大学综合英语教程第2册unit 4(何兆熊)
黛尔斯-战略合作协议范本
Unit 4
Unit 4
Cultural
Encounters
Section Two Global
Reading
I. Text analysis
1. Which sentence
is the thesis statement?
The last sentence of
the 3rd paragraph: ―Most fundamental is the
profound relationship
between language and
culture that lies at the heart of society and one
that we overlook at our
peril.‖
2.
Compromising, in the author’s view, is a key
notion in translation and thus also in
intercultural communication. Numerous examples
are used to explain this notion. Try to find
these examples.
Paragraph 4: The lack of
an exact counterpart of the English word
―homesickness‖ in other
languages such as
Italian, Portuguese, and German.
Paragraph 5:
The problem of untranslatability which the early
Bible translators encountered.
Paragraph 6:
English and Welsh speakers make adjustments
regarding the color spectrum in
the grey
green blue brown range; the flat breads of
Central Asia are a long way away from
Mother’s
Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word ―bread‖
has to serve for both.
II Structural
analysis
1. What type of writing is this
essay? And what’s the main strategy the author
adopt to develop
the body of the essay?
It
is a piece of argumentation. Abundant examples are
provided to support her argument in the
body
of the essay.
2. Divide the text into parts by
completing the table.
Paragraphs
1-3
Main ideas
It describes the communications
revolution taking place worldwide and the
widespread use of the English language, and
then points out that there are
indeed problems
with the communications revolution.
It
exemplifies that language and culture are so
closely interrelated that often we
find that
what we can say in one language cannot be conveyed
at all in another,
and that confronted with
insurmountable linguistic problems, translators
negotiate the boundaries between languages and
come up with a compromise.
It briefly points
out the immense significance of intercultural
understanding.
4-7
8
Section
Three Detailed Reading
Text I
Cultural
Encounters
Susan Bassnett
1
Inevitably, the spread of English means that
millions of people are adding another
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language to their own
and are learning how to negotiate cultural and
linguistic differences.
This is an essential
skill in today’s hybrid world, particularly now
when the need for
international understanding
has rarely been so important. But even as more
people become
multilingual, so native English
speakers are losing out, for they are becoming
ever more
monolingual, and hence increasingly
unaware of the differences between cultures that
languages reveal. Communicating in another
language involves not only linguistic skills, but
the ability to think differently, to enter
into another culture’s mentality and shape
language
accordingly.
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Millions of
people are discovering how to bridge cultures,
while the
English-speaking world becomes ever
more complacent and cuts down on foreign language
learning programs in the mistaken belief that
it is enough to know English.
2 World
peace in the future depends on intercultural
understanding. Those best placed to
help that
process may not be the ones with the latest
technology and state-of-the-art mobile
phones,
but those with the skills to understand what lies
in, under and beyond the words
spoken in many
different languages.
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Paragraphs
1-3
Questions:
1. What do cheap flights
and the Internet mean to people today? (Paragraph
1)
Cheap flights mean that millions of people
can afford to visit places their parents could
only
dream about, while the Internet means
that numerous people are able to communicate with
the
remotest places with great ease.
2.
Exemplify and explain that English has become the
most important international language.
(Paragraph 2)
Conferences and business
meetings around the globe are held in English,
regardless of whether
anyone present is a
native English speaker. English has simply become
the language that
facilitates communication,
and for many people learning English is an
essential stepping stone
on the road to
success.
Words and Expressions
1.
access n. entrance; way in; means of entering
o
r the right to use or look at something
e.g. The only means of access to the building
is along a muddy track.
到达那幢楼的唯一途径是沿着那条泥泞的小路前行。
The system has
been designed to give the user quick and easy
access to the required
information.
Derivation:
accessible a.
2.
communicate vi. share or exchange feelings,
opinions, or information, etc.
e.g. He is a
shy boy who can’t communicate very well.
Derivation:
communication n.
e.g. The
Internet is the best means of communication among
several partners at different locations.
communicative a.
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3. remote a. distant in space or time
e.g. We can see remote stars through a
telescope.
In the remote future, many new
changes will take place.
The Beatles carried
Liverpool’s fame to the remotest corners of the
earth.
Derivation:
remoteness n.
e.g.
They found the remoteness of the country a great
problem.
Comparison: distant, far, remote
distant very far away esp. in distance
e.g. She could hear the distant sound of
fireworks exploding.
far describe something
that is not near, or the part of something that is
most distant from the
centre or from you
e.g. The station isn’t far — we could easily
walk it.
remote describe an area, house or
village that is a long way from any towns or
cities
e.g. He lived in a remote mountain
village.
Translation:
1. 我们很难观察月亮的另一边。
The far side of the moon is difficult for us
to observe.
2. 邮车每周只到这个偏僻的村庄一次。
Mail
comes to this remote village only once a week.
3. 这个朝圣者来自非常远的地方。
This pilgrim came from a
very distant place.
4. mockingly ad. in
a way in which sb. or sth. is made fun of
e.g.
Andrienne raised her eyebrows mockingly — ―What’s
wrong, my dear? Don’t you
understand?‖
The
boy who was once referred to mockingly as a
country boy is now the CEO of a joint
venture.
5. regardless of without taking account
of or worrying about
e.g. I bought the book,
regardless of the cost.
尽管价钱挺高，我还是买了这本书。
The law requires equal treatment for all,
regardless of race, religion or sex.
6.
facilitate vt. help; make easy or easier
e.g.
The new underground railway will facilitate the
journey to the airport.
An interface is a
window environment designed to facilitate the
interaction between the user
and the system.
界面是一个窗口环境，其设计是用来促进用户和系统之间的交互作用。
Derivation:
facilitation n.
facilitative a.
7. stepping stone any of
a row of large stones with a level top, which one
walks on to cross a river
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or stream;
figuratively, a way of improvement or gaining
success
e.g. For some people, gaining power is
an essential stepping stone to a successful life.
Temporary jobs can be a stepping stone out of
unemployment.
8. have misgivings not be
sure
e.g. I have many misgivings about taking
the job.
我对是否接受那项工作顾虑重重。
9.
fundamental a. basic
e.g. A knowledge of
economics is fundamental to any understanding of
this problem.
经济学知识对于理解这个问题是至关重要的。
There
is a fundamental difference in attitude between
these two politicians.
这两位政治家的态度有着根本的区别。
Derivation:
fundamentally ad.
e.g. I
disagreed fundamentally with what they stood for.
10. profound a. intense; deep; very
strongly felt
e.g. The book contains profound
insight into human behavior.
The development
was to have a profound effect on all our lives.
Derivation:
profoundly ad.
e.g. I am
profoundly grateful for this opportunity to meet
you.
11. at one’s peril (used when
advising sb. not to do sth.) with the near
certainty of meeting great
danger
e.g. You
ignore this warning at your peril.
你若忽视这个警告，就得自担风险。
Activity: Fill in each
blank with a suitable preposition.
1. Which
companies was she referring ___when she spoke of
competing firms? (to)
2. Bats communicate___
each other by ultrasonic messages. (with)
3.
Citizens may have free access ____the library.
(to)
4. It is rude to mock ____others’
shortcomings. (at)
5. I’d like to go back to
teaching, but I am ___ touch with my subject now.
(out of)
6. She is determined to do regardless
____all consequences. (of)
7. Food is
essential ___ life. (to)
8. At the time, many
doctors had serious misgivings ____ the new
treatment. (about)
9. Any climber who neglects
these simple precautions does so___ his peril.
(at)
Sentences
1. We live in an age
of easy access to the rest of the world.
(Paragraph 1)
Translation:
我们生活在一个可以轻松到达世界其它角落的时代。
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2. … for many people
learning English is an essential stepping stone on
the road to success.
(Paragraph 2)
Explanation: … for many people the acquisition
of English is basically a spring board towards
their lifetime achievements.
A stepping
stone is a means that helps you to progress
towards achieving something especially in
your
work.
e.g. Students from various minority
groups are intent on using education as a stepping
stone to a
better life.
3. Most
fundamental is the profound relationship between
language and culture that lies at the
heart of
society and one that we overlook at our peril.
(Paragraph 3)
Paraphrase: There is a basic
relationship between language and culture which is
an essential part
of society and one that it
is dangerous if we ignore.
Translation:
最根本的是语言与文化之间的深远关系，它存在于社会的中心，忽视它必然会
造成危险。
我们生活在一个交通便捷的时代，轻轻松松地就可到达世界上的任何角落。我们可以买
上便宜的机票飞去
任何角落，那些地方是我们的父母可望而不可及的。网络让我们和千里之
外的人们有了沟通的机会，传统
的邮政业务如今却被戏称为蜗牛邮件。当学生们背上行囊远
行时，他们可以在喜马拉雅山上的网吧或是沙
漠绿洲中给父母发一封电子邮件报平安。随时
随地发送手机短信对于我们再熟悉不过了。我们每一个人，
好像只要能付得起钱，就永远不
会和外界失去联系。
然而，值得注意的是，全球
通信化的巨大革命与英语的广泛传播有着密切的关系。全
球国际会议和经济会议的通用语言都是英语，不
管参会人员的母语是不是英语。英语促进了
国际间的沟通和交流，因此对于许多人来说学习英语是通向成
功路上的重要基石。
所以你会想，为什么我们要对这样的好的改变而感到担忧呢，为什么
有一些人要因为
由于日益成为国际通用语言而心存不安呢？这是因为国际间交流的变革的确存在问题而且
不只是经济上的问题。最根本的是语言与文化之间的深远关系，它存在于社会的中心，忽视
它必
然会造成危险。
Paragraphs 4-7
Questions:
1.
Supply specific examples to prove that language
and culture are closely related to each other.
(Paragraph 4)
Numerous examples show that
language and culture are interrelated. Take a look
at some
English idioms and see how different
their Chinese counterparts are:
a drop in the
ocean 沧海一粟
to laugh one’s head off 笑掉大牙
to shed crocodile tears 猫哭老鼠
to spend
money like water 挥金如土
to be born with a
silver spoon in one’s mouth 生长在富贵人家
2.
Explain and illustrate what ―compromising‖ and
―the spread of English‖ mean. (Paragraph 7)
For ―compromising,‖ refer to Paragraph 6 of
the text. As to ―the spread of English,‖ a typical
example is the spread of English in China.
Compared with other nations, China boasts the
largest number of people who have learned or
are learning English. Chinese learners of English
are learning how to overcome cultural and
linguistic differences. In today’s China, the
mastery
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Unit 4
of
English has become an important skill which is of
great use and value in all walks of life.
Words and Expressions
12. label
v. fix
or tie on sth. a piece of paper or other material
that gives information about it; use a word
or
phrase to describe sb. or sth.
e.g. I’ve just
spent a whole day labelling all the items.
The
bottle is labeled poison.
瓶上标明有毒。
n. a
piece of paper or other material, fixed to sth.,
which gives information about what it is, where
it is to go, who owns it, etc.
e.g. The
labels were attached to the luggage.
13.
longing n. strong wish; a strong feeling of
wanting sth.
e.g. She felt a great longing for
the sights, sounds and smells of home.
Nothing
could quench her longing to return home again.
她重返家园的念头怎么也打消不掉。
14. despair n.
complete loss of hope or confidence; sth. that
causes this feeling
e.g. His failure in TOEFL
drove him to despair.
He is the despair of his
teacher because he refuses to study.
Synonym:
desperation n.
15. hover vi. be in an
uncertain state; stay around one place, esp. in a
way that annoys other
people
e.g. A hawk
hovered in the sky, waiting to swoop down on its
prey.
I heard the noise of a helicopter
hovering overhead.
16. head-on ad. & a.
with the heads or front parts meeting, usu.
violently
e.g. The motor cycle ran head-on
into the lorry.
The government and the unions
are set for a head-on confrontation.
17.
not be given to not usually do sth.
e.g. It is
the truth. We are not given to telling lies.
18. unsurmountable a. too large or too
difficult to be dealt with
e.g. I don’t think
there are any unsurmountable problems in this
project.
The problems are not
unsurmountable.
问题不是无法解决的。
Synonym:
insurmountable, insuperable
Antonym:
surmountable
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Unit 4
19. negotiate vt. discuss sth. in order
to reach an agreement, esp. in business or
politics
e.g. Foreign Ministers are meeting at
talks in Geneva to negotiate a treaty banning all
chemical
weapons.
We’ve decided to
negotiate with the employers about our wage claim.
我们决定就工资问题与雇主谈判。
Derivation:
negotiation n.
e.g. Pay rates are fixed
by negotiations between the trade union and
employers.
negotiable a. (not used before a
noun)
e.g. The contract is for a period of six
months, and is not negotiable.
20. come
up with produce; think of a plan, reply, etc.
e.g. No one have come up with a convincing
explanation of why dinosaurs died out.
尚未有人能对恐龙的灭绝做出一个令人信服的解释。
He’s come up with
a great idea.
他想出了一个绝好的办法。
21.
compromise v. & n. settle an argument or
difference of opinion by each side agreeing to
some of
the demands of the other; an agreement
reached in this way that is
acceptable to both
sides
e.g. They refused to compromise their
principles by doing a deal with the terrorists.
他们拒绝同恐怖分子做交易，以免原则受损。
Progress has been
made towards a political compromise between the
two nations.
两国之间的政治和解已经取得进展。
Collocation:
compromise on with
e.g. Let’s compromise on a 10% reduction in
price on this shipment.
让我们来个折衷办法，这批货减价10％吧。
Don’t try to threaten me. I won’t compromise
with you.
不要威胁我，我不会向你妥协的。
22.
adjustment n. changing slightly in order to make
right or suitable for a particular purpose or
situation
e.g. We have to make some major
adjustments to our scheme.
Some adjustment of
the lens may be necessary.
可能有必要调节一下镜头。
Collocation:
make adjustments
23.
regarding prep. as regards; concerning; on the
subject of; in connection with
e.g. If you
have any questions regarding any of our services,
please feel free to call me.
She said nothing
regarding your request.
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Unit 4
她对你的要求闭口不答。
Synonym:
concerning, considering, in
terms of
24. range n. the measurable
limits within which variable amounts or qualities
are included
e.g. He said it was outside his
range of responsibility.
The new technology
has opened up a very wide range of possibilities.
Comparison: scope, range
scope n. the
limits within which sth. operates, exists, or is
effective
e.g. There is not much scope for
originality.
range n. the amount, number or
type of something between an upper and a lower
limit
e.g. The price range is from $$100 to
$$500.
The product is aimed at young people in
the 18─25 age range.
Translation:
1.
那是在我的范围之内。
It is within my scope.
2.
你提的问题已超出了这本书的范围。
Your question is beyond the
scope of this book.
3. 这些孩子们的年龄在8岁到15岁之间。
The children’s ages range from 8 to 15.
25. inevitably ad. unavoidably; that which is
certain to happen; that which cannot be prevented
from happening
e.g. Those who are created
by publicity will inevitably be destroyed by it.
Inevitably, a quarrel followed between the two
sides.
双方随后不可避免地争吵起来。
Derivation:
inevitability n.
Synonym:
unavoidably
26. unaware a. not having knowledge or
consciousness of sth.
e.g. He seemed to be
unaware of the trouble he was causing.
He was
completely unaware that he was being watched.
Derivation:
unawareness n.
Collocation:
be unaware of
Antonym:
aware
27. reveal vt. show
or allow sth. previously hidden to be seen; to
make known sth. previously
secret or unknown
e.g. The journalist did not want to reveal the
identity of his informant.
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Unit 4
那名记者不愿透露消息提供者的身份。
These few words fully revealed her noble
quality.
这寥寥数语充分显示了她的高贵品质。
Synonym:
uncover, unveil
Derivation: revelation n.
28. complacent a. pleased or satisfied with
oneself or with a situation, often unreasonably;
not
worrying, even though one perhaps should
be
e.g. He gave us a complacent smile.
Derivation:
complacency n.
29.
cut down on reduce an amount done, eaten, etc.
e.g. He cut down on coffee and sugar and ate a
more healthy diet.
Finally they have hired a
new person. I hope this cut down on our work a
little.
他们终于雇佣新人了。希望我们的工作能减少一些。
Activity: Translate each of the following
sentences into English with the given word in the
brackets:
1. 绝望之下，他放弃了尝试。（despair）
He
gave up the attempt in despair.
2.
汽车迎面撞到树上。（head-on）
The car hit the tree head-
on.
3. 在这个价格范围内，有好几种汽车可供选购。（range）
Several cars are available within this price
range.
4. 现在我才知道有他这么个人。（unaware）
I was
unaware of his existence until now.
5.
我们决不能满足于自己的成绩。（complacent）
We must not be
complacent about our achievements.
Sentences
4. … languages are so clearly
culture-related (Paragraph 4)
Paraphrase:
Languages are so clearly connected with a specific
civilization or the state of cultural
development of a particular people.
5. … given that whales are not given to
swimming in warm, southern seas. (Paragraph 5)
Paraphrase: … considering the fact that whales
are not likely to swim in warm, southern seas.
6. Faced with unsurmountable linguistic
problems, translators negotiated the boundaries
between
languages and came up with a
compromise. (Paragraph 5)
Paraphrase: Faced
with the unconquerable linguistic problems,
translators managed to deal with
the
differences between languages and thought of a
vision that was similar to the original in spirit.
Translation:
面对不可逾越的语言障碍，译者们对语言的界限进行揣摩，并最终达成一个折
中的解决方案。
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7. When
there are no words in another language for what
you want to say, you make adjustments
and try
to approximate. (Paragraph 6)
Translation: 当另外
一种语言里没有词语来表达你想要说的话的时候，你就得做出调整，比
较出尽量贴近你想要表达的意思。
8. Communicating in another language
involves not only linguistic skills, but the
ability to think
differently, to enter into
another culture’s mentality and shape language
accordingly. (Paragraph 7)
Translation: 用另
一种语言交流不仅需要语言技巧，还需要有换另一种方式思考的本领，也
就是进入另一种文化思维状态并
用相应的语言来表达的能力。
We express what we see and
feel through language, and because languages are
so clearly
culture-related,4 often we find
that what we can say in one language cannot be
expressed at all in
another. The English word
―homesickness‖ translates into Italian as
―nostalgia,‖ but English has
had to borrow
that same word to describe a different state of
mind, something that is not quite
homesickness
and involves a kind of longing. Homesickness and
nostalgia put together are almost,
but not
quite, the Portuguese ―saudade,‖ an untranslatable
word that describes a state of mind that
is
not despair, angst (English borrowed that from
German), sadness or regret, but hovers
somewhere in and around all those words.
不同的文化不单代表了不同的人群，和不同的世界；语言为我们树立世界观提供了途
径，每一种语言都是
独一无二的。
2 The early Bible translators hit
the problem of untranslatability head-on. How do
you
translate the image of the Lamb of God for
a culture in which sheep do not exist? What
exactly
was the fruit that Eve11 picked in the
Garden of Eden? What was the creature that
swallowed
Jonah, given that whales are not
given to swimming in warm, southern seas?5 Faced
with
unsurmountable linguistic problems,
translators negotiated the boundaries between
languages and
came up with a compromise.6
3 Compromising is something that speakers
of more than one language understand. When
there are no words in another language for
what you want to say, you make adjustments and try
to
approximate.7 English and Welsh speakers
make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in
the
grey green blue brown range, since
English has four words and Welsh has three. And
even
where words do exist, compromises still
need to be made. The word ―democracy‖ means
completely different things in different
contexts, and even a word like ―bread‖ which
refers to a
staple food item made of flour
means totally different things to different
people. The flat breads of
Central Asia are a
long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced
toasties, yet the word ―bread‖
has to serve
for both.
Paragraph 8
Questions:
1.
According to the writer, what is the great
function of intercultural understanding?
(Paragraph 8)
The writer says, ―World peace in
the future depends on intercultural
understanding.‖ In other
words, intercultural
understanding will play a most important role in
the promotion of world
peace in the future.
2. Who will probably be most able to help
the process of world peace in the future?
(Paragraph 8)
Those who are most competent to
contribute to the process of world peace probably
are those
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Unit 4
who have acquired the skills to understand the
literal, implied, figurative, or cultural meanings
of the words spoken in many different
languages.
Sentences
9. Those best
placed to help that process may not be the ones
with the latest technology and
state-of-the-
art mobile phones, but those with the skills to
understand what lies in, under and
beyond the
words spoken in many different languages.
(Paragraph 8)
Translation: 最有助于促进世界和平进程的也许不是那些
掌握最新技术或使用最时髦的移
动电话的人，而是那些掌握了理解许多不同语言的字面含义、隐含意义与
超越词语本身意义
的技巧的人。
Section Four Consolidation
Activities
I . Vocabulary Analysis
1
Phrase practice
1. provided as long as 假如，倘若
e.g. I will teach you English provided
circumstances permit. 倘若情况允许，我就教你英语。
2.
need never be out of touch can never fail to be
reached 从不会失去联系
e.g. We need never be out of
touch with each other after graduation if we like.
毕业后，如果愿
意，大家绝不会失去联系的。
3. regardless of no
matter 不管，不顾
e.g. Fools pursue pleasure
regardless of the cost. 愚人只追求享乐，而不顾代价。
This is
a choice you must make for yourself as an
individual, regardless of what anyone else
thinks. 无论其他任何人怎样想，作为一个个体，这是一个你必须自己做的选择。
4. overlook at one’s peril fail to notice at
great risk 忽视……的危险或风险
e.g. The reason why we
failed was that we had overlooked at its peril.
我们这次失败的原因是我
们忽视了它的风险。
2 Word
derivation
Fill in the blanks with the
appropriate forms of the given words.
1. The
country is trying to move from a centrally planned
economy (economic) to one basically
geared to
the needs of the market.
2. There are no good
roads in the area, so most of the ranches are only
accessible (access) by jeep
or other off-road
vehicles.
3. The two approaches are so
fundamentally (fundamental) different that it is
surprising that they
have both been
successful.
4. They spent much time
comforting the homesick (homesickness) children at
the beginning of the
summer camp.
5. We
are looking for an experienced journalist to join
the news teams. The salary is negotiable
(negotiate).
6. The amount of any of
these ingredients can be adjusted (adjustment)
according to your taste.
7. The remoteness
(remote) of the house was the only thing that made
them hesitate about buying
it.
11
Unit 4
8. He parked the car
and smiled at her, complacently (complacent)
assuming he had passed the
test.
1.
economic a. 经济学的；经济的；有利可图的
economical a.
节俭的；经济的，合算的
economics n. 经济学
economist
n. 经济学家
economy n. 节约；经济
e.g.
每个人都关心今年的经济政策。.
Everyone wants to know the
economic policy of this year.
这不是一种经济的取暖方式。
This is not an economical method of heating.
他是一个著名的经济学家。
He is a famous economist.
2. access n. 通道，入口
accessible a.
可得到的；易接近的，可进入的
accessibility n. 可以得到；易接近
e.g. 即使我是老板的私人秘书，我也无法接触到他的所有信件。
I can’t
have access to all my boss’s correspondence, even
if I am his private secretary.
这个小岛只能坐小船去。
This island is accessible only by boat.
3. fundamental a. 基本的，根本的；重要的
fundamentalism n.
原教旨主义
fundamentalist n. 信奉正统派基督教的人
fundamentally
ad. 从根本上；基本地
e.g. 你我的观点根本不同。.
There are
fundamental differences between your view and
mine.
4. homesick a. 想家的
homesickness n. 乡愁，思乡病
e.g. 当我读到母亲的来信时，我开始想家了。
As I read my mother’s letter, I began to
feel more and more homesick.
5. negotiate
v. 谈判，协商，交涉
negotiable a. 可磋商的，可协商的
negotiation n. 谈判，协商
negotiator n. 磋商者，交涉者
e.g. 公司已经和全体员工商定了一项新合同。
The company has
negotiated a new contract with its staff.
两家公司对谈判的顺利进行很满意。
Both companies are
satisfied with the smoothness of the negotiation.
6. adjust v. 调整，调节；使适应
12
Unit 4
adjustable a. 可调整的
adjustment n. 调整
e.g. 我对座位表作了小小的调整。
I’ve made a few minor adjustments to the
seating plan.
7. remote a. 偏僻的，遥远的，远程的
remoteness n. 远离，远隔，偏僻
e.g. 他出生在一个偏远的山村。
He was born in a remote village.
8. complacent a. 满足的，自满的，得意的
complacently ad. 满足地，自满地，沾沾自喜地
complacency
n. 自满，沾沾自喜
e.g. 我们决不能一见成绩就自满。
We must not
be complacent over any success.
3
Synonym Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym
of the word underlined in each sentence in the
sense it is
used.
1. We live in an age of
easy access to the rest of the world.
Synonym:
time, era, epoch
2. Conferences and
business meetings around the globe are held in
English, regardless of whether
anyone present
is a native English speaker.
Synonym: meetings
3. English has simply become the language
that facilitates communication, and for many
people
learning English is an essential
stepping stone on the road to success.
Synonym: basic, fundamental
4.
Different cultures are not simply groups of people
who label the world differently; languages
give us the means to shape our views of the
world and languages are different from one
another.
Antonym: misshape
5.
Inevitably, the spread of English means that
millions of people are adding another language to
their own and are learning how to negotiate
cultural and linguistic differences.
Synonym:
unavoidably
6. Why does the rise of
English as a global language cause feelings of
uneasiness for some of us?
Synonym: worry,
concern, anxiety
7. But even as more
people become multilingual, so native English
speakers are losing out, for
they are becoming
ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly
unaware of the differences
between cultures
that languages reveal.
13
Unit
4
Synonym: therefore, so, thus
8. But even as more people become
multilingual, so native English speakers are
losing out, for
they are becoming ever more
monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the
differences
between cultures that languages
reveal.
Antonym: hide, conceal
4
Prefix
Write in each space one word that has
the same prefix as underlined in the given word.
1. unreliable unbelievable 5.
maltreat malfunction
2. impatient
imperfect 6. enrich enable
3. disapproval disagreement 7.
surmount surpass
4. mistake
misplace inate submarine
1. Explanation:
un- : not or the
opposite of
e.g. unable, unhappy,
unknown
2. Explanation:
in- il- im-
ir- : not or the opposite of
e.g. impolite,
infinite, illogical, irrelevance
3.
Explanation:
dis- : not or the opposite of
e.g. dishonest, disadvantage, disappear
4. Explanation:
mis- : bad or wrong
e.g. misinterpret, misbehavior,
mischance, misconceive
5. Explanation:
mal- : bad or not correct
e.g. malpractice, malodorous, malformation
6. Explanation:
en- em- : to cause to
be; to put into the thing or condition mentioned
e.g. encase, empower, enlarge,
embolden, enchant
7. Explanation:
sur- : beyond
e.g. surcharge,
surplus, surprise, surmise
8.
Explanation:
sub- : less than; under or
below
14
Unit 4
e.g. subdivision, subconscious, subcontinent,
subculture
II Grammar Exercises
1.
the simple present and the present progressive
Simple present is used for activities that are
long-lasting habits.
e.g. Helen exercises
everyday.
Helen cooks Greek food often.
Present progressive is used for activities
that occur at the moment of speaking activities.
e. g. Helen is taking a class at Skyline
College this year.
Helen is studying
Multimedia Arts this semester.
Helen is
listening to her iPod now.
The present
continuous with words such as ―always‖ or
―constantly‖ expresses the idea that
something
irritating or shocking often happens.
e. g.
She is always coming to class late.
He is
constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
Speakers use the present continuous to
indicate that something will or will not happen in
the
near future.
e. g. I am not going to
the party tonight.
Is he visiting his parents
next weekend?
Practice:
Complete
the following sentences with the correct verb
forms.
1. She’s a dietician — she ____________
(help) people to choose the right food.
2. The
professor _____________ (type) his own letters
while his secretary is ill.
3. I
________________ (read) an interesting book at the
moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve
finished
it.
4. I don’t like them because they
_______________ (always complain).
5. Every
Monday, Sally _____________ (drive) her kids to
football practice.
6. Jim: Do you want to come
over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I’m
sorry, I can’t. I ____________ (go) to a movie
tonight with some friends.
Key:
1.
helps 2. is typing 3. am reading
4.
are always complaining 5. drives 6. am
going
2. Position of adjectives
Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of
popping up almost anywhere in a sentence,
adjectives nearly always appear immediately
before the noun or noun phrase that they modify.
Sometimes they appear in a string of
adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set
order
15
Unit 4
according to category.
The categories in
the following table can be described as follows:
A. Determiners — articles and other limiters.
B. Observation — postdeterminers and limiter
adjectives (e.g. a real hero, a perfect idiot) and
adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g.
beautiful, interesting)
C. Size and Shape —
adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g.
wealthy, large, round)
D. Age — adjectives
denoting age (e.g. young, old, new, ancient)
E. Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g.
red, black, pale)
F. Origin — denominal
adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g. French,
American, Canadian)
G. Material — denominal
adjectives denoting what something is made of
(e.g. woolen, metallic,
wooden)
F.
Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part
of the noun (e.g. rocking chair, hunting
cabin, passenger car, book cover)
e. g.
a beautiful old Italian touring car
four
gorgeous long-stemmed red silk roses
her
short black hair
several enormous young
American basketball players
Practice:
Rewrite the following descriptions putting the
adjectives in the correct order.
1. a white
car German new powerful
2. a concrete modern
office building big
3. a dog black and tiny
Chinese white
4. an mirror silver antique
expensive
5. our big sheepdog old English
6. that little dilapidated cabin hunting
Key:
1. a powerful new white German car
2. a big modern concrete office building
3. a tiny black and white Chinese dog
4. an expensive antique silver mirror
5. our
big old English sheepdog
6. that dilapidated
little hunting cabin
III. Translation
exercises
1. 您计划出国度假的时候，千万不要忽略购买旅行保险；否则万一发生什么意
外，您也许
会有很大的麻烦。（overlook）
Translation:
Never overlook your travel insurance when you are
planning to spend your holiday abroad;
otherwise you might find yourself in great
trouble if any accident should occur.
Practice:
我们必须谨防陶醉于快速发展而忽视了环境保护。
We
must be careful not to let our fascination with
dramatic economic growth cause us to
overlook
environmental protection.
16
Unit 4
在英语学习中，我们不应忽视文化导入。
We should not overlook culture input in
English learning.
2. 在那部电影里，那个亿万富翁面临着两难选
择——和妻子离婚，让她分走他半个金融帝
国，或者冒着被警方发现的危险把她谋杀掉。（faced
with）
Translation:
In the movie that
billionaire was faced with a dilemma — either
divorces his wife, who
would then carve out
half of his financial empire, or murders her at
the risk of being found
out by the police.
Practice:
这是你一生中需要面对的最严峻的挑战之一。
This is
one of the most difficult challenges you will be
faced with in your lifetime.
面对瞬息万变的市场压力，工业部门已经在制定重新训练工人的新方法。
Industry,
faced with the pressures of a rapidly shifting
market, is already designing new
methods to
retrain its workers.
3. 因特网的发明尽管造成了一些问题，但是却极大地
方便了我们生活中几乎所有方面，包
括教育、医疗和贸易等。（facilitate）
Translation:
The invention of the
Internet, despite the fact that it has given rise
to some problems, has
greatly facilitated
almost every aspect of our life, including
education, medicine, and
business.
Practice:
各国人民的友好接触促进文化和经济交流。
Friendly
contacts between different peoples facilitate the
cultural and economic interchange.
大力发展订单农业，促进农业产业化、生产规模化。
Energetic efforts
will be made to develop ―cultivation according to
order forms‖ to facilitate
agricultural
industrialization and production of scale.
4．三十多年前，文革刚刚结束，邓小平告诉全国人民：中国唯一的出路就是改革开放。（lie
in）
Translation:
Over thirty years
ago, right after the Cultural Revolution, Deng
Xiaoping told the people that
the only way out
lay in reform and opening up to the outside world.
Practice:
经济全球化给企业最直接、最显见的好处是关税的降低，贸易壁垒的减少，进出口贸
易的便利。
The most direct and conspicuous benefits of
economic globalization to enterprises lie in the
reduction of tariff and other trade barriers
and more convenience of imports and exports.
人类进步事业的出发点和最终归宿，都在于人的全面发展。
Both the
starting point and final goal of the human
progress cause lie in the all-round
development of man.
IV Exercises for
integrated skills
1. Dictation
17
Unit 4
The main reason for the
widespread demand for English is its present-day
importance as
a world language. Besides
serving the infinite needs of its native speakers,
English is a
language in which some of the
most important works in science, technology, and
other fields
are being produced, and not
always by native speakers. It is a language of
wider
communication for a number of developing
countries, especially former British colonies.
Many of these countries have multi-lingual
populations and need a language for internal
communication in such matters as government,
commerce, industry, law and education as
well
as for international communication and for access
to the scientific and technological
developments in the West.
2. Cloze
Languages are
marvelously complex and wonderfully complicated
organs of culture:
they embody the quickest
and the most efficient means of communicating
within their
respective culture. To learn a
foreign language is to learn (1) another culture.
In the words of
a poet and philosopher, ―As
(2) many languages as one speaks, so many lives
one lives.‖ A
culture and its (3) language are
as inseparable as brain and body; (4) while one is
part of the
other, neither can function (5)
without the other. In learning a foreign language,
the best (6)
beginning is with the non-verbal
linguistic elements of the language, its (7)
gestures, its body
language. Eye contact is
extremely important in English. Direct eye contact
(8) leads to
understanding, or, as the English
maxim has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can (9) never
see
eye-to-eye with a native speaker of
English (10) until we have learned to look
directly into
his eyes.
Hints:
4) There should be a transitional word to
denote contrasting.
7) What will you use when
you can not express yourself by words?
8) A
verb is needed to collocate with ―to‖, which means
―result in‖.
10) A conjunction meaning ―up to
a particular time‖ is needed here.
V Oral
activities
1. Having a dialogue
Suppose
you are traveling in England with a tourist group
for the first time. In your group
there is a
Japanese student, or a student from any other non-
English speaking country, who is also
an
English major. Now talk to your partner, who plays
the role of that student, exchanging
information about how widely English is used
in your respective countries and the problems
people run into in learning and using it, and
also exchanging ideas about the importance of
English as a world language.
For
reference:
1. You may want to mention the
following points in describing how widely English
is used:
— English is widely used in maps,
street or road signs, restaurants, shops and
hotels in cities
especially big cities and
tourist cities in China.
— Chinese Central TV
Station set up an English channel and quite a few
provincial Chinese
18
Unit 4
TV stations and broadcasting stations
have some English programs.
— Many companies
have English manuals or handbooks.
— The
number of children who choose to learn English
after class is increasing dramatically
in
recent years.
2. You may want to mention the
difficulties Chinese people encounter in learning
English:
— Understanding differences in
grammar.
For example, when raising a
question, English people may say ―where do you
come from?‖
They put interrogatives at the
beginning of the sentence. While in Chinese, we
will not do so.
We always put the subject
first by saying ―你从哪儿来？‖
— Understanding
differences in cultures.
In China, greetings
such as ―吃了吗？‖ ―上哪儿去啊？‖ are nothing more than a
Chinese
way of saying Hello or Hi. If
translated literally, they would be Have you eaten
yet? and Where
are you going? It will confuse
or offend foreign friends, because the former
could indicate an
invitation to a meal and the
latter could be seen as an intervention in one’s
private business.
— Understanding differences
in metaphor and association.
In western
countries, dog is given such an honor as being
called Man’s best friend.
Although western and
Chinese people both regard dogs as loyal,
dependent, brave and
intelligent, still in
China, dogs are first of all watchdogs, not pets.
And they are generally
associated with
unpleasantness.
3. You may want to mention
the importance of English as a world language as
follows:
— English is spoken as a native
language by nearly 300 million people. As a second
language,
English is often essential for
official business, education, information and
other activities in
a great many countries. It
is one of the few working languages of the United
Nations and is
more frequently used than the
others.
— English becomes the language of
international cooperation in science and
technology, as
well as the language of cross-
cultural communication, international trade,
transport and
sports meets. It is said that
60% of the world’s radio broadcasts and 70% of the
mail uses
English.
4. Having a
discussion
We are all aware that the learning
of a foreign language involves the learning of a
new culture.
To put it the other way round,
the teaching of cultural knowledge facilitates the
learning of a new
language related to that
culture. Now organize yourselves into groups of
five or six and discuss
how culture should be
taught in our English classes in order to help
students learn the language.
Viewpoints
for reference:
— I think we can teach cultural
knowledge through words and terms with rich
cultural
connotations. For example, both
―dragon‖ and ―龙‖ stand for an imaginary animal but
have
very different connotations in the two
languages. To English native speakers, dragon is a
fierce creature, being envisaged as the very
embodiment of evil. To Chinese, dragons are
regarded as a sacred symbol to usher in a
blissful change and bring good fortune.
— I
think we can teach cultural knowledge through
sentences. For example, students may find
it
difficult to understand the sentence ―to bring the
young lambs to the fold‖ in paragraph 1
of the
text Salvation (Unit 11, Book 1). The teacher may
explain to them as follows:
19
Unit 4
According to
Christianity, Jesus is the Lamb of God, and
Christian is a lamb, and the
preacher is a
shepherd. In the text, the young lambs refer to
children. ―Fold‖ literally means
an enclosure
for sheep. Here it means a group of people who are
Christians. So the whole
sentence means to
bring the children into the Christian community.
— I think we can teach cultural knowledge
through texts. For example, when teaching
Hollywood (Unit 9, Book 1), the teacher may
explain to students how Hollywood became
synonymous with the American movie industry,
the film and entertainment center and why
Hollywood has become a symbol of American
culture.
VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Comparison and
Contrast
Comparison-and-contrast is a method
of development that will essentially compare and
or
contrast. Comparison brings similar things
together for examination, to see how they are
alike.
Contrast, on the contrary, emphasizes
their differences.
There are three major
ways to organize a comparison-and-contrast
paragraph:
1. We first present the
differences and then the similarities or the other
way round. What is to be
emphasized (the
differences or the similarities) almost always
comes later.
2. We make a parallel-order
comparison, where we discuss first one subject,
then the other:
1) All of subject A, point by
point;
2) All of subject B, point by point, so
that it parallels the points about A.
We will
finish our whole discussion of the first person
(place, or thing) at one time. Then, in
discussing the second person (place, or
thing), we will take up the major qualities in
exactly the
same order as in discussing the
first one. In this case, the comparison often
takes two paragraphs,
instead of one.
3. We make a point-by-point comparison. We
discuss one aspect of both subjects, then another
aspect of both subjects:
1) Aspect one of
subjects A and B;
2) Aspect two of subjects A
and B.
…
Exercises: Now write two
separate paragraphs based on the following two
topic sentences with
the comparison-and-
contrast strategy. The point-by-point method is
recommended.
1. I prefer South Korean love
stories on TV to the Chinese ones.
Ideas for
reference:
feasibility of love
smoothness
of love
fun of love
Sample:
I prefer
South Korean love stories on TV to the Chinese
ones. Korean love soaps never fail to
convey
the important message that love is somewhere ahead
waiting for you, in spite of your
humble
origin, weight problem, or unladylike manners. In
contrast, love on Chinese TV is, more
20
Unit 4
often than not, an
unworthy adventure that brings pain rather than
joy. Lovebirds in Korea seem
always to be so
much luckier than those in China, where people in
love often find themselves
caught in a hostile
financial or social environment. Unlike those
Chinese youths who are seriously
and gravely
wondering about the purpose of life and love for
most of the time, those Korean girls
and boys
always have so many witty, funny, and amazing
verbal blows to hurl at each other; I
always
cannot help laughing out at them. In one word,
love on Korean TV is a wonderful
medicine to
cure everything, while on Chinese TV love is a
disease from which one suffers
inevitably
sometime in one’s course of life.
2.
Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car.
Ideas for reference:
health
finance
global warming
Sample:
Riding a
bicycle is preferable to driving a car. First of
all, bicycling is healthier. It develops
balance, coordination, and strength, while at
the same time toning the body, burning calories,
strengthening bones. Therefore, it helps
building up our body. In contrast, resulting from
a lack of
exercise, car drivers are often
faced with such health problems as heart disease,
addictions, drug
dependency, overweight,
obesity and diabetes. Besides, cycling helps
improve personal finances.
Needing no fuel, no
insurance and minimal maintenance, a good bicycle
costs about 2% to 3% as
much as a car. What is
more, cycling suggests slowed pace of global
warming. More autos on the
road mean more
carbon emissions that are driving global warming
while more bicycles increase
the time we have
to prepare for major climatic changes so as to
avoid refugee and food crises.
VII
Listening Exercises
You are going to hear part
of a radio program called Talk of the Nation. The
host of the
show, Robert Siegel, asked the
radio audience if they could take time off, what
would they do?
One of the people he called was
Chris, a student at a junior high school in La
Mesa,
California. He had a clear idea about
what he would like to do if he had the opportunity
to
take time off.
A. Pre-listening
discussion
1. If you could take time off for a
year, what would you want to do?
2. Would you
do it alone or would you take somebody along with
you?
B. Listen to Robert’s radio
conversation with Chris carefully. After that you
will hear eight
statements. Decide whether the
statements are true or false.
1.
F
2.
T
3.
F
4.
T
5.
F
6.
F
7.
T
8.
T
C. Listen again.
Underline the word or phrase in each set of
brackets that gives the correct
information
according to the conversation.
Chris, who is
about (nine, fourteen, twenty) years old, says
that if he (had a lot of money,
took time off,
were older than he is), he would bike (across the
ocean, only in Asia, on
21
Unit 4
several continents).
Chris likes this idea for two or three
reasons. One reason he gives is that by biking, he
could (lose weight, develop his body and
strength, gain weight). Another reason he gives is
that in making this trip, he would (learn
interesting things, be away from his parents, see
beautiful places).
He says that if he went
on the trip, he would go (by himself, with his
best friend, with
several people), and when he
returned, he would (sleep for a week, run a
marathon,
encourage others to make a similar
trip).
Script
Host:
Chris:
Host:
Chris:
Chris, you’re on the
line, I gather, from La Mesa, California.
Yes,
I am.
Hi.
If I were to take time off — I’m
actually an eighth grade student in Montgomery
Mills
School — I would take time off from
school and bike all the way around the world in a
chance to see different cultures and get an
exposure, to be able to come back where I
live
and be able to tell people how different — be able
to compare all the different
cultures to the
United States culture.
Host: How would you
get across the ocean?
Chris: Well, I would
probably fly across or take a boat across, and
then I would travel between
the continents on
a boat, and then once I got to the land, I would
bike or ride across.
Host: You like biking, I
assume.
Chris: Yes.
Host: You don’t
think it would be very, very tiring and wearing or
it would take a long time?
Chris: No, as long
as I got enough sleep and food and water, I think
I’d be pretty much all
right. Of course, it
would be a chance to gain some muscle.
Host:
Yeah, I should say, because if you biked all the
way around the world — you’re starting
out in
the eighth grade — it could be time for college by
the time you finished this bike
trip. It’s a
long way.
Chris: Well, yeah.
Host: That
doesn’t scare you off?
Chris: No, it doesn’t,
because I’d like — in the process, I’d be learning
a lot of things going to
different countries.
I’d be learning about their cultures, so it
wouldn’t be just — I’d be
learning while
having fun.
Host: Hear, hear! Would you take
anybody along with you?
Chris: I’d probably
want to do it by myself and then tell people about
it when I came back. And
then ...
Host:
I’m sorry, I missed what you said just a moment
ago.
Chris: And tell people about what it was
like and encourage them to do things like that, or
if
they can, take time off and get a chance
to see the rest of the world.
Host: Well, of
course, that sounds like a great idea, and thank
you very much for calling and
telling us
about it. Thank you.
Chris: Bye-bye.
Host: That was Chris, who’s in eighth grade
in La Mesa, California. I’m Robert Siegel, and
22
Unit 4
this is
Talk of the Nation.
Statements
1.
Chris lives in Chicago.
2. Chris is not a
college student.
3. He wants to travel so he
can earn a lot of money.
4. He likes to ride
his bicycle.
5. He is not interested in
learning about other cultures.
6. He would
like to make this trip with his father and a
friend.
7. Chris wants to travel around the
world on his bicycle.
8. Sleep, food and water
are the three things that Chris could not do
without.
23
Unit 4
Section Five Further Enhancement
I.
Text II
1. Lead-in Questions
1. What is
body language? What kinds of body language can you
think of?
2. Can you tell the meanings of some
common facial expressions or gestures?
2.
Text II
Does Your Body Betray You?
You
may think that you are making yourself perfectly
clear, but could your body language be
telling
the world a totally different story?
Experts
believe that, when we just meet another person,
three-quarters of our knowledge
about them
comes via our eyes rather than our ears. So,
however cool and contained you think
you’re
being, there is a host of little tell-tale
gestures and expressions that give you away, as
top
psychologist Dr. David Lewis explains:
FIDDLING
Fidgeting with things — like a
pencil, a cigarette, keys or coins — or tapping
your fingers
indicate that you are feeling
uncomfortable. And even if you manage to keep your
hands from
fiddling you’ll probably start
fidgeting with your feet. That’s because, as they
are furthest from the
brain, they’re harder to
control!
Watch out for shifting the weight
from foot to foot, kicking, or rubbing one foot
against the
other, if you don’t want to let
people know that you’re a bundle of nerves.
KEEP AWAY!
Folding your arms while talking to
someone shows that they’re invading your space and
you
want to keep them at arm’s length. Perhaps
they’re irritating you, or you feel they’re trying
to be
too friendly. If your arms are folded
and your fists clenched, it’s a clear message that
you feel
threatened and want to be left alone.
An arm clasp, in which the upper arms are
firmly gripped, is an even clearer signal that you
reject this person and want nothing to do with
him.
EAR, EAR
Gently massaging or tugging
at an ear lobe while listening to someone means
that, however
interested you look, you don’t
really want to hear what’s being said to you. You
want to block out
the speaker’s words, even if
they’re true.
NECKING
Scratching your
neck while trying to persuade someone that you’re
right reveals that you’re
not really sure of
your facts. Or it could be that you are trying to
persuade your listener to do
something you
don’t, in your heart of hearts, believe is right.
For some reason the neck is usually
scratched
exactly five times.
24
Unit 4
EYE TOUCH
A woman gently touching
the skin underneath her eye as she speaks is
trying to shield her
listener from what she’s
saying. She doesn’t want to hurt their feelings,
but she has to be honest. A
man in the same
situation will often rub one eye very briskly. If
someone of either sex looks away
after
speaking they are showing that they’re nervous
about the reaction they’re likely to get.
COLLARED
When a man wearing a shirt and tie
gently eases the collar away from his neck, he’s
almost
certainly lying. This is because it
reduces tension in the neck caused by the
increased stress.
UP , UP AND AWAY
When
people try hard to remember something, they
usually look up and to the left. But, if
they’re inventing something rather than
telling the truth, they usually gaze upwards and
to the
right. So if you want to be believed,
remember to gaze in the correct direction!
GROOMING
A small child often has conflicting
desires — e.g. he wants to snatch a toy from
another
toddler but is afraid of being scolded
— and often raises an open hand close to his head.
In adults,
this gesture has often evolved into
head grooming, when the hair is smoothed downwards
two or
three times. It shows that you are in a
quandary, and don’t know what to do for the best.
In a conversation, it indicates that you’re
not sure whether to believe someone or not.
LOVE SIGNS
When you’re in love or sexually
attracted to someone, your body soon betrays you.
Without
your realising it, the pupils dilate,
and you smile and make lots of eye contact.
Posture also
becomes more relaxed and
flexible. You’ll find that you lean gently towards
that special person,
and use lots of hand
movements when you talk.
(724 words)
Notes
1. body language
(Paragraph 1): Body language is communication by
means of facial expressions,
gestures,
postures, and other wordless signals. Body
language also includes grooming habits,
hair
and clothing styles, and such practices as
tattooing and body piercing. Body language
communicates unspoken information about
people’s identity, relationships, and thoughts, as
well as moods, motivation, and attitudes. It
plays an essential role in all interpersonal
relationships, such as childcare, politics,
teaching, and public speaking. The scientific
study of
body language is called kinesics.
2. be telling the world a totally different
story (Paragraph 1): be meaning entirely different
things from what you are saying
3. ...
however cool and contained you think you’re being,
there is a host of little telltale
gestures
and expressions that give you away ... (Paragraph
2): … however successfully you
think you are
managing to appear calm and self-controlled, a
large number of slight changes in
your body
position and movements provide evidence about what
you are feeling or thinking ...
4. ... you’re
a bundle of nerves. (Paragraph 4): ... you are
feeling very nervous.
5. invading your space
(Paragraph 5): intruding into your air space
Studies by experts suggest that man walks
around inside a kind of private bubble, which
represents the amount of air space he feels he
must have between himself and other people. To
invade is to affect someone in an unwanted and
annoying way.
25
Unit 4
e.g. Does that give you an excuse to invade
my privacy?
6. keep them at arm’s length
(Paragraph 5): avoid developing a relationship
with them
e.g. If you’re wise, you’ll keep
Mrs. Jones at arm’s length. She’s the worst gossip
in the
village.
7. You want to block out
the speaker’s words … (Paragraph 7): You want to
stop yourself
thinking about what the speaker
says …
8. in your heart of hearts (Paragraph
8): If you know, feel, or believe something in
your heart of
hearts, you are sure about it
although you may not admit it.
e.g. Claire
knew in her heart of hearts that she would never
go back there.
9. trying to shield her
listener from what she’s saying (Paragraph 9):
trying to protect her
listener from being hurt
by what she’s saying
e.g. Several officials
are accused of trying to shield the General from
US federal
investigators.
10. rather than
(Paragraph 11): instead of
e.g. Rather than
squeezing your own oranges, have you tried buying
packs of orange juice?
11. in a quandary
(Paragraph 12): unable to decide what to do about
a difficult problem or
situation
e.g. The
city council is in a quandary over whether to
raise taxes or not.
Questions for
discussion
1. What does the title of the text
mean?
2. What does the author mean when he
says ―three-quarters of our knowledge about them
comes
via our eyes rather than our ears‖?
3. How can one’s gestures and expressions give
him her away?
4. What conclusion can we draw
from such instinctive behaviour as fiddling and
arm folding?
5. What is the main idea of LOVE
SIGNS?
6. Why doesn’t the author spell out a
precise vocabulary of gestures?
7. What
implications does the study of body language have
for learning a foreign language?
8. Observe
people near you for several days, looking for uses
of body language. Try also to be
conscious of
your own use of body language. What conclusion can
you draw?
Key to questions for discussion
1. Changes in your body position and movements
show what you are feeling or thinking.
2.
Three-quarters of the social meaning of a typical
two-person exchange is carried by nonverbal
cues.
3. All of us communicate with one
another nonverbally, as well as with words. Most
of the time
we are not aware that we are doing
it. Body language provides evidence about how the
human
mind processes information.
4.
People feel safer behind some kind of physical
barrier. If a social situation is in any way
threatening, then there is an immediate urge
to set up such a barricade.
5. When two people
look searchingly into each other’s eyes, emotions
are heightened and the
relationship becomes
more intimate. Therefore, we carefully avoid this,
except in appropriate
circumstances.
6.
The author looks for patterns in the context, not
for an isolated meaningful gesture. Besides,
26
Unit 4
there are
several possible interpretations for a single
gesture. For example, when a student in
conversation with a professor holds the older
man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can
be
a sign of respect and affection rather than
a sign of love.
7. Nonverbal signals differ
from culture to culture at least as much as one
language differs from
another, and so we need
to realize that knowledge of a foreign language is
incomplete unless it
extends to the nonverbal
signals.
II. Memorable Quotes
Read
the following quotes and analyze the purposes of
culture advanced by Matthew
Arnold.
Guidance: The following quotes are from
Culture and Anarchy — a series of periodical
essays by
Matthew Arnold. In the book, he
advanced that ―Culture ... is a study of
perfection‖. He further
wrote that: ―It
(Culture) seeks to do away with classes; to make
the best that has been thought and
known in
the world current everywhere; to make all men live
in an atmosphere of sweetness and
light ...‖
1. Culture has one great passion — the
passion for sweetness and light. It has one even
yet greater,
the passion for making them
prevail.
— Matthew Arnold
（适当位置插入Matthew Arnold图片并加注）
Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) was an English
poet.
Paraphrase: Part of the essence of
culture is the love of beauty and unbiased
intelligence. The
even more essential part of
culture is to make the best ideas — the love of
beauty and unbiased
intelligence, to be the
most common.
2. The men of culture are
the true apostles of equality.
— Matthew Arnold
Paraphrase: The men of
culture diffuse the best ideas regardless of
class.
27