(完整版)Marrakech马拉喀什见闻(中英)
重庆58同城网招聘-销售实习报告
Marrakech 马拉喀什见闻
1、 As the corpse went
past the flies left the restaurant table in a
cloud and rushed after it, but they came back
a few minutes later.
尸体被抬过去的时候，成群的苍蝇嗡
嗡地飞离了餐馆的饭桌，尾随尸
体去，几分钟后又嗡嗡地飞了回来。
2、 The
little crows of mourners – all me and boys, no
women –
threaded their way across the marker
place between the piles of
pomegranates and
the taxis and the camels, wailing a short chant
over and over again. What really appeals to
the flied is that the
corpses here are never
put into coffins; they are merely wrapped in a
piece of ray and carried on a rough wooden
bier on the shoulders of
four friends. When
the friends get to the burying-ground they hack
an oblong hole afoot or two deep, dump the
body in it and fling over
it a little of the
dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick.
No
gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of
any kind. The
burying-ground is merely a huge
waste of hummocky earth. Like a
derelict
building-lot. After a month or two no one can even
be certain
where his own relatives are buried.
一支人数不多的送葬队伍-其中老老小小全是男的，没有女人-挤过一
堆堆的石榴，穿行在出租
车和骆驼之间，迂回着穿过市场，嘴里还一
遍遍地哀号着一支短促的悲歌。真正令苍蝇感兴趣的是这里的
尸体从
来都不装进棺材，而是只用一块破布裹着，放在一副粗糙的木制担架
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上，有死者的四位朋友抬去送葬。达到坟场后，朋友们首先挖出一块
一两英尺深的长
方形的坑，将尸体扔入坑中，再在上面丢一些像碎砖
头一样的干土块。没有墓碑，没有留名，也没有任何
身份标志，坟场
只不过是一片巨大的如同一块废弃的建筑工地般土丘林立的荒原。一
两个月之后
，就谁也找不到自己亲人的坟墓之处了。
3、 When you walk through a
town like this – two hundred thousand
inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand
own literally nothing
except the rags they
stand op in – when you see how the people live,
and still more how easily they die, it is
always difficult to believe that
you are
walking among human beings. All colonial empires
are in
reality founded upon this fact. The
people have brown faces – besides,
there are
so many o them! Are they really the sane flesh as
your self?
Do they even have names? Or are
they merely a kind of
undifferentiated brown
stuff, about as individual as bees or coral
insects? They rise out of the earth, they
sweat and starve for a few
years, and then
they sink back into the nameless mounds of the
graveyard and nobody notices that they are
gone. And even the
graves themselves soon fade
back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a
walk
as you break your way through the prickly pear,
you notice that
it is rather bumpy underfoot,
and only a certain regularity in the
bumps
tells you that you are walking over skeletons.
当你徒步走过这样的城镇-在20万当地居民中，至少有2万人除了罩
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在身上的一身破布外，其他一无所有-当你看到这些人如何生存，又
如何轻易地
死去时，你永远难以相信自己是在人类中穿行。但事实上，
这正是所有殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这些人
有着棕色的脸孔-而且，
他们人数众多！他们果真和你一样是人类吗？他们也有名有姓吗？或
者
他们只是一种棕色的、像蜜蜂或珊瑚虫那样难以区分的生物呢？他
们生于土地，挥汗如雨，忍饥挨饿地过
上几年过后，就被埋到坟场里
不知名的坟堆下。没有人注意到他们的离去，甚至这些无名坟堆本身
也很快会变成一片平地。有时，当你外出散步穿过仙人掌丛时，你会
注意到脚下的土地格外不平，只有
这些有规则的突起的土包才会告诉
你：你正踩在死人骷髅的上面。
4、 I was
feeding one of the gazelles in the public gardens.
在公园里，我正在给一只瞪羚喂食。
5、 Gazelles are almost
the only animals that look good to eat when
they are still alive, in fact, one can hardly
look at their hindquarters
without thinking of
a mint sauce. They gazelle I was feeding seemed
to know that this thought was in my mind, for
though it took the
piece of bread I was
holding out it obviously did not like me. It
nibbled rapidly at the bread, then lowered its
head and tried to butt
me, then took another
nibble and then butted again. Probably its idea
was that if it could drive me away the bread
would somehow remain
hanging in mid-air.
瞪羚几乎是唯一一种活时就让人觉得很美味的动物。实际上，光是看
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到它的两条后腿就会令人联想到薄荷酱。我正在喂食的这只瞪羚几乎
已经看出我的这点心思 ，尽管它叼走了我手上的面包，但它显然对我
这个人并没有好感。它迅速地轻咬了一口面包，然后低下头 ，试图用
脑袋顶我，然后又啃了口面包，又顶了一次。它大概以为，如果把我
撵跑，面包仍会在 半空中。
6、 An Arab navy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe
and sidled slowly towards us. He looked from the gazelle to the bread
and from the bread to the gazelle, with a sort of quiet amazement, as
though he had never seen anything quite like this before. Finally he
said shyly in French: “ I could eat some of that bread.”
在附近小路上干活的一个阿拉伯民工放下笨重的锄头，慢 慢地侧着身
子走向我们。他那诧异的目光从瞪羚移向面包，又从面包移向瞪羚，
好像他是第一次 见到这样的情形。最后他用法语怯怯的问道：“那面
包我能吃点吗？”
7、 I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place
under his rages. This man is an employee of the municipality.
我撕下一片面包，他感激涕零地把面 包收在破衣服下的隐蔽地方。这
个人是市政当局的一名雇工。
8、 When you go through the Jewish quarters you gather some idea
of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like. Under their
Moorish rulers the Jew were only allowed to own land in certain
restricted areas, and after centuries of this kind of treatment they
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have ceased
to bother about overcrowding. Many of the streets
are a
good deal less than six feet wide, the
houses are completely
windowless, and sore-
eyed children cluster everywhere in
unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flied.
Down the centre of the
street there is
generally running a little river of urine.
当你经
过犹太人居住区时，你可能就会了解中世纪的犹太人区大概是
个什么样子。在摩尔人的统治下，犹太人只
允许在几个规定的区域内
拥有土地，而经历过几个世纪这样的待遇后，犹太人已不再为过度拥
挤
而头痛了。这儿的许多街道还不及六英尺宽；而房子则没有窗户；
眼睛红肿的孩子成群结队，像一群群的
苍蝇，四处可见，多得令人难
以置信。沿着街中心向下走，往往尿流成河。
9、 In
the bazaar huge families of Jews, all dressed in
the long black
robe and little black skull-
cap, are working in dark fly-infested
booths
that look like caves. A carpenter sits cross-
legged at a
prehistoric lathe, turning chair-
legs at lightning speed. He works the
lathe
with a bow in his right hand and guides the chisel
with his left
foot, and thanks to a lifetime
of sitting in this position his left leg is
warped out of shape. At his side his grandson,
aged six, is already
starting on the simpler
parts of the job.
在集市上，一大家一大家的犹太人都穿着黑色长袍，头上戴着黑
色便
帽，在看起来如同洞穴一般光线暗淡、苍蝇遍布的货摊里干活。一个
木工盘腿坐在一架古老
的车窗旁，速度极快地旋制着椅子腿。他右手
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拿弓开动车床，左
手引动凿子。由于长期都保持这样的坐姿，他的左
腿已经弯曲变形了。他六岁的孙子则坐在旁边，已经开
始帮着做些简
单的活了。
10、 I was just passing the
coppersmiths’ booths when somebody
noticed
that I was lighting a cigarette. Instantly, from
the dark holes
all round, there was a frenzied
rush of Jews, many of them old
grandfathers
with flowing grey beards, all clamouring for a
cigarette.
Even a blind man somewhere at the
back of one of the booths heard a
rumour of
cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the
air with
his hand. In about a minute I had
used op the whole packet. None of
these
people, I suppose, works less than twelve hours a
day, and every
one of them looks on a
cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.
当我正要走过铜匠铺子时，有人注意到我正点着一支香烟。刹那间，
大批疯狂的犹太人从四面八方的黑
洞窟里钻了出来，其中还有很多胡
子斑白的老人，他们都争着要讨支香烟。甚至一位盲人也从铺子后面<
br>爬了出来，手在空中胡乱摸索着。不到一分钟的时间，我的整包香烟
就全分完了。我想这些人中没
有谁每天工作少于12个小时，但每个
人都视一根香烟为一种无法承担的奢侈品。
11、
As the Jews live in self-contained communities
they follow the
same trades as the Arabs,
except for agriculture. Fruit sellers, potters,
silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-
workers, tailors,
water-carriers, beggars,
porters – whichever way you look you see
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nothing but Jews. As a matter of
fact there are thirteen thousand of
them, all
living in the space of a few acres. A good job
Hitler wasn’t
here. Perhaps he was on his way,
however. You hear the usual dark
rumours about
Jews, not only from the Arabs but from the poorer
Europeans.
由于犹太人生活在一个自给自足的社会里，他们与阿拉伯人从事一样<
br>的行业，农业除外。他们当中有水果贩子、陶制工、银匠、铁匠、屠
夫、皮匠、裁缝、运水工、乞
丐、脚夫等-放眼望去，到处都是犹太
人。事实上，在这块仅几亩大的土地上，竟然生活着13000个
犹太人。
幸运的是，希特勒并未光顾过这里。或许他曾经想过来这里。你常听
到的有关犹太人的
不利传言，不仅来自阿拉伯人，还来自较穷的欧洲
人。
12、 “Yes mon
vieux, they tool my job away from me and gave it
to a
Jew. Tee Jews! They’re the real rulers of
this country, you know.
They’ve got all the
money. They control the banks, finance –
everything.”
“老兄啊，他们夺走我的工作给了犹太人。这些犹太人啊！你知
道吧，
他们才是这个国家真正的统治者。他们卷走了全部的钱，他们还控制
了银行、财政-
一切的一切。”
13、 “But”, I said, “isn’t it a fact
that the average Jew is a labourer
working for
about a penny an hour?”
“但是”我说道，“事实上一般的犹太人不是都在为每小时一便士的
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微博工钱而劳作吗？”
14、 “Ah, that’s only for
show! They’re all money lenders really.
They’re cunning, the Jews.”
“啊，那只不过是装装样子。他们其实都是放债的债主，犹太人狡诈
得很呢。”
15、 In just the same way, a couple of hundred
years ago, poor old
women used to be burned
for witchcraft when they could not even
work
enough magic to get themselves a square meal.
想想与这相同的一幕吧：好几百年前，常有些可怜的老妇人因为拥有
巫术而被烧死，但她们却甚至没办法
利用自己的巫术让自己饱餐一
顿。
16、 All people who work
with their hands are partly invisible, and
the
more important the work they do, the less visible
they are. Still, a
white skin is always fairly
conspicuous. In northern Europe, when
you see
a labourer ploughing a field, you probably give
him a second
glance. In a hot country,
anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez,
the chances are that you don’t even see him. I
have noticed this again
and again. In a
tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything
except the human beings. It talks in the
dried-up soil, the prickly pear,
the palm tree
and the distant mountain, but it always misses the
peasant hoeing at his patch. He is the same
colour as the earth, and a
great deal less
interesting to look at.
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所有那些
靠自己的双手劳动的人都不太引人注意，他们干的活越辛
苦，就越不引人注目。然而，白皮肤却总是那么
显眼。在北欧，当你
看到一个农民在耕地，你可能会多看他两眼。而在一个热带国家，直
布罗陀
以南或者苏伊士运河以东，同样的情况下，你甚至根本注意不
到耕地的人。我一次又一次地注意到了这个
情形。在热带地区，一切
自然景色尽收眼底，唯独看不到人。人们可以看到干巴巴的土地、仙
人
掌、棕榈树，还有远处连绵的群山，但往往遗漏了在地里耕作的农
夫。他们的肤色接近土壤的颜色，却远
远不及土壤耐看。
17、 It is only because of this that
the starved countries of Asia and
Africa are
accepted as tourist resorts. No one would think of
running
cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.
But where the human beings
have brown skins
their poverty is simply not noticed. What does
Morocco mean to a Frenchman? An orange grove
or a job in
Government service. Or to an
Englishman? Camels, castles, palm
trees,
Foreign Legionnaires, brass trays, and bandits.
One could
probably live there for years
without noticing that for nine-tenths of
the
people the reality of life is an endless back-
breaking struggle to
wring a little food out
of an eroded soil.
正因如此，一些贫困潦倒的亚非国家倒是成了旅游胜地。没人
会想组
织游客去贫民窟旅游，尽管费用低廉。但在居住着棕色皮肤的人的地
方，贫困却完全无人
在意。摩洛哥对法国人而言意味着什么呢？无非
就是一片橘园或者一份政府部门的差事。对于英国人呢？
不过是骆
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驼、城堡、棕榈树、外国军团、黄铜托盘和土匪。即使
一个人在那里
生活多年，他可能都无法意识到：对于当地百分之九十的居民而言，
生活是一场为
了从贫瘠的土地上榨出一点食物而进行的无休无止、艰
苦卓绝的抗争。
18、 Most
of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal
bigger than a
hare can live on it. Huge areas
which were once covered with forest
have
turned into a treeless waste where the soil is
exactly like
broken-up brick. Nevertheless a
good deal if it is cultivated, with
frightful
labour. Everything is done by hand. Long lines of
woman,
bent double like inverted capital Ls,
work their way slowly across the
fields,
tearing up the prickly weeds with their hand, and
the peasant
gathering lucerne for fodder pulls
it up stalk by stalk instead of
reaping it,
thus saving an inch or two on each stalk. The
plough is a
wretched wooden thing, so frail
that one can easily carry it on one’s
shoulder, and fitted underneath with a rough
iron spike which stirs
the soil to a depth of
about four inches. This is as much as the
strength of the animals is equal to. It is
usual to plough with a cow
and a donkey yoked
together. Two donkeys would not be quite strong
enough, but on the other hand two cows would
cost a little more to
feed. The peasants
possess no harrows, they merely plough the soil
several times over in different directions,
finally leaving it in rough
furrows, after
which the whole field has to be shaped with hoes
into
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small oblong patches
to conserve water. Except for a day or two after
the rare rainstorms there is never enough
water. Along the edges of
the fields channels
are hacked out to a depth of thirty or forty feet
to
get at the tiny trickles which run through
the subsoil.
摩洛哥的大部分土地都荒无人烟，能够在这里侥幸存活的野生动物没
有比野兔更大的。大片曾经覆盖着森林的土地现在已经变成寸草不生
的荒野，那土壤如同碎砖头一般。
即使在这种条件下，还是有相当多
的土地被开垦出来，所有的活儿都是手工完成的，劳动的艰辛程度可<
br>想而知。排着长队的女人们像倒着的大写字母“L”一样弯着腰，一
边沿着田地慢慢地移动着身体
，一边用手拔掉带刺的野草。为了喂养
牲口，农民们采集紫花苜蓿时还要收集剩下的根茎，他们用手一株
株
地拔，这样就可以多留下来一两村的根茎。犁是木头制的劣等品，一
点都不结实，一个人轻而
易举就能抗在肩上。犁的底部安着一个粗糙
的铁钉，它可以翻地约四英寸深。这和拉犁牲口的力量差不多
大。拉
犁时通常是把一头牛和一头驴套在一起。用两头驴的话力气往往不够
大，用两头牛的话，
所需的饲料有太多了。农民们都没有耕地用的耙，
他们只能顺着不同的方向把地犁上几遍，犁出一道道不
平的垄沟，最
后再用锄头把整块地整成一块块用来蓄水的长方形小畦。除了罕见的
暴风雨过后的
一两天之外，其余时间这里都缺水。农民们沿着田边挖
出一道道深达30-40英尺的沟渠，以便把下层
土壤的涓涓细流汇聚起
来。
19、Every afternoon a file of
very old women passed down the road
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outside my house, each carrying a load
of firewood. All of them are
mummified with
age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. It
seems to
be generally the case in primitive
communities that the women, when
they get
beyond a certain age, shrink to the size of
children. One day
a poor creature who could
not have been more than four feet tall
crept
past me under a vast load of wood. I stopped her
and put a
five-sou piece (a little more than a
farthing) into her hand. She
answered with a
shrill wail, almost a scream, which was partly
gratitude but mainly surprise. I suppose that
from her point of view,
by taking any notice
of her, I seemed almost to be violating a law of
nature. She accepted her status as an old
woman, that is to say, as a
beast of burden.
When a family is travelling it is quite usual to
see a
father and a grown-up son riding ahead
on donkeys, and an okd
woman following on
foot, carrying the baggage.
我家门口的那条路上每天下午都会有一对
老妇人背着柴火走过。因为
年纪大了和风吹日晒的缘故，她们个个都变得如木乃伊般干瘪、身材
瘦小。在原始社会里，妇女们到底一定年龄后，身材通常会缩成孩子
般大小。有一天，一个不超过四英寸
高的可怜的家伙背着重重的木头，
从我面前缓缓走过。我拦住她，往她手中塞了一个面值五个苏的钱币<
br>（约多于四分之一便士）。她的反应竟是一声近乎尖叫的哭喊，这部
分是出于感激，但多半是诧异
。我想，在她看来，我这样注意到她就
不是人之常情似得。她接受了自己既是老妇人，也是“负重牲口”
的
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社会地位。在这里通常可以看到这样一幕：每当一家人远行
时，父亲
和已成年的儿子骑着驴子走在前面，而一位老妇人则背着重重的行囊
步行跟在后面。
20、But what is strange about these people is
their invisibility. For
several weeks, always
at about the same time of day, the file of old
women had hobbled past the house with their
firewood, and though
they had registered
themselves in my eyeballs I cannot truly say that
I had seen them. Firewood was passing-that was
how I saw it. It was
only that one day I
happened to be walking behind them, and the
curious up-and-down motion of a load if wood
drew my attention to
the human being beneath
it. Then for the first time o noticed the poor
old earth-coloured bodies, bodies reduced to
bones and leathery skin,
bent double under the
crushing weight. Yet I suppose I had not been
five minutes on Moroccan soil before I noticed
the overloading of the
donkeys are damnably
treated. The Moroccan donkey is hardly
bigger
than a d dog, it carries a load which in the
British
Army would be considered too much for
a fifteen-hands mule, and
very often its
packsaddle is not taken off its back for weeks
together.
But what is peculiarly pitiful is
that it is the most willing creature on
earth,
it follows its master like a dog and does not need
either bridle
or halter. After a dozen years
of devoted work it suddenly drops dead,
whereupon its master tips it into the ditch
and the village dogs have
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torn its guts out before it is cold. 然而这些人的奇特之处就在于他们几乎像是透明人。几个星期以来，
几乎每天在同一个时候，都会有
一对老妇人背着柴火从我房前蹒跚而
过。尽管我的眼睛已经记录下这一幕，但仍然不能说我真正看到了她
们。我所看到的只是成捆的柴火在慢慢地向前移动。直到有一天我碰
巧走在他们后面到时候，看
到一捆柴火很奇怪地时上时下，这才让我
注意到原来下面还有人。这是我第一次注意到这些可怜的老妇人
土色
的躯体，一些在重压之下弯曲变形、瘦骨嶙峋的躯体。但是我觉得我
来到摩洛哥还不到五分
钟就已经注意到驴子的负荷过重，并为此颇感
愤怒。毫无疑问，这儿的驴子受到了虐待。摩洛哥的驴子身
形几乎和
圣伯纳犬一样大小，但它承受的负荷在英国军队里让一头高约一点五
米的骡子驮都嫌重
，而且，它身上的驮鞍经常一连几个星期都不卸下。
但是，让人觉得尤其可悲的是，摩洛哥的驴子是地球
上在温顺的动物，
不需要安上笼头或者缰绳，它就如同一条狗一样听从主人的吩咐。拼
命工作几
十年后，它便一下子倒地死了，这时它就会被主人丢进沟里，
在尸体变冷之前，它的五脏六腑早已被村狗
掏出来吃掉了。
21、This kind of thing makes one’s
blood boil, whereas- on the
whole-the plight
of the human beings does not. I an not commenting,
merely pointing to a fact. People with brown
skins are next door to
invisible. Anyone can
be sorry for the donkey with its galled back,
but it is generally owing to some kind of
accident if one even notices
the old woman
under her load of sticks.
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这
类事情真是令人义愤填膺。然而，一般人来说，人类的困境却没有
引起同样的反响。我并不是在发表议论
，而仅仅是在陈述一个事实。
棕色人近乎于无形。人人都会去同情一头脊背磨伤的驴子，但若要注
意到柴火堆下的老妇人，只能归于某种巧合。
22、As the storks flew
northward the Negroes were marching
southward-
a long, dusty column, infantry, screw- gun
batteries, and
then more infantry, four or
five thousand men in all, winding up the
road
with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron
wheels.
白鹤展翅北飞时，黑人军队却正挥军南下—一列长长的、满面灰尘的
行军队伍
，步兵，炮兵，接着是人数更多的步兵，总共有四五千人，
正在晚宴前进，伴随着靴子的哐当声和铁轮的
辘辘声。
23、They were Senegalese, the blackest
Negroes in Africa, so black
that sometimes it
is difficult to see whereabouts on their necks the
hair begins. Their feet squashed into boots
that looked like blocks of
wood, and every tin
hat seemed to be a couple of sizes too small. It
was very hot and the men had marched a long
way. They slumped
under the weight of their
packs and the curiously sensitive black
faces
were glistening with sweat.
他们是非洲肤色最黑的塞内加尔人，黑得
有时让人难以分辨出他们的
头发是从何而生的。他们壮硕的身体上穿着旧的卡其布制服，脚上套
着一双像木块似得靴子，头上戴着一顶尺码过小的钢盔。天气异常炎
热，这些黑人已经走了很长一段路了
。他们疲惫不堪地背着沉重的行
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李，在他们异常敏感的黑色脸颊上，汗水闪闪发光。
24、As they
went past, a tall, very young Negro turned and
caught my
eye. But the look he gave me was not
contemptuous, not sullen, not
even
inquisitive. It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look,
which actually
is a look of profound respect.
I saw how it was. This wretched boy,
who is a
French citizen and has therefore been dragged from
the
forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis
in garrison towns, actually
has feelings of
reverence before a white skin. He has been taught
that
the white race are his masters, and he
still believes it.
他们正经过时，一个年轻高大的黑人转过头，正好和我目光相
遇。但
是他的神情完全出乎我的意料。其中没有敌意，没有轻蔑傲慢，没有
温怒愤恨，更没有好
奇无知。那腼腆羞涩、双眼圆睁的神情，实际上
蕴涵了深厚的敬意。我了解这种情况。这个可怜的男孩是
法国公民，
因此他从森林里被拖出来，去给驻军所在的城镇檫洗地板，并染上了
梅毒。事实上他
对白人充满敌意。别人给他灌输白人是主子的思想，
对此他一直深信不疑。
25、But
there is one thought which every white man(and in
this
connection it doesn’t matter twopence if
he calls himself a socialist)
thinks when he
sees a black army marching past. “How much longer
can we go on kidding these people? How long
before they turn their
guns in the other
direction?”
但是每个白人（包括那些自称是社会学家的人）在看到这群黑人行军
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经过时，心中总会冒出这样的想法。“我们还能继续愚弄这些人多久？
还要多久他们的枪
口就会对准我们？”
26、It was curious really. Every
white man there had this thought
stowed
somewhere or other in his mind. I had it, so had
the other
onlookers, so had the officers on
their sweating chargers and the
white NCOs
marching in the ranks. It was a kind of secret
which we
all knew and were too clever to tell;
only the Negroes didn’t know it.
And really it
was like watching a flock of cattle to see the
long column,
a mile or two miles of armed men,
flowing peacefully up the road,
while the
great white birds drifted over them in the
opposite direction,
glittering like scraps of
paper.
这种想法真够奇怪的，在场的每个白人心里都隐藏着这种想法。我有，
其他旁观
者有，骑在汗水兮兮的战马上的军官有，走在行军队伍中的
军士有。这是我们大家心照不宣的秘密，只有
黑人不知道。的确，看
到这列一两英里长的队伍静静地前行，就好比在观看一列牛群一样，
掠过
他们头顶的大白鹤正朝着相反的方向飞去，好像片片白色碎纸片
一样闪闪发光。
(from Reading for Rhetoric, edited by Caroline
Shrodes,
Clifford A. Josephson, and James R.
Wilson)
（选自卡洛琳·什罗茨、克利福德·A·约瑟夫森以及詹姆士·R·威
尔逊合编的《修辞读物》 ）
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