sales data. Nowadays, information technology enables these
developments through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and software
systems such as the MRP-based Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP)
systems and Warehouse Management Systems (WMS). The new market forces
have the operation of warehouses tremendously. On the one hand,
they demand an increased productivity. On the other hand, the rapidly
changing market imposes financial risks upon the introduction of

capital intensive high-performance warehousing equipment which may be
di?cult to re-configure or discard. Hence, there is a great need for
sophisticated techniques that provide a dependable basis for adequate
planning and control of warehouses in such complex this
paper we present a survey of methods and models that have appeared in
the literature for the planning and control of warehousing systems.
In the remainder of Section 1, we discuss warehousing systems and
warehouse management. In Sections 2 and 3 we discuss the literature
on planning and control issues, respectively. Finally, in Section 4
we end with conclusions and suggestions for future research.
1.2. Warehousing
Warehousing involves all movement of goods within warehouses and
Distribution Centers (DC's), namely: *Current address: Berenschot, P.O.
Box 8039, 3503 RA Utrecht,
The Netherlands. Tel.: +31302916822, Fax: +31302916826
0740-817X ó 1999 ``IIE''
IIE Transactions (1999) 31, 751±762
receiving, storage, order-picking, accumulation and sorting and
shipping. An order lists the SKU's and quantities requested by a
customer or by a production unit, in a DC or a production warehouse,
-picking is the process of gathering SKU's that have
been requested in an order at one an order-picking operation,

the order pickers may pick one order at the time (single order-picking).
A higher e?ciency may be achieved by picking multiple orders
simultaneously (batch picking). Furthermore, orders may be picked from
separate warehousing systems or separate zones within systems.
Consequently, in such situations the orders need to be sorted and
accumulated to establish order integrity. Orders may be sorted during
the order-picking process (sort-while-pick) or afterwards
(pick- and-sort). Warehousing systems may be classi?ed into three
groups:
(1) Picker-to-product systems.
(2) Product-to-picker systems.
(3) Picker-less systems.
In a picker-to- product system, manual order-pickers ride in
vehicles along the pick positions. There is a wide variety of vehicles
available from manually propelled vehicles to motorized vehicles which
also enable vertical movement for order- picking from elevated
positions. Instead of a vehicle, a system may also include a take-away
conveyor for picked products (pick-to- belt).Examples of
product-to-picker systems are the Auto -mated StorageRetrieval System
(ASRS) and the ASRS is a high-bay warehouse with
StorageRetrieval (SR) machines or automated stacker cranes that
perform the storage and retrieval of storage modules (such as pallets

or containers). A miniload ASRS is an ASRS especially equipped for
the storage and order-picking of small items. A carousel consists of
storage positions that rotate around a closed loop thereby delivering
the requested SKU's to the order-picker. Carousels may rotate
horizontally (horizontal carousel) or vertically (vertical
carousel).Picker-less systems make use of robot-technology or
automatic respect to product retrieval we distinguish
unitload retrieval systems and order-picking systems. In a unitload
retrieval system complete unit-loads are retrieved.
Accordingly, the vehicles either perform one stop (storage or
retrieval) or two stops (storage followed by a retrieval)in a single
trip. We refer to these trips as a single-com -mand cycle and a
dual-command cycle, respectively. In an order-picking system typically
less-than-unit-load quantities are picked, so that there will be
multiple stops per trip (multi-command cycle).
1.3. Warehouse management
We may establish high quality solutions for warehouse management
by decomposing the task into a number of hierarchical subproblems. A
well-de?ned hierarchy will prevent local optimization without
considering the global context. A broad hierarchy of management
decisions is the following ([5]):
? Strategic decisions.

? Tactical decisions.
? Operational decisions.
Strategic management decisions are long-term decisions and concern
the determination of broad policies and plans for using the resources
of a company to best support its long-term competitive strategy.
Tactical management decisions primarily address how to e?ciently
schedule material and labor within the constraints of previously made
strategic decisions. Operational management decisions are narrow and
short-term by comparison and act under the operating constraints set
out by the strategic and tactical management central
themes of this survey are planning and control of warehousing systems.
Planning of warehousing systems refers to the policies which are
developed at the tactical level concerning the assignment of goods to
storage locations. Control problems concern the actual sequencing,
scheduling and routing of the movement of goods. Planning and control
decisions are subject to strategic management and inventory management.
Strategic management de?nes long- term goals and it constitutes the
supply chain organization and the warehouse design (for a review of
warehouse design models we refer to Ashayeri and Gelders [6]).
Inventory management decides which products are kept in storage in what
quantities and when shipments arrive. Intelligent inventory management
may reduce the inventory levels and thereby improve the e?ciency of

the warehouse operation. For a review of inventory models that consider
the total inventory quantity we refer to Hariga and Jackson [7]. Since
these models both involve the inventory and the warehouse operation,
the models establish a bridge between the ?eld of warehousing and the
field of inventory strategic decisions a long
period, these decisions face high uncertainties. Typical methods used
for solving such problems are stochastic models and simulation, based
on demand estimates. Planning problems concern the intermediate period
and consider an existing situation. Planning algorithms are based on
historical data and attempt to ?nd solutions with a high quality average
performance. Control algorithms are based on actual data and attempt
to @nd solutions with a high-quality performance. Combinatorial
optimization techniques are well suited for solving planning and
control problems. Case studies have shown that considerable
productivity improvements are possible by applying intelligent
planning and control policies [8±10]. 752 van den Berg
2. Planning of warehouse operations
In this section we focus on the storage location assignment problem
at the tactical level. The procedures that are developed at this level,
serve as a framework for the actual location selection for incoming
goods. In these procedures, the behavior on the intermediate term is
estimated by historical demand patterns. Since the storage location

assignment problem will be intractable as a whole, we introduce the
hierarchical four step Storage Location Planning e
Location Planning Procedure
1. Distribution of products among warehousing sys-
tems.
2. Clustering of correlated products.
3. Balancing of workload within warehousing systems.
4. Assignment of products to storage locations.
We discuss relevant literature on the successive steps in Sections
2.1 to 2.4.
2.1. Distribution of products among warehousing systems
Most large warehouses contain more than one type of warehousing
system. Each warehousing system is especially equipped for a speci?c
group of products based on their characteristics, such as: size, weight,
shape, perishability, volume, demand rate, pick sizes, delivery
quantity, type of storage module, et rmore, many
warehouses use separate systems or areas for order-picking (forward
area) and for bulk storage (reserve area). Whenever a product in the
forward area has been depleted, it is replenished from the reserve area.
A well-known forward-reserve con?guration is a
storage rack where the lower levels are used for manual
order-picking (forward area) and the higher levels contain the bulk

storage (reserve area).Bozer [11] treats the problem of splitting a
pallet rack into an upper reserve area and a lower forward area. The
author assumes Chebyshev travel times (i.e., the travel time of the
pallet truck is the maximum of the isolated horizontal and vertical
travel times) and a ?xed pick-life for all unit-loads in the forward
area. He shows when a separate reserve area is justi?ed. He also studies
the case with variable unit-load sizes and a remote reserve area. He
analytically derives the break-even value for the picklife of a
unit-load, which is of potential use in deciding which products to
consider for the forward area. Hackman and Rosenblatt [12] present a
model where order- picking from the reserve area is possible.
Accordingly, the question arises which products should be picked from
the forward area and how much space must be allocated to each of these
products. The objective is to minimize the total costs for
order-picking and replenishing. The authors assume that one
replenishment trip su?ces to replenish a product, irrespective of the
allocated quantity. The authors derive analytic expressions for the
optimal product quantities as a function of the available storage space.
They present a knapsack-based heuristic that assigns these quantities
to the forward area in sequence of decreasing cost savings until it
is full.