语言学复习试题及参考答案
咀嚼生活的真味-单词王
语言学 复习试题及参考答案
I. Mark the choice that
can best complete the statement (20 x1)
1. Which of the following is not a design
feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement C. Duality D.
Meaningfulness
2. According to F. de
Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract
linguistic system shared by all the members
of
a speech community.
A. parole B.
performance C. langue D. Language
3.
The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to
another by “copying”a feature of a sequential
phoneme,
thus making the two phones
____________.
A. identical B. same C.
exactly alike D. similar
4. Distinctive
features can be found running over a sequence of
two or more phonemic segments. The
phonemic
features that occur above the level of the
segments are called _______.
A. phonetic
components B. immediate constituents
C.
suprasegmental features D. semantic features
5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word
“television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound
morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
6. The meaning carried by the
inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic
7. Phrase structure rules have ____
properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical
C. social D. functional
8. The syntactic
rules of any language are ____ in number.
A.
large B. small C. finite D. infinite
9. “We shall know a word by the company it
keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A.
the conceptualist view B.
contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviourism
10. “Alive” and “dead” are
______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary
antonyms D. None of the above
11. What essentially distinguishes semantics
and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
_________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act C. practical usage D.
context
12. __________ is the act performed by
or resulting from saying something; it is the
consequence of, or
the change brought about by
the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary
act D. A performative act
13. Language change is ______________.
A.
universal, continuous and, to a large extent,
regular and systematic
B. continuous,
regular, systematic, but not universal
C.
universal, continuous, but not regular and
systematic
D. always regular and systematic,
but not universal and continuous
14. In Old
and Middle English, both k and n in the word
“knight” were pronounced, but in modern
English, k in the sound kn- clusters was not
pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.
A. sound addition B.
sound loss
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C. sound shift
D. sound movement
15. The most distinguishable
linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its
_____.
A. use of words
B. use of structures
C. accent
D. morphemes
16. _________ means that certain
authorities, such as the government choose, a
particular speech
variety, standardize it and
spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference B.
Language changes
C. Language planning
D. Language transfer
17. Human linguistic
ability largely depends on the structure and
dynamics of _________.
A. human brain
B. human vocal cords
C. human memory
D. human
18. The most important part of the
brain is the outside surface of the brain, called
_________.
A. the neurons
B. nerve pathways
C. cerebral cortex
D. sensory organs
19. The development of
linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____
rules rather than the mere
memorization of
words and sentences.
A. cultural
B. grammatical
C. behavior
D. pragmatic
20. According to the _______, the
acquisition of a second language involves, and is
dependent on, the
acquisition of the culture
of the target language community.
A.
acculturation view B. mentalist
view
C. behaviourist view
D. conceptualist view
得分
II. Decide whether each of the
following statements is True or False (10 x1)
21. People can utter a sentence he has
never heard or used before. In this sense, human
language is
creative.
22. In English both
aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur.
The voiceless aspirated stops
and the
voiceless unaspirated stops
or environment.
23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG
that allow general principles to operate in one
way or
another and contribute to significant
linguistic variations between and among languages.
24. Syntactic movement occurs to all
sentences, therefore, the deep structure and
surface structure
of every sentence look
different at its two levels of representation.
25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the
northern parts of Europe, so the words that they
originally used and the words that the English
vocabulary has later taken in from other
languages are regarded as loan words.
26.
Paul Grice made a distinction between what he
called “constatives” and“performatives”.
27.
Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran),
and the northern part of India belong to the
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occur in the same phonemic context
same Indo-European language family. The
language, which no longer exists, is called
Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the
earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of
this
language family from India to Europe.
28. In Black English, when the verb is
negated, the indefinite pronouns something,
somebody, and
some become the negative
indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :
He don’t know nothing.
He don’t like
nobody.
He ain’t got none.
29. The
cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of
the body, receiving messages from all the
sensory organs and initiating all voluntary
actions.
the two-word stage of language
acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of
syntactic or morphological markers.
得分
III. Define Six of the
following ten terms, illustrate them if necessary
(6 x 5).
31. allomorph
32. bound
morpheme
33. semantics
34. reference
35. synonymy,
36. predication analysis,
37. critical period hypothesis
38.
linguistic competence
39.
bilingualism
linguistics
得分
IV. Answer the following questions
as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if
necessary ( 4x10 ):
1. How do you
understand that language is arbitrary?
2. How
are semantics and pragmatics different from each
other?
3. Draw a tree diagram for the
following statements:
1 ) The people live a
peaceful life in the countryside.
2) He knows
that I will come the day after tomorrow.
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4. According to the ways synonyms
differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms
into?
Illustrate them with examples.
参考答案及评分标准
I. Mark the choice that can best
complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分
1.D 2.C
3.D 4.C 5.D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9.
B 10.C
11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C
16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A
II. True or False (10x1) 每题一分
21.T 22.F
23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T
30.T
III. Define the following terms,
illustrate them if necessary (5x6).
每题五分，能够举例不举
例说明的扣二分。
31. allomorph: Some
morphemes are realized by more than one morph
according to
their position in a word. Such
alternative morphs are allomorphs, ity :-s, -es;
foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese, etc.
32.
bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes
which cannot be used independently
but have to
be combined with other morphemes, either free or
bound, to form a word, e.g., -ish in
girlish,
-mit in transmit, remit, admit.
33.
semantics:
Semantics can be simply defined as
the study of meaning in language.
34.
reference:
Reference means what a linguistic
form refers to in the real, physical world; it
deals with the relationship between the
linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of
experience
35. synonymy:
Synonymy refers to the sameness or close
similarity of meaning.
36.
predication analysis:
Predication analysis
refers to the kind of analysis which involves the
breaking down of predications into their
constitutes-arguments and predicates.
37.
critical period hypothesis:
The critical
period hypothesis refers to a period in one' s
life
extending from about age two to puberty,
during which the human brain is most ready to
acquire a
particular language and language
learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without
explicit
instruction.
38.
linguistic competence: Universally found in
the grammars of all human languages, syntactic
rules comprise the system of internalized
linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known
as
linguistic competence.
39.
bilingualism:
Bilingualism refers to a
linguistic situation in which two standard
languages
are used either by an individual or
by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of
a particular
region or a nation.
linguistics:
Psycholinguistics is the
study of language in relation to the mind.
the following questions as comprehensively as
possible, giving examples if
necessary ( 4x10
): 每题十分，回答不全者酌情扣分。
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41. The
duality nature of language means that language is
a system, which consists of two sets of
structure, or two levels, one of sounds and
the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic
level,
there is the structure of sounds, which
are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But
the sounds
of language can be combined
according to rules into units of meaning such as
morphemes and
words, which, at the higher
level, can be arranged into sentences. This
duality of structure or
double articulation of
language enables its users to talk about anything
within their knowledge. No
animal
communication system has duality or even comes
near to possessing it.
42.
Phonetics
and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the
study of human speech sounds
and sound
structures. The difference between phonetics and
phonology is that phonetics deals with
the
physical production of these sounds while
phonology is the study of sound patterns and their
meanings both within and across languages. If
they still sound like more or less the same thing,
read on. We’ll discuss each one individually
and then compare them side by side, which should
clear things up.
Phonetics is strictly
about audible sounds and the things that happen in
your mouth, throat, nasal
and sinus cavities,
and lungs to make those sounds. It has nothing to
do with meaning. It’s only a
description. For
example, in order to produce the word “bed,” you
start out with your lips together.
Then, air
from your lungs is forced over your vocal chords,
which begin to vibrate and make noise.
The air
then escapes through your lips as they part
suddenly, which results in a B sound. Next,
keeping your lips open, the middle of your
tongue comes up so that the sides meet your back
teeth
while the tip of your tongue stays down.
All the while, air from your lungs is rushing out,
and your
vocal chords are vibrating. There’s
your E sound. Finally, the tip of your tongue
comes up to the
hard palate just behind your
teeth. This stops the flow of air and results in a
D sound as long as
those vocal chords are
still literate, adult speakers of the English
language, we don’t
need a physical description
of everything required to make those three sounds.
We simply
understand what to do in order to
make them. Similarly, phoneticists simply
understand that when
they see kæt, it’s a
description of how most Americans pronounce the
word “cat.” It has nothing
to do with a furry
house fact, if there were a word in any other
language pronounced the
same way, the phonetic
spelling would be the same regardless of meaning.
Again, it’s not about
meaning. It’s strictly
physical.
Phonology, on the other hand, is
both physical and meaningful. It explores the
differences between
sounds that change the
meaning of an utterance. For example, the word
“bet” is very similar to the
word “bed” in
terms of the physical manifestation of sounds. The
only difference is that at the end
of “bet,”
the vocal chords stop vibrating so that sound is a
result only of the placement of the
tongue
behind the teeth and the flow of air. However, the
meanings of the two words are not
related in
the least. What a vast difference a muscle
makes!This is the biggest distinction between
phonetics and phonology, although phonologists
analyze a lot more than just the obvious
differences. They also examine variations on
single letter pronunciations, words in which
multiple
variations can exist versus those in
which variations are considered incorrect, and the
phonological
“grammar” of you are a native
speaker of English, you pronounce the letter P
three
different ways. It’s true. You may not
realize it, but you do, and if you were to hear
the wrong
pronunciation, you might not be able
to put your finger on the problem, but you would
think it
sounded really weird. Say the word
“pop-up.” The first P has more air behind it than
the others,
the second is very similar to the
first, but it doesn’t have much air in it, and the
last one is barely
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pronounced at
all. The word just sort of ends there when your
lips close. Now, say it again, but put
a lot
of air in the final P. See? Weird, right? That’s
because the aspirated P (with air) sound is not
“grammatically” correct at the end of an
English word. Similarly, Spanish words do not
begin with
an “s” sound followed by a
consonant, which makes it very difficult for
Spanish-speakers who are
learning English to
say words like “school,” “speak” and “strict.”
Phonologists study things like
that.
43.
1) The girl lives a happy life in the city.
CP
C
S
NP Infl
VP
Det N V
NP PP
Pres
Det A N P NP
Det N
The girl
lives a happy life in the city
2) The girl wonders whether he will come
here tomorrow.
CP
C
S
NP Infl
VP
Det N V
CP
Pres
C S
NP
Infl VP
N V AdvP Adv P
will
Adv Adv
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The girl wonders
whether he come here tomorrow
44.
A locutionary act is the act of
uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of
conveying
literal meaning by means of syntax,
lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the
act of
expressing the speaker's intention; it
is the act performed in saying something. A
perlocutionary act is the act performed by or
resulting from saying something; it is the
consequence of, or the change brought about by
the utterance; it is the act performed by
saying something. For example:
You
have left the door wide open.
The locutionary
act performed by the speaker is that he has
uttered all the words you,'
have,
The
illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that
by making such an utterance, he has
expressed
his intention of asking the hearer to close the
door.
The perlocutionary act refers to the
effect of the utterance. If the hearer understands
that the
speaker intends him to close the door
and closes the door, the speaker has successfully
brought
about the change in the real world he
has intended to; then the perlocutiohary act is
successfully
performed .
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