第一讲 翻译的定义
情报信息-司法考试答案
第一讲 翻译的定义中国翻译史简介
英 汉 翻 译
2011.2—2011.6
第一讲 翻译概论
Focus:
The
Definition of Translation;
The History of
Translation in China
翻译中的笑话
How are you?
－怎么 是 你？
How old are you?
－怎么 老 是 你？
Are you serious？
你是席尔瑞斯吗？
No，I'm
kidding.
不，我是凯丁。
不宰客
No Killing
试译下列句子：
1. Most Tibetans are deeply
religious.
2. He is the last man she would
marry.
3. 请勿倚靠车门。
参考答案
1. Most
Tibetans are deeply religious.
－－大多数西藏人都是虔诚的教徒。（词类转译法）
2. He is the last
man she would marry.
－－她绝不会嫁给他。（她死也不会嫁给他）（词义引申）
3. 请勿倚靠车门。
－－Please keep clear of the doorgate.(正反、反正表达法）
I. What Is Translation?
Translation is of
great importance in learning a foreign language.
Many
of those who learn English will be
English-Chinese translators in the
future.
There are many translation theories and techniques
for you too
learn .
Without knowing the
theories and the techniques one will most likely
take
a roundabout course in translation work.
That’s why it is necessary for
you to have a
good command of both the source language and the
target
language, and of the theories and the
techniques in translation.
Translation
is an activity of reproducing in one language the
ideas which
have been expressed in another
language.
－－翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。
Translation may be defined as follows:
The
replacement of textual material in one language
(SL) by equivalent
textual material in another
language.
翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出
发语）的文本材料。
Eugene Nida
Translation
consists in reproducing in the receptor language
the closest
natural equivalent of the source-
language messages, first in terms of
meaning
and secondly in terms of style. （Eugene Nida,
famous American
translation theorist ）
翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---
首先是就意义而言,
其次是就其风格而言.（奈达）
Traduire, c’est
comprendre et faire comprendre.
简单地说，翻译=
decode（解码） +recode（重新编码）
或者，to understand
(理解）+ to be understood（被理解）
Translation is a
science ：
Translation is an art
Lin
Yutang was once a representative. In his essay “On
Translation” he
declares that translation is
an art whose success depends on one’s
artistic
talent and enough training. Besides these, there
are no set rules
for translation and there is
no short-cut for art .
From the examples
mentioned above we can see that translation is an
art,
a brilliant art. Like painting, enables
us to reproduce the fine thought
of somebody,
not in colors, but in words, in the words of a
different
language. It demands a broad and
profound knowledge.
In other words , a
translator should have an understanding of
literature
and art, rhetoric and aesthetics;
otherwise, he can hardly accomplish the
task
of reproduction of the original.
Translation
depends on the artistic level and the technique of
the
translator. Whoever has a good command of
translation both in theory and
technique can
offer satisfactory translations ,it is because ,as
pointed
out in this lecture ,
translation
is not only a science with its own laws and
methods, but also
an art of reproduction and
recreation.
II. Prerequisites for a Translator
扎实的两语功底
e.g.
You are telling
me！
你正在告诉我。（×）
我早知道了还用你告诉我。（√）
Now you
are talking！（informal： at last you are saying
something
agreeable.)
现在你正在谈话。 （×）
你这样说才合我的意思。 （√）
季先生乃中国学界的泰斗。
Mr. Ji is
a renowned master in the academic circles of
China.
丰厚的文化底蕴：
The woman in charge of the
accounts department is an absolute dragon.
负责财务的那个女人是一条绝对的龙。（×）
负责财务的那个女人简直是个母老虎。（√）
His party is a hawk, but he himself is a dove.
他的政党是只鹰，但他是只鸽子。（×）
虽然他的政党是主张用武力解决问题的，但他却是主张和平的。（√）
娴熟的翻译技巧
严谨的科学态度
Guo Moruo （郭沫若）
“Translation
is creative work. Good translation is as good as
writing
and may be even better than the
original. Sometimes translation is more
difficult than writing . A writer must have
experience in life , but a
translator has to
experience what the writer has experienced. At the
same
time a translator must not only be
proficient in his mother tongue but
also have
a very good foundation in a foreign language.
Therefore ,
translation is not easier than
writing at all.”
III History of Translation in
China
Xuan Zang 玄奘（602-664）
Xuan zang was
sent to India to make a study of the Buddhist
scriptures.
He stayed there for 17years.
After he returned home from India, he
translated 75 volumes of Buddhist
scriptures
in the following 19 years.
He also translated
some works of Laozi into Sanskrit , he was the
first
person to introduce Chinese classics to
foreigners.
His translation standard “ to be
both true and coherent” （既须求真，
又须喻俗）is still
acceptable .
He made great contribution to the
theory and practice of translation.
严复 （1854-1921，生于福州）
He proposed the
translation standard “ Faithfulness,
Expressiveness and
Elegance”
He
translated the following works:
Evolution and
Ethics and Other Essays (T.H. Huxley)《天演论》（赫胥黎）
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of nations ()
《原富》 （亚当·斯密）
The
study of Sociology （H. Spencer）《群学肆言》（斯宾塞）
On
liberty (J. S. Mill) 《群己权界论》 （约翰·穆勒）
朱生豪（1912—1944）
著名的莎士比亚戏剧翻译家、诗人。出生于浙江嘉
兴一个破落的商人家庭。1929
年入杭州之江大学，主修中国文学，同时攻读英语。毕业后于1933
年在上海世
界书局任英文编辑。
朱生豪从24岁起，以宏大的气魄、坚韧的毅力，
经数年呕心沥血，翻译出版了
《莎士比亚戏剧全集》（含戏剧31种）。他英年早逝，只度过了32个春
秋。而
他所译莎剧《全集》由世界书局出版后，轰动文坛，被时人叹为“宏伟的工程”、
“伟大
的业绩”。
朱生豪的翻译态度严肃认真，以“求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之神韵”为
其
宗旨。译笔流畅，文词华丽。他所译的《莎士比亚戏剧全集》是迄今我国莎士
比亚作品的最完整的、质量
较好的译本。
What a piece of work is a man!
How noble in reason!
How infinite in
faculty!
In form, in moving, how express and
admirable!
In action how like an angel!
In apprehension how like a god!
The
beauty of the world!
The paragon of animals!
（Hamlet)
人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美
的
仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么象一个天使！在智慧上多么象一个天
神！宇宙的精华！
万物的灵长 。 （朱生豪 译）