兴湘学院-小学值周总结

1. about Hamlet
Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art. It was written in
1601-1602 and first published in 1603. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of
Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.
The story: The king of Denmark, is recently dead, and his brother Claudius has
assumed the throne and married his widow Gertrude. Young Hamlet learns from the
ghost of his father that Claudius murdered him by pouring poison into his ear, and is
commanded to avenge the murder without injuring Gertrude. Hamlet tells the story to
his best friend Horatio and plans to pretend to be mad at first. He welcomes a group of
visiting players, and arranges a performance of a play about fratricide (crime of killing
one’s brother or sister), which Claudius breaks off, in apparently guilty and fearful fury,
when one of the players appears to murder his uncle by pouring poison into his ear.
Hamlet refrains from killing Claudius while he is at prayer, but kills Polonius by mistake.
Polonius is his lover Ophelia’s father. Claudius sends Hamlet to England with sealed
orders that he should be killed on arrival. However, Hamlet outwits his murderers and
returns to Denmark. During Hamlet’s absence, Ophelia has gone mad with grief from
Hamlet’s rejection of her and her father’s death, and is found drowned. Her brother
Laertes returns from France intent on avenging his sister’s death. Hamlet and Laertes
meet in the graveyard where Ophelia is to be buried, and fight in her grave. Claudius
arranges a fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes, giving the latter a poisoned foil;
in a scuffle (混战) an exchange of weapons results in the deaths of both fighters, not
before Gertrude has drunk a poisoned cup intended for her son, and the dying Hamlet
has succeeded in killing Claudius.

2. Translation of the selected part of Hamlet:
生存 还是毁灭，这是一个值得思考的问题；默默忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是
挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通 过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高
贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠中，我 们心头的创痛，以
及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不
得的结局。死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；恩，阻碍就在这儿：因为当
我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮 囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，
那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中， 也就是为了这个缘故；
谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只
要用一柄小小的刀子， 就可以清算他自己的一生？谁愿意负着这样的重担，在
烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不 可知的死后，惧怕那从来不
曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目
前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成
了懦夫，决心的赤 热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这
一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的 意义。
Answers for reference:
1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.
2. Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter
sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…
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3. Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how. He wants
to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide.
However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great
dilemma.

3. about Romeo and Juliet
It is Shakespeare’s first romantic tragedy. The Montagues and Capulets, the two
chief families of Verona, are bitter enemies; Escalus, the prince, threatens anyone who
disturbs the peace with death. At a feast given by Capulet, which Romeo attends
disguised by a mask, he sees and falls in love with Juliet, Capulet’s daughter, and she
with him. After the feast he overhears, under her window, Juliet’s confession of her love
for him, and wins her consent to a secret marriage. With the help of Friar Laurence,
they are wedded next day. Mercutio, a friend of Romeo, meets Tybalt, of the Capulet
family, who is infuriated by his discovery of Romeo’s presence at the feast, and they
quarrel. Romeo comes on the scene, and attempts to reason with Tybalt, but Tybalt and
Mercutio fight, and Mercutio falls. Then Romeo draws and Tybalt is killed. The prince,
Montague, and Capulet come up, and Romeo is sentenced to banishment. In great
despair, Romeo has to leave Juliet. At the same time, Capulet proposes to marry Juliet
to Count Paris. Juliet comes to seek help from the friar, who teaches her to pretend to
accept the marriage. According to the friar, on the night before the wedding, Juliet
should drink a potion that will make her apparently lifeless for 42 hours. Then the friar
will inform Romeo, who will rescue her from the grave on her awakening and carry her
away. Unfortunately, the friar’s message to Romeo miscarries, and Romeo hears that
Juliet is dead. Buying poison, he comes to the grave to have a last look at Juliet. He
meets Count Paris outside the grave; they fight and Paris is killed. Then Romeo, after a
last kiss on Juliet’s lips, drinks the poison and dies. Juliet awakes and finds Romeo dead
by her side, and the cup still in his hand. Guessing what has happened, she stabs herself
and dies. The story is unfolded by the friar, and Montague and Capulet, faced by the
tragic result of their enmity, are reconciled.

4. Translation of the selected part of Romeo and Juliet:
没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕。（朱丽叶自上方窗户中出现）轻声！
那边窗子里亮起来的是什么光？那就是东方，朱丽叶就是太阳！起来吧，美
丽的太阳！赶走那妒 忌的月亮，她因为她的女弟子比她美得多，已经气得面
色惨白了。既然她这样妒忌着你，你不要忠于她吧 ；脱下她给你的这一身惨
绿色的贞女的道服，它是只配给愚人穿的。那是我的意中人；啊！那是我的爱；唉，但愿她知道我在爱着她！她欲言又止，可是她的眼睛已经道出了她
的心事。待我去回答她吧 ；不，我不要太卤莽，她不是对我说话。天上两颗
最灿烂的星，因为有事他去，请求她的眼睛替代它们在 空中闪耀。要是她的
眼睛变成了天上的星，天上的星变成了她的眼睛，那便怎样呢？她脸上的光
辉会掩盖了星星的明亮，正像灯光在朝阳下黯然失色一样；在天上的她的眼
睛，会在太空中大放光明，使 鸟儿误认为黑夜已经过去而唱出它们的歌声。
瞧！她用纤手托住了脸，那姿态是多么美妙！啊，但愿我是 那一只手上的手
套，好让我亲一亲她脸上的香泽！
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朱丽叶 唉！
罗密欧 她说话了。 啊！再说下去吧，光明的天使 ！因为我在这夜色之中仰
视着你，就像一个尘世的凡人，张大了出神的眼睛，瞻望着一个生着翅膀的天使，驾着白云缓缓地驰过了天空一样。
朱丽叶 罗密欧啊， 罗密欧！为什么你偏偏是罗密欧呢 ？否认你的父亲，抛
弃你的姓名吧；也许你不愿意这样做，那么只要你宣誓做我的爱人，我也不
愿再姓凯普莱特了。
罗密欧（旁白）我还是继续听下去呢，还是现在就对她说话？
朱丽叶 只有你的名字才是我的仇敌； 你即使不姓蒙太古，仍然是这样的一
个你。姓不姓蒙太古又有什么关系呢 ？它又不是手，又不是脚，又不是手臂，
又不是脸，又不是身体上任何其他的部分。啊！换一个姓名吧！ 姓名本来是
没有意义的；我们叫做玫瑰的这一种花，要是换了个名字，它的香味还是同
样的芬芳 ；罗密欧要是换了别的名字，他的可爱的完美也决不会有丝毫改变。
罗密欧，抛弃了你的名字吧；我愿意 把我整个的心灵，赔偿你这一个身外的
空名。
罗密欧 那么我就听你的话， 你只要叫我做爱，我就重新受洗，重新命名；
从今以后，永远不再叫罗密欧了。
朱丽叶 你是什么人，在黑夜里躲躲闪闪地偷听人家的话？
罗密欧 我没法告诉你我叫什么名字。 敬爱的神明 ，我痛恨我自己的名字，
因为它是你的仇敌；要是把它写在纸上，我一定把这几个字撕成粉碎。
朱丽叶 我的耳朵里还没有灌进从你嘴里吐出来的一百个字， 可是我认识你
的声音；你不是罗密欧，蒙太古家里的人吗？
罗密欧 不是，美人，要是你不喜欢这两个名字。
朱丽叶 告诉我， 你怎么会到这儿来，为什么到这儿来？花 园的墙这么高，
是不容易爬上来的；要是我家里的人瞧见你在这儿，他们一定不让你活命。
罗密欧 我借着爱的轻翼飞过园墙， 因为砖石的墙垣是不能把爱情阻隔的；
爱情的力量所能够 做到的事，它都会冒险尝试，所以我不怕你家里人的干涉。
朱丽叶 要是他们瞧见了你，一定会把你杀死的。
罗密欧 唉！你的眼睛比他们二十柄刀剑还厉害；只要你用温柔的眼光看着
我，他们就不能伤害我的身体。
朱丽叶 我怎么也不愿让他们瞧见你在这儿。
罗密欧 朦胧的夜色可以替我遮过他们的眼睛。 只要你爱我，就让他们瞧见
我吧；与其因为得不到你的爱情而在这世上捱命，还不如在仇人的刀剑下丧< br>生。

Answers for reference:
1. Sun.
2. They would give up their names for love’s sake.
3. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.



5. sonnet:
a 14-line poem, predominantly in iambic pentameter. The rhyme is usually according
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to one of the two schemes. The Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet has two divisions: The first 8
lines (rhyming abba abba) are the octave, and the last six (rhyming cd cd cd, or a variant) are
the sestet. The second kind of sonnet, the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet, is usually
arranged into 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The couplet is usually the
conclusion.
莎士比亚诗歌的两个主题：时光不饶人，青春和美丽是短暂的；只有 诗歌才有力量使美
丽与爱情永存。

6译文：(theme: 只有文学可与时间抗衡)
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我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？
你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：
狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，
夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：
天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，
它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：
被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，
没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。
但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，
也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，
或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，
当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。
只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，
这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。

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Of Studies
It is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. It analyses what studies chiefly serve
for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies
exert influence over human character. Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise,
Of Studies reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning.

Of Studies

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and
retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.
读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之 时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论
之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
For ecpert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots
and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use
them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.
练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则 舍好学深思者莫属。读书费
时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
They perfect nature, and are perfectec by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need
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proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by
experience.
读书补天然 之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而
书中所示，如不 以经验范之，则又大而无当。
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own
use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不 以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，
而在书外，全凭观察得之。
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to
weigh and consider.
读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some
books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with
diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that
would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common
distilled waters, flashy things.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者， 有只须大体涉猎者，
少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只 限题材较次或价值不
高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。
Reading maketh a full man； conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write
little， he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he
had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
maketh: make的第三人称用法 ready: 即ready- witted，指敏于思考的能力。
doth: do的第三人称单数用法
读 书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生
聪颖， 不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic
and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重， 逻辑修辞之学使人
善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。
Nay there is no stand or impendiment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the
body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast;
gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the
mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not
apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to
beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers'cases. So
every defectof the mind may have a special receipt.
人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺 畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，
射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如 此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍
有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲 学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证
另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有 缺陷，皆有特效可医。

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