表示动作中状态的词叫做动词

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2020年08月17日 05:46
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动词:
1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动
词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。 (has是助动词。)
3) 根据能否充当谓语,分为谓语动词与非谓语动词

A.实义动词
一.实义动词:根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、
不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌和跳舞。(sing在此作不及物动词)
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词)

B.助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主
要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如: (1)He is singing. 他在唱歌。
(2)He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如: He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如: (1)Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
(2)Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如: (1)Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
(2)He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

一. 助动词be的用法(主要变化形式:am, is, are , was , were , been )
1)be + 现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The window was broken by Tom. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
3)be + 动词不定式
二.助动词have的用法 (主要变化形式:have,has,had ;动名词现在分词:having)
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月末为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。



2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时(现在完成时),例:
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成时态的被动语态,例:
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。

三.助动词do的用法 (主要变化形式:do,did,done,does; 动名词现在分词:doing)
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语
的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,。
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party please. 请一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。我真想你了!
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代替动词,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?
四.助动词shall will 的用法
shall 和 will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。












**
英 语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。难怪有
人说,英语是动 词和介词的语言。可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下
几种 情况:
a.主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:主+谓+宾;主+谓+双宾;主+谓+宾+宾补结构。如:
He reached paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget,
receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....

b.主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与:主+谓结构。
This is the room where I once lived.
类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry,
fail, succeed....

c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变。如begin 都是作开始讲。
everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有:start, answer, sing, close,
consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....

d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是 一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词
时是指烟雾的消散。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是升高;举
起。
He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有:beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植

play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.发出(气味) vt. 嗅

ring vi.(电话、铃)响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说(语言)

hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作

(二、) 辨别表动作与表结果的动词

表动作的动词强调动作的发生,不涉及该动词的结果。如:
He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .



前一句中的动词强调看这一动作;而后一句中的动词表示看到这一结果。类似的还有:
tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise;
persuade 等。

(三、) 记住瞬间动词

英语中不少动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成.如:
He arrived in paris yesterday.
而另一些动词所表示的动作则可以延续.如:
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.
特别是在现在完成时态的句子中,瞬间动词的完成时态不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语连
用。瞬间动词有 :arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry,
open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize....等。

(四、) 掌握好表状态的连系动词与表变化的连系动词

英语中的连系动词主要分为两大类:

a.表状态的连系动词。如:he is a good worker. 除了be 而外,还有:stand(位于),lie(位于),stay,
have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own....等。

b .另一类连系动词表示动作或变化,是由行为动词转化而来的。一般在这些连系动词后跟
形容词作表语如 :his hair grows grey. 这类连系动词还有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound,
look, feel, get...等。

(五、) 注意词义相近,用法不同的动词

a.表主观与客观的动词
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.
该句中,动词receive, accept 都表示接受但前者表示客观地接收到什么东西;后者表示
的主观意愿。类似用法的动词还有:listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等。

b.表直接与间接的动词
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.
He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.
前句中hear的表示直接听说的,而后一句中hear of 的表示间接听说的。类似用法的动词还
有:know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等。

(六、) 重视多字动词的用法
所谓多字动词是指动词与某些副词、介词构成的动词词组。一般有四种形式:
a.动词+介词结构。 该结构中的动词是不及物动词,当和一些介词搭配后,则把它看成
一个 整体,即把它看成一个及物动词。如:



We never thought of such success when we first started.
类似用法的还有:agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream
of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...

b.动词+副词结构。该结 构中的动词是及物动词的,该结构及物;是不及物的,则不及物。
如:
We put off the sports meet.
After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.
类似用法的还有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out,
look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on,
ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about,
break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up....
在这类结构中,必须注意有的多字动词即及物又可不及物。有的甚至汉语意 义也完全不相同。
如:
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起头看)
He looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)
类似的有break down vi.(车等)坏了 vt. 分解,分为
go over vi. 走过去 vt. 复习,仔细查看等。

c.动词+副词+介词结构。如:
We should do away with that sort of thing.
类似的有:give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with....

d.动词+名词+介词结构。该结构是最多,最常见的多字动词。如:
We will take care of them.
类似的有:catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room
for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take
advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession
of, play a trick on, play a part in....
****
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)

4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非
限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。




说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词 (Gerund)、
分词(Participle)。


表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动
词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。) He has gone
to New York. 他已去纽约。 (has是助动词。)
3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、
不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明:同一动词有时可用
作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又
能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱
好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、
非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语s
he的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没
有词形变化,是非限定动词。 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词 ,分别是:动词不定式(I
nfinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Particip le)
5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词
(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如: The English language contai
ns many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(c
ontains是单字动词。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。) The young ought to take care o
f the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular Fr
om in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分
词(Present Participle)。
系动词

系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作 谓语,
后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) He
fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)



2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例
如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, c
ome, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
be 动词

be动词的几种形式
am is are
was were
being
Been


be动词的用法

与名词、数词、形容词、介词连用
I am a doctor.
He is ten.
They are tired.
The cat is under the table.




be动词的用法

There be 句型
用于不可数名词和可数名词单数之前
There is a pen on the desk.
There is some water in the glass.
用于复数名词之前
There are some sheep in the hill.
用于一般将来时
There is going to be a film in our school next Sunday.
用于一般过去时
There was a book on the desk yesterday.
注意:请根据时态和句中的名词选择适当形式。
be动词的用法
Be 动词在时态中的运用
在现在进行时中
We are talking.
在过去进行时中
We were talking at this time yesterday.



用动名词:
like doing
enjoy doing
finish doing
介词之后用动名词
be good at doing
what about doing
thank you for doing

实义动词
注意下列词不同形式的不同用法:
remember doingto do
forget doingto do
stop doingto do
go on doingto do





助动词
助动词的几种形式
do don’t
Does doesn’t
Did didn’t
will won’t
have haven’t has hasn’thad hadn’t

助动词的用法
对句子进行否定和疑问
Do you get up early every day?
I didn’t have lunch yesterday.
Will you be back soon?
He hasn’t finished the work yet.
在反意疑问句中
He works in a school, doesn’t he?
She has never been there,has she?
在倒装句中
They helped the farmers , so did we.
I won’t visit the famous singer,neither will he.
情态动词
共同特点
情态动词后面跟动词原型
无论否定、疑问、倒装句、或反意疑问句都用情态动词
只有时态变化,没有人称变化


情态动词

解释
can could
在表示请求允许的时候两者和互换, could比can语气更委婉。
Can I help you?
Could you open the window?
在表示有能力作某事时,could是can的过去式。
I can swim.
I could swim at the age of five.
情态动词
解释
Must have to



Must 表示主观意愿,否定句用Mustn’t,否定回答用needn’t
I must go now.
You mustn’t play in the street.
Must I clean the room now?
No,you needn’t.
have to表示客观条件的限制的“不得不”,它有时态和人称变化,需要助动词来否定和疑问。
I don’t have to carry the big box.
He had to wash his clothes.
情态动词
解释
May
表示请求别人允许。
May I use your bike?
表示可能性。
He may be a teacher.
He may live in this building.

系动词

我们所学过的系动词是
Get,turn,be come,be动词
感观动词look,sound,smell,taste,feel
系动词只和形容词连用,构成系表结构
I feel hungry.
The day gets longer and longer.
He looked happy.
实义动词
实义动词指的是有具体行为意思的动词。
实义动词在句中可以做谓语动词和非谓语动词。
做谓语动词的用法
动词会有四种形式:单三,现在分词,过去式,过去分词

实义动词

注意:掌握四种形式的变化规律
He works in the office.
We are dancing together.
I caught a cold last week.
She has watered the flower.




实义动词
实义动词
用原型:
let
make
help sb.(to)do
had better do

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