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大学英语六级考试真题第二套

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12月大学英语六级考试真题（第二套）
Part I
Directions:
Writing (30 minutes)
For this part, you are allowed 90 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.
You should focus on the difficulty in acquiring useful information in spite of advanced
information technology. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than
200 words.
Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each
conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will
be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from
the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Conversation One
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) Touch his heart. C) Remind him of his life.
B) Make him cry. D) Make him feel young.
2. A) It makes him exciting. C) It catches his attention.
B) It isn’t very musical. D) It is hard for him to sing.
3. A) He is good at singing operas. C) He can sing any song if he likes it.
B) He enjoys complicated music. D) He loves country music in particular.
4. A) Go to a bar and drink for horns. C) Go to see a performance in a concert hail.
B) Go to an isolated place to sing blues. D) Go to work and wrap himself up in music.
Conversation Two
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A) How he became an announcer. C) How he makes his living.
B) How he writes news stories. D) How he does his job.
6. A) They write the first version of news stories. C) They polish incoming news stories.

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B) They gather news stories on the spot. D) They write comments on major news
stories.
7. A) Reading through the news stories in a given period of time.
B) Having little time to read the news before going on the air.
C) Having to change the tone of his voice from time to time.
D) Getting all the words and phrases pronounced correctly.
8. A) It shows where advertisements come in. C) It alerts him to something important.
B) It gives a signal for him to slow down. D) It serves as a reminder of sad news.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will
hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After
you
hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),
C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line
through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. A) It gives pleasure to both adults and children. C) It can be found in many parts of
the world.
B) It is often carried around by small children. D) It was invented by an American
Indian.
10. A) They were made for earning a living.
B) They were delicate geometric figures.
C) They were small circus figures made of wire.
D) They were collected by a number of museums.
11. A) In art.
B) In geometry.
C) In engineering.
D) In circus performance.
Passage Two

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Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12. A) It is mostly imported from the Middle East.
B) It is a sure indicator of its economic activity.
C) It has a direct impact on the international oil market.
D) It equals more than 30 million barrels of oil each day.
13. A) It eventually turns into heat.
B) It is used in a variety of forms.
C) Its use is chiefly responsible for air pollution.
D) Part of it is lost in the process of transmission.
14. A) When it is used in rural areas.
B) When it is environment-friendly.
C) When it operates at near capacity.
D) When it operates at regular times.
15. A) Traffic jams in cities.
B) Inefficient use of energy.
C) Fuel shortage.
D) Global warming.
Section C
Directions: In this section. you will hear recordings of lectures or talks followed by some
questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must
choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 16 to 19.
16. A) It is caused by stress from work or study.
B) It has a great impact on people’s life.
C) It results in some strange diseases nowadays.
D) It gives people lots of trouble at work.
17. A) Talk about it. C) Ignore it.
B) Immerse ourselves in it. D) Shut it down.
18. A) To release the negative emotion. C) To feel more comfortable.

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B) To relax ourselves. D) To have a short break.
19. A) Looking down upon it. C) Giving it space and attention.
B) Doing something else. D) Getting some amusement.
Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 20 to 22.
20. A) Stand up for themselves. C) Contribute more to the company.
B) Never laugh at their workmates. D) Get close to their bosses.
21. A) They are indifferent to their employees.
B) They focus on the finished projects.
C) They don’t know everybody in the company.
D) They hate to see employees show off their work.
22. A) People start repeating their achievements.
B) People ask for rewards for their achievements.
C) People look down upon their colleagues.
D) People attract the attention of their bosses on purpose.
Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 23 to 25.
23. A) A primary school education and some secondary school.
B) Basic skills they need to escape from poverty.
C) Governments and many donors? support.
D) The skills necessary to operate a business.
24. A) The skills in numeracy and the ability to read and write.
B) A bridge between school and work.
C) The completion of the first few years of schooling.
D) A process of remembering something by repeating it.
25. A) Going to south of the Sahara Desert. C) Receiving training from skilled
workers.
B) Getting opportunities to learn through TV. D) Organizing system for women.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select
one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.

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Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank
is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer
Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank
more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.
According to a report from the Harvard School of Public Health, many everyday
products, including some bug sprays and cleaning fluids, could lead to an increased risk
of brain and behavioral disorders in children. The developing brain, the report says, is
particularly 26 to the toxic effects of certain chemicals these products may contain, and
the damage they cause can be 27. The official policy, however, is still evolving. Health and
environmental 28 have long urged U. S. government agencies to 29 the use of some of the
11 chemicals the report cites and called for more studies on their long-term effects. In ,
for example, the Environmental Protection Agency 30 the type and amount of lead that
could be present in paint and soil in homes and child-care 31, after concerns were raised
about lead poisoning. The agency is now 32 the toxic effects of some of the chemicals in
the latest report. But the threshold for regulation is high. Because children’s brain and
behavioral disorders, like hyperactivity and lower grades, can also be linked to social and
genetic factors, it’s tough to pin them on exposure to specific chemicals with solid 33
evidence, which is what the EPA requires. Even the Harvard study did not prove a direct
34 but noted strong associations between exposure and risk of behavioral issues.
Nonetheless, it’s smart to 35 caution. While it may be impossible to prevent kids from
drinking tap water that may contain trace amounts of chemicals, keeping kids away from
lawns recently sprayed with chemicals and freshly dry-cleaned clothes can’t hurt. .
A) advocates
B) compact
C) correlation
D) exercise
E) facilities
F) interaction
G) investigating

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H) overwhelmed
I) particles
J) permanent
K) restricted
L) simulating
M) statistical
N) tighten
O) vulnerable
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements
attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.
Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a
paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions
by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The Impossibility of Rapid Energy Transitions
[A] Politicians are fond of promising rapid energy transitions. Whether it is a
transition from imported to domestic oil or from coal-powered electricity production to
natural-gas power plants, politicians love to talk big. Unfortunately for them (and often
the taxpayers), our energy systems are a bit like an aircraft carrier: they are unbelievably
expensive, they are built to last for a very long time, they have a huge amount of inertia
(meaning it takes a lot of energy to set them moving), and they have a lot of momentum
once they are set in motion. No matter how hard you try, you can’t turn something that
large on a dime (10美分的硬币), or even a few thousand dimes.
[B] In physics, moving objects have two characteristics relevant to understanding the
dynamics of energy systems: inertia and momentum. Inertia is the resistance of objects to
efforts to change their state of motion. If you try to push a boulder (大圆石), it pushes you
back. Once you have started the boulder rolling, it develops momentum, which is defined
by its mass and velocity. Momentum is said to be “conserved,” that is, once you build it
up, it has to go somewhere. So a heavy object, like a football player moving at a high speed,
has a lot of momentum that is, once he is moving, it is hard to change his state of motion.

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If you want to change his course, you have only a few choices: you can stop him,
transferring (possibly painfully) some of his kinetic energy(动能) to your own body, or
you can approach alongside and slowly apply pressure to gradually alter his course.
[C] But there are other kinds of momentum as well. After all, we don’t speak only of
objects or people as having momentum; we speak of entire systems having momentum.
Whether it’s a sports team or a presidential campaign, everybody relishes having the big
momentum, because it makes them harder to stop or change direction.
[D] One kind of momentum is technological momentum. When a technology is
deployed, its impacts reach far beyond itself. Consider the incandescent (白炽灯的) bulb,
an object currently hated by many environmentalists and energy- efficiency advocates.
The incandescent light bulb, invented by Thomas Edison, which came to be the symbol of
inspiration, has been developed into hundreds, if not thousands, of forms. Today, a visit
to a lighting store reveals a stunning array of choices. There are standard-shaped bulbs,
flame-shaped bulbs, colored globe-shaped bulbs, and more. It is quite easy, with all that
choice, to change a light bulb.
[E] But the momentum of incandescent lighting does not stop there. All of those
specialized bulbs led to the building of specialized light fixtures, from the desk lamp you
study by, to the ugly but beloved hand-painted Chinese lamp you inherited from your
grandmother, to the ceiling fixture in your closet, to the light in your oven or refrigerator,
and to the light that the dentist points at you. It is easy to change a light bulb, sure, but it
is harder to change the bulb and its fixture.
[F] And there is more to the story, because not only are the devices that house
incandescent bulbs shaped to their underlying characteristics, but rooms and entire
buildings have been designed in accordance with how incandescent lighting reflects off
walls and windows.
[G] As lighting expert Howard Brandston points out, “generally, there are no bad light
sources, only bad applications.” There are some very commendable characteristics of the
CFL [compact Fluorescent(荧光的) light bulb], yet the selection of any light source
remains inseparable from the luminaire (照明设备) that houses it, along with the space in
which both are installed, and lighting requirements that need to be satisfied. The lamp,

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the fixture, and the room, all three must work in concert for the true benefits of end-users.
If the CFL should be used for lighting a particular space, or an object within that space,
the fixture must be designed to work with that lamp, and that fixture with the room. It is
a symbiotic (共生的) relationship. A CFL cannot be simply installed in an incandescent
fixture and then expected to produce a visual appearance that is more than washed out,
foggy, and dim. The whole fixture must be replaced light source and luminaire and this is
never an inexpensive proposition.
[H] And Brandston knows a thing or two about lighting, being the man who
illuminated the Statue of Liberty.
[I] Another type of momentum we have to think about when planning for changes hi
our energy systems is labor-pool momentum. It is one thing to say that we are going to
shift 30 percent of our electricity supply from, say, coal to nuclear power in 20 years. But
it is another thing to have a supply of trained talent that could let you carry out this
promise. That is because the engineers, designers, regulators, operators, and all of the
other skilled people needed for the new energy industry are specialists who have to be
trained first (or retrained, if they are the ones being laid off in some related industry), and
education, like any other complicated endeavor, takes time. And not only do our
prospective new energy workers have to be trained, they have to be trained in the right
sequence. One needs the designers, and perhaps the regulators, before the builders and
operators, and each group of workers in training has to know there is work waiting
beyond graduation. In some cases, colleges and universities might have to change their
training programs, adding another layer of difficulty.
[J] By far the biggest type of momentum that comes into play when it comes to
changing our energy systems is economic momentum. The major components of our
energy systems, such as fuel production, refining, electrical generation and distribution,
are costly installations that have lengthy life spans. They have to operate for long periods
of time before the costs of development have been recovered. When investors put up
money to build, say, a nuclear power plant, they expect to earn that money back over the
planned life of the plant, which is typically between 40 arid 60 years. Some coal power
plants in the United States have operated for more than 70 years! The oldest continuously

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operated commercial hydro-electric plant in the United States is on New York’s Hudson
River, and it went into commercial service in 1898.
[K] As Vaclav Smil points out, “All the forecasts, plans, and anticipations cited above
have failed so miserably because their authors and promoters thought the transitions they
hoped to implement would proceed unlike all previous energy transitions, and that their
progress could be accelerated in an unprecedented manner.”
[L] When you hear people speaking of making a rapid transition toward any type of
energy, whether it is a switch from coal to nuclear power, or a switch from gasoline-
powered cars to electric cars, or even a switch from an incandescent to a fluorescent light,
understanding energy system inertia and momentum can help you decide whether their
plans are feasible.
36. Not only moving objects and people but all systems have momentum.
37. Changing the current energy system requires the systematic training of
professionals and skilled labor.
38. Changing a light bulb is easier than changing the fixture housing it.
39. Efforts to accelerate the current energy transitions didn’t succeed as expected.
40. To change the light source is costly because you have to change the whole fixture.
41. Energy systems, like an aircraft carrier set in motion, have huge momentum.
42. The problem with lighting, if it arises, often doesn’t lie in light sources but in their
applications.
43. The biggest obstacle to energy transition is that the present energy system is too
expensive to replace.
44. The application of a technology can impact areas beyond itself.
45. Physical characteristics of moving objects help explain the dynamics of energy
systems.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some
questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),
B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

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Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
One hundred years ago, “colored” was the typical way of referring to Americans of
African descent. Twenty years later, it was purposefully dropped to make way for Negro.?
By the late 1960s, that term was overtaken by “Black.” And then, at a press conference in
Chicago in 1988, Jesse Jackson declared that “African American” was the term to
embrace. This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups, such as “Italian
Americans” and “Irish Americans,” that had already been freed of widespread
discrimination.
A century’s worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group
is a politically freighted exercise. A study cataloged all the ways in which the term
“Black” carried connotations (涵义) that were more negative than those of “African
American”.
But if it was known that “Black” people were viewed differently from “African
Americans,” researchers, until now, hadn’t identified what that gap in perception was
derived from. A recent study, conducted by Emory University抯 Erika Hall, found that
揃lack? people are viewed more negatively than “African Americans” because of a
perceived difference in socioeconomic status. As a result, “Black” people are thought of
as less competent and as having colder personalities.
The study’s most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the
professional world. Even seemingly harmless details on a resume, it appears, can tap into
recruiters’ biases. A job application might mention affiliations with groups such as the
“Wisconsin Association of African- American Lawyers” or the “National Black
Employees Association,” the names of which apparently have consequences, and are also
beyond their members’control.
In one of the study’s experiments, subjects were given a brief description of a man
from Chicago with the last name Williams. To one group, he was identified as “African-
American,” and another was told he was “Black.” With little else to go on, they were asked
to estimate Mr. Williams’s salary, professional standing, and educational background.
The “African-American” group estimated that he earned about $$ 37,000 a year and

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had a two-year college degree. The “Black” group, on the other hand, put his salary at
about $$ 29,000, and guessed that he had only “some” college experience. Nearly three-
quarters of the first group guessed that Mr. Williams worked at a managerial level, while
only 38. 5 percent of the second group thought so.
Hall’s findings suggest there’s an argument to be made for electing to use “African
American,” though one can’t help but get the sense that it’s a decision that papers over
the urgency of continued progress. Perhaps a new phrase is needed, one that can bring
everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois’s original, idealistic hope: “It’s not the
name------it’s the Thing that counts.”
46. Why did Jesse Jackson embrace the term “African American” for people of
African descent?
A) It is free from racial biases.
B) It represents social progress.
C) It is in the interest of common Americans.
D) It follows the standard naming practice.
47. What does the author say about the naming of an ethnic group?
A) It advances with the times. C) It merits intensive study.
B) It is based on racial roots. D) It is politically sensitive.
48. What do Erika Hall’s findings indicate?
A) Racial biases are widespread in the professional world.
B) Many applicants don’t attend to details on their resume.
C) Job seekers should all be careful about their affiliations.
D) Most recruiters are unable to control their racial biases.
49. What does Erika Hall find in her experiment about a man with the last name
Williams?
A) African Americans fare better than many other ethnic groups.
B) Black people’s socioeconomic status in America remains low.
C) People’s conception of a person has much to do with the way he or she is labeled.
D) One’s professional standing and income are related to their educational
background.

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50. What is Dr. Du Bois’s ideal?
A) All Americans enjoy equal rights.
B) A person is judged by their worth.
C) A new term is created to address African Americans.
D) All ethnic groups share the nation’s continued progress.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of
preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made
clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa. In they released
a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual
growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa
found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and
other higher- level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy
and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.
Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students? lack of learning on a watered- down
college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college
is supposed to be a full-time job, students spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week
studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant
amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend
more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with
extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.
Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a
forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and
athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she
calls the “party pathway”, which eases many students through college, helped along by
various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By
sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social
and educational needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the
financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.

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These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use
their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students
must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market
isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-
cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American
workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates
will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a
university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty
achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for
American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and
charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.
51. What is Arurn and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?
A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.
B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modem times.
C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.
D) It has tried hard to satisfy students? various needs.
52. What is responsible for the students? lack of higher-level skills? .
A) The diluted college curriculum. C) The absence of rigorous discipline.
B) The boring classroom activities. D) The outdated educational approach.
53. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?
A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.
B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.
C) They seem to be out of touch with society.
D) They prioritize non- academic activities.
54. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?
A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.
B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.
C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.
D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.
55. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?

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A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.
B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.
C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.
D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.
Part lv Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from
Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
最近，中国政府决定将其工业升级：中国现在涉足建造高速列车、远 洋船舶、机器
人，甚至飞机。不久前，中国获得了在印度尼西亚（Indonesia）建造一条高铁的 合同；
中国还与马来西亚（Malaysia）签署了为其提供高速列车的合同。这证明人们信赖中国< br>造产品。
中国造产品越来越受欢迎。中国为此付出了代价，但这确实有助于消除贫困，同时还为世界各地的人们提供了就业机会。这是一件好事，值得称赞。下次你去商店时，可
能想看一看你 所购商品的出产国名。很有可能这件商品是中国造的。

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— 12月大学英语六级考试真题答案与详解—
(第2套）
Part I Writing
这是一篇六级考试中常见的图画作文。“信息技术”是考生在 日常生活中非常熟悉的
话题，但我们一般熟悉 的是对网络信息技术利与弊的分析，而本篇作文的写作重 点是
信息技术对我们获取有用信息方而的影响。除“描 图”以外，考生应该将重点放在第
二段 “解图”上，即解释信息技术致使我们难以获得有用信息的原因。联系实际 可知，
其原因主要是面对现 代科技带给我们的大量信息时，我们没有足够的能力去辨别这些信
息的好与坏，其次 就是网络法规的不健全导致无价值的信息充斥我们的生活。
一、 描述图片:虽然我们拥有大金的先进科技，却难以获得所需要的有用信息
（equipped with advanced devices and information technology，hardly obtain helpful
information)
(1.过多依赖先进技术，无法辨别信息好坏（dependent on various advanced devices,
not competent enough to tell...)
二、 分析原因：网络法规不健全，难以阻止无价值的信息充斥我们的生活（the
network management
regulations are not perfect, difficult to prevent our life from being lumbered with l
useless information)
三、 提出建议：由单纯地索取信息转向教别信息（transferred our focus from
obtaining more information to discriminating information)
高分范文
Useful Information Is Hard to Get
① As the picture given depicts, several staff are having a meeting while one of them

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complained, M We have lots of information technology. We just don't have much
useful information”
② What the picture is trying to present is that even though equipped with advanced
devices and information technology, we can hardly obtain helpful I information
that we need.
③ A multitude of reasons can account for the phenomenon.
④ First of all, as we are increasingly dependent on various advanced devices，they
have brought us a lot of information.
⑤ However, faced with so much information, we’re actually not competent enough
to tell the useful information from the useless one.
⑥ What’s more, that the network management regulations are not perfect is a fact
that cannot be ignored, which makes it difficult to prevent our life from being
lumbered with useless information.
⑦ From my point of view, as we are now in a great new era of information, we
cannot say no to the benefits that information technology has brought as.
⑧ However, it’s high time we transferred our focus from obtaining more
information to discriminating information.
⑨ Only in this way can we acquire the exact information that we need.
范文点评
① 开门见山，描述图片。
② 点明图片寓意:虽然我们拥有大量的先进科 技，却很难得到我们所需要的信息。
③ 总述导致这一现象的原因有很多
④⑥使用First of all…；However, What’s more...具体阐述导致这一现象的两个原因，
层次分明。
⑦
⑧
⑨
表明自己的观点:我们无法拒绝信息技术带 给我们的各种好处。:
提出建议:由索取信息向甄别信息转变V
以倒装句式Only in this way..表明我们只有这么做才能得到需要的信息。
加分亮点
be equipped with 配有，具有
a multitude of 众多的

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account for说明（原因、理由等) ,
be dependent on 依赖
tell…from...区分……与
be lumbered with堆满(无用的东西）
say no to 拒绝
transfer 转变
discriminate 辨别
有用信息难以获取 < br>正如上图所描述的那样，几位员工正在开会,其中二个员工抱怨道:“我们有大量的#息科
技，但 我们却没有真正得到有用的信息，这副图画想表示的是尽管有先进的设备和信息
科技，我们却很难得到. 自己所需要的有用信息。
导致这一现象的原因有很多。首先，由于我们越来越依赖各种各样的先进设备 ,这些设
备给我们带来了大量的信息。然而，面对如此多的信息，我们实际上并没有足够的能力
辨别哪些是有用的，哪些是无用的。另外，网络 监管法律条例不健全也是一个不容忽
视的事实，这使得我们难以阻止无用的信息充斥着我们的生活。 < br>依我看，由于我们当前正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代，我们无法拒绝信息科技带给我
们的好处。 可是，现在的确到了我们把注意力从索取信息转向甄别信息的时候了。只有
这样，才能得到我们所需要的 正确信息。
主题词汇
replace 取代
despite of 尽管
distinguish 辨别
convenience 便利性
thanks to 多亏了
over-depending 过度依赖
pay efforts to…付出努力
side effects 副作用
shortcut to helpful information获得有用信息的捷径
句式拓展
1. They are facing a difficult problem that although they have lots of advanced

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information technology, they still fail to.
她们正面临的困难是尽管拥有大量先进的信息技术，她们依然无法……
2. Advanced technology cannot be the substitute of human endeavors in...
在……方面，先进的科技无法取代人类自身的努力。



Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
Conversation One
W： Charles, as a singer, do you ever make yourself cry when you sing?
M ： No, not at this age. I’m an old man. (1) But the songs can still get through to me.
W ： What song writers are currently exciting you?
M ： I don’t know much about song writers. Once in a while, I’ll listen to the radio to
see what they are putting out, but it’s not till I hear something I like. Somebody like Art
Tatum can make me sit up and take notice, (2) but some music, like rap, isn’t very musical
and I can’t learn anything from it. You got to do something more than talk to me.
W： What’s the most difficult kind of music to sing?
M： It depends. (3-1) If I like something, I can sing it. I did the opera Porgiam best and
that’s said to be a complicated piece of music. And I can do country music, blues and love
songs. (3-2) On the other hand，I can’t sing something I don’t like and that’s one of my
defects.
W: Can you perform music that’s out of tune with the mood you might be in on a given
night?
M： Yes, because when you sing, you are like an actor performing a part. Once you get
out there, you become that part, only you’re using music instead of dialogue. (4) I am the
kind of a person that if my personal life is hurting, I can go to work and the music will
take over. It’s like a guy who goes to a bar and drinks. For those few hours, I can wrap
myself up in my music.
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

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(未知先听）预览四道题各选项，其中出现了 him，singing，operas，country music，
blues等词，因此预测对 话的主角是一位从事音乐事业的男士;另外选项中提到了多种音
东形式，因此该题会涉及男士所从事的音 乐类型;第1题和第4题均为动#题，需要注意
对话中出现的动词。第1题中出现了 feel you ng,结合我们推测的音乐主题,进一步推测
该题考查音乐对男士的影响;第4题四个选项均以Go开头 .，因此对话中应该也会涉及
男士去某处的内容。
1. What does Charles say songs can do when he sings them?
A) 对话中男士提到她现在岁数大了 >已经过了因为音乐而哭泣的年龄，可是音乐仍能
让她感动， get through to me在这里意为“打动我”，故答案为A)。
2. What does Charles say about rap?
B) 对话中男士明确说到，像说唱等类型的音乐并不十分具有音乐性，她从中 学不到任
何东西，因此答案为B)
3. What does Charles say about himself as a singer?
C) 对话中男士提到如果她喜欢某种音乐，她就能够唱,不喜欢就不唱，故答案为C)。'
4. What would Charles do when his personal life is hurting?
对话中男士指出如果个人生活中遇到失意的事情，她会去工作，全身心投人到（wrap
myself up）中去，音乐就会取代(take over)不开心的事，酒吧喝酒只是男士做的一个类
比，故答案为D)。
Conversation Two
W: I wonder if you could tell me a little bit about your job as a radio announcer. (5) What
do you actually do and how do you prepare for your job?
M： Well, in the news room I am sitting with reporters and news- subs, as though I am
sitting in a newspaper news room.
W： Sorry, what do you mean by news- subs?
M： (6) They are sub-editors. They are the people who write the news stories as they come
in. The stories are then passed to the senior duty editor and the assistant editor. As stories
go through the chain of people, they are refined, corrected and sorted out until they come
finally to me and (7-1) I have a chance to read through most stories before I go on the air.
Of course, sometimes things happen at the last moment and I don’t have a chance. So I’ve
just got to do my best, and take a couple of seconds to look through the first few lines

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before I launch into something. Because it’s such a pity if you start off on a bright tone on
a story and suddenly realize you are talking about some people having been killed in a
road crash. (7-2) It is very important to just have a quick flip through.
W: There is nothing to mark what sort of event it is on your piece of paper.
M： (8) No, I have my own little mark. If it’s something sad，I’ll put a small cross at the
top. That’s my little clue. So while I am working on the news, I’m just absorbing the news
and checking pronunciations.
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

(未知先听）预览四道题各选项，其中出现了 he，living，job，news stories，由此预测
对话与男士的新闻工作有关；第5 题以How开头，因此要留心对话中关于询问的内容；
第7题均为动名词开头，故应注意对话中可能会出 现的动名词;第6、8题的主语不是主
人公he,而分别是They和It,因此在听的过程中要分辨其 分别指的是什么。
5. What does the woman want to know about the man?
D) 对话中，女士问男士的工作具体是做什么的以及要做哪些准备工作，也就是在问她
的工作是怎 么进行的，故答案为D)。
6. What does the man say news- subs do?
A) 对话中男士解释了 news- subs的职责，说她们是副编辑，有新闻故事的时候，由她
们进行编写， 稿子才会转到高级责编和助 理编辑手中做进一步处理，也就是说她们是
新闻稿件的初稿撰写人，故答案为A)。
7. What does the man say is a big challenge for him?
B) 解对话中男士指出播音之前一般有时间能够事先读完大部分的新闻故事，可是往往
在®后关头 也会有其它事情发生,因此并不是每次都有机会提前阅读，而事先看一眼非
常重要,因为这样能够避免工 作中的失误，故答案为B)。.
8. What role does the man say his small cross plays?
D) 对话中男士表示她会用小叉号标记悲伤的新闻故事，故答案为D)。
Section B
Passage 1
You probably know what a mobile is，but the mobile I’m talking about is a delicate object
of decoration hanging from the ceiling and moving gently with every breath. (9) It delights

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both children and adults. Now, do you know who invented the mobile? This lovely creation
was the work of an American artist named Alexander Calder. Calder became interested
in making things when he was a child. And even then he often

used wire in his
constructions. When he went to college, he studied engineering rather than art. (11) But
he quickly realized that art was his real passion. (10) He also loved the circus, and many
of his early artworks were small circus figures made with wire. In about 1930, Calder
turned from realistic wire figures to abstract ones. He began constructing objects that
have circles, squares and other geometric shapes. To get the shapes to move, he used small
motors. Then he went one step beyond these early mobiles. He got the shapes in his
constructions to move by themselves. A mobile may look simple as it shifts in the wind,
but it requires careful construction to work properly. Calder used his engineering
knowledge to create his first mobiles. Often these consisted of small pieces of brightly
printed metal strung by wire to a thicker base wire. Calder learnt how to find the precise
point to connect each wire so that all the pieces will sway in harmony. In doing so, he
created an art form for people all over the world to copy and enjoy.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
(未知先 听）预览三道题的选项，很难从其中找出范畴接近的词汇进而推测文章大意。
第9题主语一致，都是 I t,且children出现了两次，因此推测It应该与孩子有关;第10
题主语为They,表明短 文中会提到复数的东西，而且是人物形象figures,细心的考生这时
可能会发现该题中的made 和上题中的invented范畴接近，都含有“创造,制作”的意
思，故猜测短文可能是关于制作孩子 喜欢的人物形象。
9. What does the speaker say about a mobile?
A)。详解短文中指出成年人和孩子都喜欢风铃，故答案为A)。
10. What do we learn about many of Alexander Calder’s early artworks?
C) 短文中指出Calder的早期作品都是用线制成的马戏团的 小人物形象,后来才转向抽
象的形象，故答案为C)
11. Where does Alexander Calder^ real passion lie?
A) 题目考查的是Calder本人的真正热情所在，短文中提到她的真正爱好是艺术，故答
案为A)。
Passage Two

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(12) Every year, people in America use energy equal to over 30 million barrels of oil each
day. That’s energy in all forms—oil, gas, coal, nuclear, solar and even wind power. (13)
Viewed from scientists’ standpoint, all the energy contained in fuel either now or in the
future becomes heat. Some of the heat is used directly or produces useful work； the rest
is lost or rejected, radiated into the atmosphere from the engines, motors, boilers and all
the other energy-consuming machinery that makes Americans, wheels go around.
(15-1) If we could figure out how to improve the efficiency with which we use energy，we
can do a lot more work with the energy that is available. With money and careful planning，
we can boost efficiency up to a point. Yet improvement won’t come easily, it won’t come
overnight and there are limits beyond which not even science can take us. According to
the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, about three quarters of energy we use
to move things, including ourselves, accomplishes no useful work. (15-2) In terms of
efficiency and cleanness, buses, trains and other forms of public or mass transportation
are superior to the private automobile. (14) But only if they operate at near capacity,
otherwise, their overall efficiency is poor. For some people, mass transit might answer all
transportation needs. For others, a combination of mass transit and private
transportation may be desirable. Better design and wiser use of both mass transit systems
and private vehicles will play an important part in helping America get more out of energy
used for transportation.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
(未知先听）预览四道题的选项，由选项中的oil, heat, pollution，environment-friendly，
energy, Fuel等词能 够推测，短文与能源和环保有关；根据第14题各选项中的When，
需要关注短文中提到的时间点；第 15题是抽象的 名词短语，推测可能会考查文章的中
心议题。
12. What does the speaker say about energy used in the United States?
D) 短文中提到美国人每天使用的能源等于3千多万桶石油，故答案为D)。
13. What do scientists say about energy contained in fuel?
A)。短文中提到，燃料里所含的全部能源迟早都会变成热量，故答案为A)。
14. When does mass transit prove superior to private vehicles?
C) 短文中提到公共交通工具只有在发挥最大能效时,才能在能源使用效率和清 洁度上

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优于私人 交通工具，故答案为C)。
15. What seems to be the speaker’s biggest concern?
B) 说话者多处提到efficiency,并指出了效率的重要性，“资金投入加之详细计划,我们 能
够提高 能€使用效率”，同时对交通工具的低能效表示关注，因此她真正关注的是能源
利用率不足，希望提高使 用效率，故答案为B)。
Section C
Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 16 to 19.
Moderator:
Hello, ladies and gentlemen, I feel honored to introduce our speaker for today's lecture,
Dr. Franklin Smith. Dr. Smith, professor of psychology at Princeton University, has
written numerous articles and books on the issue of (16) mental health, as we all know, a
kind of modem health problem, caused by great pressure or stress from work or study.
Welcome, Dr. Smith.
Dr. Smith:
Think about the last time you felt a negative emotion—like stress, anger, or frustration.
What was going through your mind as you were going through that negativity? Was your
mind cluttered with thoughts? Or was it paralyzed, unable to think?
The next time you find yourself in the middle of a very stressful time, or you feel angry or
frustrated, stop. Yes, that’s right, stop. Whatever you’re doing, stop and sit for one minute.
(17) While you’re sitting there, completely immerse yourself in the negative emotion.
Allow that emotion to consume you. Allow yourself one minute to truly feel that emotion.
When the minute is over, ask yourself, “Am I willing to keep holding on to this negative
emotion as I go through the rest of the day?”
If you feel you need to hold on to the emotion for a little longer, that is OK. Allow yourself
another minute to feel the emotion. When you feel you’ve had enough of the emotion, ask
yourself if you're willing to carry that negativity with you for the rest of the day. If not,
take a deep breath. (18) As you exhale, release all that negativity with your breath.
This exercise seems simple—almost too simple. But, it is very effective. By allowing that
negative emotion the space to be truly felt, you are dealing with the emotion rather than
stuffing it down and trying not to feel it. (19) You are actually taking away the power of

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the emotion by giving it the space and attention it needs. When you immerse yourself in
the emotion, and realize that it is only emotion, it loses its control. You can clear your head
and proceed with your task.
Try it. Next time you’ve in the middle of a negative emotion, give yourself the space to feel
the emotion and see what happens. Keep a piece of paper with you that says the following:
Stop. Immerse for one minute. Do I want to keep this negativity? Breathe deep, exhale,
release. Move on! This will remind you of the steps to the process. Remember：take the
time you need to really immerse yourself in the emotion. Then, when you feel you’ve felt
it enough, release it—really let go of it. You will be surprised at how quickly you can move
on from a negative situation and get to what you really want to do! Thank you very much!
(未知先听）预览四道题各选项可知，其中出现了 stress, diseases, Ignore, negative
emotion等词，故推测对话的主与某种消极的情绪相关。第 16题均是表示消极意义的
句子，故听音时注意辨别It所指代的内容及其特点;第17题和第19题分 别为表示动作
意义的动作词组和动名词,需要注意对话中可能出现的动词;第18题 为不定式结构，表
示将来的目的和动作，故应注意辨听所指对象。
16. What does the introduction say about mental health?
B) 根据定位句可知，主持人提到心理健康是现代社会的一大健康问题，是由于工作和
学习的 巨大压力导致的，故答案为A)。
17. What does Dr. Smith suggest we do when we feel a negative emotion?
B) 根据定位句可知，史密斯博士建议静静地坐着，让自己完全沉浸在负面的情绪当中，
故答案为B)。
18. Why should we take a deep breath?
A)根据定位句可知，深呼吸的时候,能够让负面情绪随着呼吸排出体外，故答案为A)。…
19. What is the key to taking away the emotion?
C) 根据定位句可知,你能够经过给予负面情绪所需的空间和注意力来消除负面情绪的
力量，故答案为C）。
Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 20 to 22.
Some people find it very easy to show off their accomplishments and get rewarded for
them, whereas others are wallflowers, who sit quietly at their desk and expect recognition
for their job. (20) You need to learn that being a wallflower won’t help you in your career,

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and you need to stand up for yourself.
First of all, you should let your boss know your success. You aren’t the only employee in
your company, and your boss cannot check on each of you to see who’s achieving what.
Moreover, they have a lot of things to take care of and you are the last thing on their mind.
(21) Sometimes，bosses don’t know exactly who is doing what project and in what way.
Usually, they just check the finished projects and that’s it.
Why not remind your boss what you are doing and what results you are getting? Tell them
openly all the things you’ve done, and they will certainly appreciate that. They hired you,
and they expect their employees to improve and develop as professionals, so don*t think
it will be awkward or look like you are boasting excessively.
Actually, they will be happy to know that you are bringing money to company and you
are willing to contribute to the company’s growth.
Also, you should know when you start boasting annoyingly. Many people will tell you that
talking about your accomplishments quickly becomes boasting, and that can only have a
negative effect. However, people will always see you as boastful if you attain a certain level
of success，no matter what you do.
Don^ be afraid to speak about all the things you’ve done for the company, because those
who need to know won’t think that you are arrogant because of it. (22) The problem
occurs when you start talking about it excessively, which slowly becomes really annoying.
This happens when people start repeating over and over again what they have achieved.
So, be sure that when you said it the first time everybody heard you loud and clear, there
is no need to repeat it. Point out your successes, because no one will do it for you, and if
your co-workers think of it as boasting, know that anything that took a lot of effort and
knowledge to achieve is worth boasting about.
(未知先听）预览三道题各选项，其中出现了workmates，companies，boss，e mployees，
achievements，
colleagues等词，因此预测对话 可能与工作绩效、同事之间及员工与老板之间的关系相
关。
20. What does the speaker suggest wallflowers do?
A) 讲座中提到，你 应该知道做一个“局外人”对你的职业毫无帮助，你应该为自己挺

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身而出，故答案为A)。
21. What does the speaker say about bosses?
B) 讲座中提到,有时候，老板们根本不知道是谁在做某个项目，她们只会去检査项目的
结果。故答案为B)
22. What makes boasting become annoying?
A) 讲座中提到，当你过度地谈论自己的功绩之时,问题便产生了，当人们一遍又一遍地
强调她们 就会变得令人厌烦，故答案为A)
Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 23 to 25.
A new United Nations report says over two hundred million young people in developing
countries have not completed primary school. The UN says almost one hundred and thirty
million are in school, but they cannot read or write—skills they need to escape from
poverty. The report urges donors and governments to support ways for young people to
get the skills they need for success. The findings are from the Education for All Global
Monitoring Report by UNESCO—the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization. (23) Educators say young people need at least a primary school education
and some secondary school to get secure, good-paying jobs. But the report says that is not
happening in most developing countries, including the ones south of the Sahara Desert. It
says about thirty three percent of young people in sub-Saharan Africa fail to complete the
first few years of schooling. Millions more do not even go to secondary school. Pauline
Rose is the director of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report. (24) She says some
schools are failing to provide a bridge between school and work. She says this means that
one in eight young people are unemployed, and one in four people earn very low wages.
Ms. Rose says young people need strong skills in numeracy and the ability to read and
write, and knowing how to solve problems is more important than learning by rote, a
process of establishing something in memory by repeating it. She says some groups are
successful in teaching the skills necessary to operate a business，and people who leave
school need a second chance to get an education. In some areas, distance education---by
television, computer or other methods--- ishelpful. There are also opportunities to learn
through distance education, and we find in countries like Mexico and Namibia that large
numbers of young people are reached through distance education systems. (25) She says

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another popular method is the traditional apprenticeship. Young people serve as
apprentices, receiving training from skilled workers. Pauline Rose says apprenticeships
mainly help people who have had some primaiy schooling, but who lack job skills. She
says the system can be organized so women are included, and that students are recognized
for their work.
(未知先听）预览三道题各选项，其中出现了 school education，poverty, work, training
等词，因此预测文章可能与学校教育、贫困以及就业相关。
23. What do young people need to get secure, well- paying jobs?
A) 文中提到青年人至少需要小学教育程度和一些中等教育才能够获得稳定和收人较好
的工作， 故答案为A)。
24. What do some schools fail to provide according to Pauline Rose?
B) 文中说保林•罗斯提到一些学校没有在教学与就业之间起到桥梁作用，故答案为B)

25. What is another popular method to get skills for young people?
C) 文中末尾部分提到，青年人还能够经过当学徒的方式来学习，故答案为C)。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Section A
哈佛大学公共卫生学院 的一份报告显示，很多包括杀虫剂、洗涤液在内的日用品都能增
加引起孩子们大脑或 行为紊乱的风险。 报告宣称，正在发育中的大脑容易被这些产品
中所含的某些化学物质的毒性所(26)伤害，且这种伤害 可能是(27)永久性的。
然而官方政策还在逐步制定中。长期以来，健康及环保政策的（28)拥护 者们都在敦促政
府部门（29)加强对报告中提及的11种化学品的管制。并号召对这些化学品的长期效 用
进行更多的研究。例如, ，在人们提高 了对铅中毒的关注后，环境保护署(30)限制了存
留在家居环境中的涂料、土壤及儿童保育（31)器械上所使用铅的种类和数量。当前该机
构正在(3 2)研究最新报告中所提及的一些化学品的毒性。
可是，制定政策的门槛是极高的。因为孩子们的大脑 及行为紊乱，如过度活跃或低分数，
也可能与社会及基因因素有关，很难凭确凿的（33)统计学的证据 证明这一现象是由于
暴露在某些化学物质下而引起的，而美国环保 署则要求出示确凿的证据才会制定政 策。
即便是哈佛大学的研究，也无法证明两者之间直接(34)相关，而仅是指出暴露在化学物
质之下与患行为方面疾病的风险存在关联。

资料仅供参考
尽管如此，（35 )采取小心谨慎的措施总是明智的选择。可能不能禁止孩子饮用可能含有
微量化学物质的自来水，但让孩 子们远离刚喷洒过化学药品的草丛和刚干洗好的衣服总
没有什么坏处。
选项归类
名词：
A) advocates拥护者，提倡者;
C) correlation相关,关联;
E) facilities设施，设备;
F) interaction相互作用，互动;
I) particles微粒，粒子
动词：
D) exercise 行使,运用;
G) investigating 调查，研究;
H) overwhelmed 压倒，击败,淹没;
K) restricted 限制，限定;
L) simulating模拟，模仿，假装;
N) tighten使变紧，加强控制 形容词；
B) compact紧密的，紧凑的;
J) permanent永久的;
M) statistical统计上的,统计学上的;
O) vulnerable 脆弱的，易受伤害的
详解
26. O) vulnerable。 该空格位于主系表结构的句子中，处于系动词is之后，介词to之
前，且空格处所填单词被副词par ticularly所修饰，综合考虑，此处应填人形容词
vulnerable,本句含义为“孩子们 正在发育的大脑易受伤害”，be vulnerable to为固定搭
配，表示“易受……的伤害”，故答案为O) vulnerable“脆弱的，易受……的伤害”，选
项里的compact permanent, statistical与上下文语义不符，故均排除。
27. J) permanent。该空格 位于主系表结构的句子中，处于系动词be之后，因此可填入
形容词或名词作表语。本句含义为“所造成 的危害可能是永久性的”。因此此处应填入
形容词permanent。故答案 为J) permanent；永久的”。在备选项中其它形容词均与上

资料仅供参考
下文语义不符，故排除。
28. A) advocates。该空格位于形容词envir onmental之后，且其后紧接的就是谓语动词
have long urged...由此判断此 处应填入复数形式的名词，作句子的主语。本句主语所发
出的动作是“敦促政府部门做某事”，因此应填 入advocates。故答案为A) advocates“拥
护者，提倡者” 3备选项中correlation及 interaction均是单数形式，而facilities与particles与上下文语义不符，故均排除。
29. N) tighten。该空格处于urge sb. to do sth.的结构中，应填入及物动词的原形，上文
提到官方政策还在制定康及环保人士已经做出努力，下文提到“报告中提及11种化学
品的使用 ”，故此处应填入tighten,本句含义为“健康及环保政策的拥护者们敦促政府部
门加强对报告中 提及的11种化学品的管制。”故答案为N) tighten“使变紧，加强控制”。
备选项中exe rcise虽然满足语法形式要求，但其含义与上下文语义不符，故排除。
30. K) restricted。该空格位于主语 the Environmental Protection Agency之后，宾语
the type and amount之前，本句中又含有明确的时间状语in ，故应填入动词的过去
式，综合上下文考虑 ，本句含义应为“环保部门限制铅使用的种类和数量”故答案为K)
restricted “限制，限定。备选项中 overwhelmed与上下文语义不符，故排除，而其
它选项的词形均不符合要求
31. E) facilities。该空格位于复合形容词childcare之后，故空格处应填人名词，本句含< br>义为“环保部门限制了存留在家居环境中的涂料、土壤及儿童保育器械上所使用铅的种
类和数量” 。故答案为 E) facilities “设施，设备”备选项中correlation，interac tion，
particles均与上下文语义不符，故排除
32. G) investi gating。该空格位于句子的谓语动词位置，句中明确出现了时间状语now，
故谓语动词应使用现 在进行时 此句含义为“当前这个机构正在研究最新的报告中所提
及的一些化学品的毒性“”故答案为G) investigating “调査，研究”，备选项中simulating
也满足词形要求，但其与上下文语义不符，故排除
33. M) statistical。该空格位于形容词solid和名词evidence之间， 名同evidence同时
也是先行词，被which引导的定语从句修饰,空格处应填入形容词，与s olid一起修饰名
词evidence。根据常识可知，统 计学数据对于政策制定关系很大,故此处 应填入
statistical:本句含义为“很唯凭确凿的统计学证据证明 这一现象是由于暴露在某些化学
物质下引起的”故答案为M) statistical “统计上的，统计学上的”。备选项中的形容词
还剩下 compact.但与上下文语义不符，故排除：

资料仅供参考
34. C) correlation。该空格位于不定冠词a和形容间direct之后,应填人可数名词的单
数形式，分析上下文可知，此处^达的意义为“暴露于有害的化学物质之下与患行为方
面疾病风险之间 存在直接相关 性”。故答案为C) correlation“相关，关联备选项中名词
还剩下int eraction和particles,均不符合上 下文语义，故排除
35. D) exercise。译解)该空格位于“it is +adj + (for sb. ) +to do sth. ”的结构中，应填
入动词原形，且该动词还能与caution进行搭配，从上下文语境可知 ，本句含义为“采
取小心谨慎的措施总是明智的选择”， 故答案为D) exercise“行使，运用”。备选动词
中动词原形只剩下exercise可选。
Section B
全文翻译
快速的能源转型不可行
[A] 政治家们 总喜欢承诺进行快速能源转型。不论是将进口石油转型为国产石油，还是
将燃煤发电转型为天然气发电， 政治家们总是喜欢说大话。（41-1)不幸的是,对于她们自
己（一般是纳税人）来说，我们的能源系 统 就像是一艘航空母舰:昂贵得不可思议,但一
旦建成便能用很长时间，（41-2)它的惯性很大（ 这就意味着要耗费大量的燃料来启动），
而且运转后动能极大。运转之后，无论你费多大的力气，让这个 庞然大物改变方向的费
用就不是几分钱，而是几千块钱的事情了。
[B] (45)在物理学 中，移动的物体有两大特征，其能更好地帮助理解能源系统动力学：
惯性和动能。惯性是 运动的物体保 持原有状态的性质。你去推一块大圆石头的时候，
这块石头也同样在推你。一旦你使这块大圆石头滚动起 来，这块石头就有了动能，而动
能的大小是由其速度和质量决定的。动能是守恒的，也就是说，动能一旦 产生，最终
要有所去向。因此，一个重物，比如一个快速移动的足球运动员就有很高的动能，也就
是说，一旦她运 动起来，她的运动状态就难以改变。如果你想改变她的路线，就只有
几个选择：经过 让她的动能转移到自己身上 (可能会很痛）来阻止她，或者你也能够从
旁边接近她,慢慢施以压力，逐渐改变她的移动路线。
[C] 可是也有其它类型的动能:(36)毕竟，我们所说的不但是物体或者人的动能；我们所
说的是整个系统 的动能。不论是一个体育团队还是一次总统竞选，每个人都希望势头
强劲，因为这样就难以阻止或改变这 种局面了。
[D] 有一种动能叫技术动能。 (44)开展使用一项技术，其影响要远远地超过技术 本身。
就像白炽灯泡，当前也遭到了环保主义者和节能倡导者的憎恶。托马斯•爱迪生创造的