语言学的名词解释
南充市人事局-全面二胎
When I was preparing the postgraduate
entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal
University),some of these following concepts
had been tested,but there's no
specific or
clear explanation in the textbook required by the
in preparing the
second-round examination I
read them in other relevant books, I wrote down
here
for your they are useful to some of you.
1. Acculturation(同化过程） is a process in which
members of one cultural group
adopt the
beliefs and behaviors of another group.
2.
Adjacency pair（相邻语对）;a sequence of two utterances
by different speakers
in conversation. The
second is a response to the first, such as
questionanswer
sequences and greetinggreeting
exchange.
3. affix: a bound morpheme that is
attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in
some way.
4. agreement (concord)（一致）: a
grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one
word in a sentence is determined by the form
of another word which is grammatically
linked
to it. . in the sentence
The boy goes to
school every
is an agreement in
number
between
boy
and
goes
.
（发音器官):
the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape
of the vocal tract
to produce different speech
sounds.
(体）: the grammatical category
representing distinction in the temporal structure
of an event. English has two aspect
construction---the perfect and the
progressive.(完成体和进行体)
(吐气）; the puff of
air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a
stop
consonant. . p in the word pit.
（辅音）; a speech sound produced by partial or
complete closure of part of the vocal
tract,
thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible
friction. Consonants are
described in terms of
voicing, place of articulation, and manner of
articulation.
9. converstional
implicature（会话含义）: meanings that are explicable in
the light
of converational maxims.
competence（交际能力）; the ability to use language
appropriately in social
situations.
11.
constituent（成分）: a syntactic unit that functions
as part of a large unit
within a sentence;
typical constituent types are verb phrase, noun
phrase,
prepositional phrase and clause.
(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional
languages by which the form of a noun
or noun
phrase varies for grammatical or semantic reasons.
English has only one case
distinction in
nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but English pronouns
have three
forms that correspond to three of
the six cases in Latin.
（小句）: a grammatical
unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It
may be a
sentence or part of a sentence.
class（封闭词类）: a group of words whose membership is
small and does not readily
accept new members.
（创新词）: the construction and addition of new
words.
(分布）: the set of positions in which a
given linguistic element or form can appear
in
a language.
（双重结构）: a type of double-
layer structure in which a small number of
meaningless
units are combined to produce a
large number of meaningful units.
（包含）; the
relationship between two sentences where the truth
of one(the second)
is inferred from the truth
of the other.
（委婉语）: a word or phrase that
replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid
reference
to certain acts or subjects,. powder
room for toilet.
path sentence（花园小径句）: a
sentence in which the comprehender assumes a
particular meaning of a word or a phrase but
later discovers that the assumption
was
incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack
and reinterpret the sentence
variation;(自由变异)
a relation between two speech sounds such that
either one
can occur in a certain position and
the substitution of one for the other never makes
any difference in the meaning of the word. For
instance, the unexploded(失去爆破)
stop d in the
phrase
Good morning
is in free varitation
with the exploded(爆
破)counterpart.
（屈折变化）:
the morphological process by which affixes combine
with words or stems
to indicate such
grammatical categories as tense or plurity.
（支配）: the grammatical phonomenon in which the
presence of a particular word in
a sentence
requires a second word which is grammatical linked
with it to appear in
a particular form. . a
preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun
following
it be in the objective form,as in
with me,to him
.
universal (语言共性): any
property that is shared by most,if not all, human
lanugages.
franca: ( 通用语) A language
variety used for communication among groups of
people
wo do not otherwise share a common
language. For example, English is the lingua
franca
of the international scientific
community.
; The study of the effect of
language on society.
: The study of the effect
of any and all aspects of society,including
cultural norms,
expetations and contexts,on
the way language is used. It is often simply
called
sociolinguistics.
relation:
(纵组合关系) The substitutional relation between a set
of linguistic
items,that is,linguistic
forms(letters,words and phrases)can be substituted
for
each other in the same position in a word
or sentence. ,
b,p,s,f
are in paradigmatic
relation in the words
bit,pit,sit,fit,
so are Nature,Beauty, Love, Honesty in the
sentences:
Nature purifies the mind.
Beauty purifies the mind.
Love purifies
the mind.
Honesty purifies the mind.
relation: (横组合关系) The relation between any
linguistic elements which are
simultaneously
present in a structure. . in the word bit, b, i,t
are in syntagmatic
relation, so are nature,
purifies, the, mind, in the sentence Nature
purifies the
mind.
（预设）: implicit
assumptions about the world acquired to make an
utterance
meaningful or appropriate,e,g, “
some tea has already been taken”is a
presuppostion of “Take some more tea”.
(典型): What members of a particular community
think of as the best example of a
lexical
category, some English speakers “cabbage”(rather
than,say,carrot)might
be the prototypical
vegetable.
(词根): the morpheme that remains
when all affixes are stripped from a complex word.
.
system from un- + system + atic + ally.
（词干）: the base to which one or more affixes
are attached to create a more complex
form
that may be another stem or a word.
（禁忌语）:words that are offensive or
embarrassing, considered inappropriate for
“polite society”, thus to be avoided in
conversation.
restriction(选择限制): a
restriction on the combining of words in a
sentence
resulting from their meaning.
universal:(语言共性) The linguistic universals are
principles that enable
children to acquire a
particular language unconsciously, without
instruction in the
early years of life. As a
whole they are referred to as
Universal
Grammar.
distribution(对比分布)：If the speech
sounds occur in the same phonetic context
and
the substitution results a contrast in meaning, we
say they are in contrastive
distribution.
constituent analysis（直接成分分析法）is the technique of
breaking up sentences
into word groups by
making successive binary cuttings until the level
of single words
is reached.
construction:
(向心结构或内心结构) One construction whose distribution is
functionally equivalent, or approaching
equivalence, to one of its constituents.
The
typical English endocentric constructions are noun
phrases and adjective
phrases.
construction(离心结构或外心结构) the opposite of
endocentric construction,refers
to a group of
syntactically related words where none of the
words is functionally
equivalent to the whole
group. Most constructions are exocentric.
can
be defined as the means employed to show awareness
of another person’s public
self-image.
(politeness principle)tact maxim;generosity
principle;approbation maxim;modesty
maxim;agreement maxim;sympathy maxim.
(反语)is the use of words to express something
other than and especially the opposite
of the
literal meaning of the utterance.
: (语码转换)
means the alternation between two or more
languages,language varieties
or registers in
communication.
filter(情感过滤)：A screen of
emotion that can block language acquisition or
learning if it keeps the learners being too
self-conscious or too embarrassed to
take
risks during communicative exchanges.
（转类构词）is
a change in the grammatical function of a word
without adding or
removing any part of it. A
word belonging to one part of speech is extended
to another
part of speech. It is also called
functional shift or zero derivation.
meaning
VS grammatical meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)
The meaning
of a sentence is carried by the words proper as
well as by the patterns
of word order
that is part of the grammatical system of a
language. The part of the
sentence meaning
contributed by words is called the lexical meaning
and the part
of sentence meaning that depends
upon the way the words are put together is called
grammatical meaning, in which the function
words and the word order play a very
important
role.
meaning VS non-linguistic meaning
(副语言意义与非语言意义)
In human communication, apart
from the linguistic meaning conveyed by language
itself,there are numerous paralinguistic
meanings and non-linguistic meanings that
are
perceived simultaneously by the hearer.
Paralinguistic meanings are those
attached to
the verbal expressions by quality of voice,tempo
of
speech,posture,facial expression and
gestures. Non-linguistic meanings are those
indicated by non-verbal noises such as cough,
sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds
of body
languages and different contexts of situation.
VS connotation (外延与内涵)
Denotation is a
straightforward, literal meaning of the word every
member of the
language speaking community will
agree on. Connotation is not the basic meaing of
the word but some emotive or evaluative
meaings associated with the word by
individual
language users in their mind.
relativity VS
linguistic determinism (语言相对论与语言决定论)
The
Sapir-Wholf Hypothesis states that there is a
systematic relationship between
the
grammatical categories of the language a person
speaks and how that person both
understands
the world and behaves in it. It boils down to two
principles: linguistic
relativity and
linguistic determinism.
Linguistic relativity
states that disctinctions encoded in one language
are unique
to that langage alone, and that
there is no limit to the structural diversity of
languages.
Linguistic determinism refers
to the idea that the language we use determines,
to
some extent, the way in which we view and
think about the world around us. This concept
has two versions; strong
determinism and
weak determinism. The strong version, which has
few followers today,
holds that language
actually determines thought, whereas that weak
version, which
is widely accepted today,
merely holds that language affects thought.