五年级上册数学期末-计算机简历范文

1. epic 史诗
An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with
legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal
with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with
myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire
culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are
not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and
express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its
history.
2. caesura 停顿
a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language
and sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf,
the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.
3. alliteration 头韵
the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words
that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English
poems.
4. alliterative verse 头韵诗
poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is
heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three
stressed syllables in each line alliterating.
5. kenning 隐喻语
a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and
association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and
“swan road” for “sea”.
6. protagonist 主角
the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William
Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.
7. antagonist 反角
In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet
Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.
8. romance 传奇
a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing
adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.
9. bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱
a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and the
Green Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables,
followed by the “wheel”, longer lines with three stresses and internal thyme.
10. poet’s corner 诗人角
a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of
some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.
11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体
Two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s
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masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.
Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17
th

century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a
major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it
dominated English poetry of the 18
th
century, notably in the couplets of Pope,
before declining in importance in the early 19
th
century.
12. ballad meter 民谣体
traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress
lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red,
Red Rose” is a great love ballad.
13. refrain 叠句，副歌
a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the end
of a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A
Red, Red Rose”.
14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴
the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century,
with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the
summit of this renaissance.
Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is
commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which
marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in
Italy in the 14
th
century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing
for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and
Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study
and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive
thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical
knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the
emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.
Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of
universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and
knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In
short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle
Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the
fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage
of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full
play.
15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学
literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s
Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.
16. sonnet 十四行诗
a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished
in Italy in the 14
th
century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer
famous for his 154 sonnets.
17. iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格
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the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented
syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey
Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.
18. meter 格律
the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line
may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;
the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in
iambic.
19. foot 音步
a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllable
variation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot
in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.
William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.
20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式
the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters
of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic
couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.
21. quatrain 四行诗节
a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic
forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.
22. image 意象
a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a
representation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience
itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual,
olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert
Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.
23. poetic license 诗的破格
the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the
use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the
last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns – “Tho’ it were ten thousand
mile!”
24. verse drama 诗剧
drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan
Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most
famous.
25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗
unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and
usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play
Hamlet is written in blank verse.
26. Globe Theatre 环球剧场
One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The
roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William
Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt
the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.
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27. essay 散文
a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of
book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of
topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis
Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.
28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义
a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings
and flourished in the early 19
th
century England. A great representative of this
movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.
29. lake poets 湖畔诗人
are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o
f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr
ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo
rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.
30. poet laureate 桂冠诗人
A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country
or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included
the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state
occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.

31. Humanism(人文主义) Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to
exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to
the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal
a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies
supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing
with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It
proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life
is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the
humanists both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite
improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain
happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary
history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical
culture which accompanied the Renaissance.
32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths
dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an
individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than
emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject.
For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in
England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet
temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the
Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser.
33. Romanticism(浪漫主义) The term refers to the literary and artistic movements
of the late 18
th
and early 19
th
century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of
the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response
humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,the
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Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid
and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and
Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the
privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and
“convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized
corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual
destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and
they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” characters----children, young lovers,
and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth,
John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.
34. Aestheticism( 美学主义) The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art
for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first
Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most
important critical writer of the late 19
th
century. The chief representative of the
movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism
places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.
According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to
objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s
sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with
controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to
contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against
the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a
reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s
sake.
35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流) (psychol organized by William James)
individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in
an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal
character and comment on life.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个 人的内心体验
以不平衡的方式不断流动着。创作中，内心独白技巧利用这种意识的流动揭示人
物 心理，点评生活。
36. Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary
genres that flourished mainly in the 19
th
century. It reveals the corrupting influence of
the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and
humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19
th

century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes,
but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they
used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with
the honesty and good- heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes.
Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often
tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At
the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the
bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the
social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the
bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward
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revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful
exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels
usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the
strength and weakness of critical realism.
37. Gothic(哥特式) As a word Gothic on the one hand means “of or in a style of
building common in Western Europe between the 12
th
century and 16
th
centuries,with
pointed arches,tall pillars, and tall thin pointed windows often with colored glass in
them”and on the other hand it means “of or like a style of writing popular in the late
18
th
century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places ”. It is now
generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural
designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers. Gothic literature invariably
exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards,
which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The term “Gothic ”
derived from the frequent setting of the tales in the ruined, moss-covered castles of
the Middle Ages, but it has been extended to any novel which exploits the possibilities
in a kind of frightening and mysterious situation in which the central story centers
upon a beautiful maiden persecuted by an obsessed and haggard villain. The Gothic
novels have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature—the
savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the
controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic novels have exerted
significant influence on the literature of later generations and on every European
literature. The Gothic novels have exerted great effect on the American
literature,Hawthorn and Allen Poe in particular. Furthermore, they also influenced the
surrealism literature movement in the 20
th
century.
38. Byronic belonging to or derived from Lord Byron(1788-1824)or his works. The
Byronic hero is a character-type found in his celebrated narrative poem Childe
Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812-18),his verse drama Manfred(1817),and other works:he is a
boldly defiant but bitterly self –tormenting outcast,proudly contemptuous of social
norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff in Wuthering
Heights(1847)is a later example.
of Manners a kind of comedy representing the complex and
sophisticated code of behaviour current in fashionable circles of society, where
appearances count for more than true moral character. Its plot usually revolves around
intrigues of lust and greed,the self-interested cynicism of the characters being masked
by decorous pretence. Unlike satire, the comedy of manners tends to reward its
cleverly unscrupulous characters rather than punish their immorality. lts humour relies
chiefly upon elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England,the comedy of manners
flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of
Etheredge,Wycherley(notably The Country Wife,1675),and Congreve;it was revived in
a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan,and later by Oscar
Wilde. Modern examples of the comedy of manners include Noel Coward’s Design
for Living (1932)and Joe Orton’s Loot (1965).
40. Soliloquy a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while
alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone).The soliloquist thus
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reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed
self-communion or in a consciously direct address. Soliloquies often appear in plays
from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. A poem supposedly
uttered by a solitary speaker,like Robert Browning’s‘Soliloquy of the Spanish
Cloister’(1842),may also be called a soliloquy. Soliloquy is a form of monologue,but
a monologue is not a soliloquy if (as in the dramatic monologue) the speaker is not
alone.
41. Neoclassicism 新古典主义
The late 18th- and early 19th-century revival of a classical style (in art or literature or
architecture or music of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome) but from a new perspectiv
e or with a new motivation.
The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of
the early period. It was, at least in part, the result of a reaction against the fires of
passion which had blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the metaphysical
poetry. It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and
Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the contemporary French
writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of
order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.
Such elegant styles were found in almost all the writings of the period, especially
in those of John Dryden, Alexander Pope，Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard
Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon , the man
who wrote the famous history The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(1776―
1788) , and other neoclassicist writers. They were careful imitators. Their approach
was thoroughly professional. Their works, mostly refined and perfect, are
conscientious craftsmanship and often highly didactic. Neoclassical poetry , as
represented by Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, reached its stylistic perfection during the
period, although to the modem readers it seems to lack in imagination and energy. The
neoclassical poetry is one of the most significant phenomena in the literature of the
age, to which it has given its name.
42. Gothic novel The English realistic novel as a literary genre flowered in the
middle decades of the century. In the last decades, however it gradually gave way to
Gothic novel or Gothic romance.
43. Metaphysical poetry a derogatory term invented by John Dryden(1631-1700 )
and later adopted by Samuel Johnson(1709-1784) describing a school of highly
intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits,incongruous
imagery,complexity of thought,frequent use of paradox,and often by deliberate
harshness or rigidity of main themes of metaphysical poets are
love,death,and ing to them,all things in the universe, no matter how
dissimilar they are to each other,are closely unified in chief representative of
this school was John Donne.

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