胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
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胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
1. design feature: are
features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,
cultural transmission,etc.
2. function: the
use of language tocommunicate,to think ,ge
functions inclucle imformative
function,interpersonal function,performative
function, emotive function,phatic
communion,recreational function and
metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in
contrast with emic which originates from American
linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and
etic mans making far too many, as well as
behaviously
inconsequential,differentiations,just as was
ofter the case with phonetic ic analysis in
linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in
contrast with etic which originates from American
linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and
emic set of speech acts and events must be one
that is validated as
meaningful via final
resource to the native members of a speech
communith rather than via qppeal to
the
investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which
takes a fixed instant(usually,but not
necessarily,the
present),as its point of
grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic:study
of a language is carried through the course of its
history.
7. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic
study in which things are prescribed how ought to
be,
down rules for language use.
8.
descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which
things are just described.
9. arbitrariness:
one design feature of human language,which refers
to the face that the forms of
linguistic signs
bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
10. duality: one design feature of human
language,which refers to the property of having
two levels of
are composed of elements of the
and each of the two levels has its own principles
of
organization.
11. displacement: one
design feature of human language,which means human
language enable their
users to symbolize
objects,events and concepts which are not present
c in time and space,at the
moment of
communication.
12. phatic communion: one
function of human language,which refers to the
social interaction of
language.
13.
metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or
terms for the analysis and description of
particular
studies.
14. macrolinguistics:
the interacting study between language and
language-related disciplines such as
psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law
and artificial intelligence es of
macrolinguistics include
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,
anthropological linguistics,et
15.
competence: language user’s underlying knowledge
about the system of rules.
16. performance:
the actual use of language in concrete situation.
17. langue: the linguistic competence of the
speaker.
18. parole: the actual phenomena or
data of linguistics(utterances).
19.
Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of
speechsounds.
20. Coarticulation: a kind of
phonetic process in which simultaneous or
overlapping articulations are
involved..Coarticulation can be further
divided into anticipatory coarticulation and
perseverative
coarticulation.
21. Voicing:
pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced
consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
22.
Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a
simple set of symbols in transcription is called
broad
transcription;while,the use of more
specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is
referred to as
narrow transcription.
23. Consonant: are sound segments
produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal
tract at some place
to divert,impede,or
completely shut off the flow of air in the oral
cavity.
24. Phoneme: the abstract element of
sound, identified as being distinctive in a
particular language.
25. Allophone:any of the
different forms of a phoneme(eg.
toccurs in words like step,it is unaspirated
26. Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of
the air can be perceived.
27. Manner of articulation: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual
relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of
the vocal tract.
28. Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the
vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
29. Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from
another.
30. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same
ones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
31. IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International
Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of is a comprised system
employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek
letters,diacritics,etc.
32. Suprasegmental:suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single
sound principal supra-segmental features are syllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.
33. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a
unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the
meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
34. compound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as
classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
35. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional
affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class
of the stems to which they are attached.
36. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another
morpheme(the root or stem).
37. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
38. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
39. allomorph:any of the different form of a example,in English the plural mortheme is
but it is pronounced differently in different environments assin cats,asz in dogs and asiz in
,z,and iz are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
40. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
41. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added
to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
42. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
43. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)
44. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with
semantic interpretation.
45. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles
and pronouns.
46. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and
quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
47.
open-class: a word whose membership is in
principle infinite or unlimited,such as
nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
48. blending: a relatively complex form of
compounding,in which two words are blended by
joining the
initial part of the first word and
the final part of the second word,or by joining
the initial parts of the
two words.
49.
loanword: a process in which both form and meaning
are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in
some cases,to eh phonological system of the
new language that they enter.
50. loanblend: a
process in which part of the form is native and
part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully
borrowed.
51. leanshift: a process in
which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is
native.
52. acronym: is made up form the first
letters of the name of an organization,which has a
heavily
modified headword.
53. loss: the
disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in
the phonological system.
54. back-formation:
an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter
word is derived by deleting an
imagined affix
from a long form already in the language.
55.
assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of
the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more
specifically
called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.
56. dissimilation: the influence one sound
segment upon the articulation of another, so that
the sounds become less alike,or different.
57. folk etymology: a change in form of a word
or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular
nation of
the origin or meaning of the term or
from the influence of more familiar terms
mistakenly taken to be
analogous
58.
category:parts of speech and function,such as the
classification of words in terms of parts of
speech,the identification of terms of parts of
speech,the identification of functions of words in
term of
subject,predicate,etc.
59.
prepositional logic: also known as prepositional
calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of
the
truth conditions for propositions:how the
truth of a composite propositions and the
connection
between them.
60.
Proposition:what is talk about in an
utterance,that part of the speech act which has to
do with
reference.
61. predicate logic:
also predicate calculus,which studies the internal
structure of simple.
62. assimilation theory:
language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process
by which features of one
element change to
match those of another that precedes or follows.
63. cohort theory: theory of the perception of
spoken words proposed in the saaumes a
“recognition lexicon”in which each word is
represented by a full and independent”recognistion
element”.When the system receives the
beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all
elements matching
it are fully
acticated,and,as more of the signal is
received,the system tries to match it
independently
with each of them,Wherever it
fails the element is deactivated;this process
continues until only one
remains active.
64. context effect: this effect help people
recognize a word more readily when the receding
words
provide an appropriate context for it.
65. frequency effect: describes the additional
ease with which a word is accessed due to its more
frequent usage in language.
66. inference
in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of
proposition,from something someone has
said,and so includes things that,while not
following logically,are implied,in an ordinary
sense, a specific context.
67. immediate
assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out
the progresses required to understand
each
word and its relationship to previous words in the
sentence as soon as that word in encountered.
68. language perception:language
awareness of things through the physical
senses,esp,sight.
69. language comprehension:
one of the three strand of psycholinguistic
research,which studies the
understanding of
language.
70. language production: a goal-
directed activety,in the sense that people speak
and write in orde to
make friends,influence
people,convey information and so on.
71.
lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference
to lexical meanings: of I saw a bat,where
a
bat might refer to an animal or,among
others,stable tennis bat.
72.
macroproposition:general propositions used to form
an overall macrostructure of the story.
73.
modular:which a assumes that the mind is
structuied into separate modules or
components,each
governed by its own principles
and operating independently of others.
74.
parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of
speech with their appropriate
accidents,traditionally
pupils learning lat
in grammar.
75. propositions:whatever is seen
as expressed by a sentence which makes a is a
property of
propositions that they have truth
values.
76. psycholinguistics: is concerned
primarily with investigating the psychological
reality of linguistic
linguistics can be
divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being
concerned above all
with making inferences
about the content of human mind,and experimental
psycholinguistics(being
concerned somehow whth
empirical matters,such as speed of response to a
particular word).
77. psycholinguistic
reality: the reality of grammar, a purported
account of structures represented
in the mind
of a opposed,in discussion of the merits of
alternative grammars,to criteria
of
simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
78. schemata in text: packets of stored
knowledge in language processing.
79. story
structure: the way in which various parts of story
are arranged or organized.
80. writing
process: a series of actions or events that are
part of a writing or continuing developmeng.
81. communicative competence: a speaker’s
knowledge of the total set of
rules,conventions,ing the skilled use of
language in a guished by in
the late 1960s
from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the
restricted sense of knowledge of a
grammar.
82. gender difference: a difference in a
speech between men and women is”genden difference”
83. linguistic determinism: one of the two
points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,ge determines
thought.
84. linguistic relativity: one of
the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,’s no limit
to the
structural diversity of languages.
85. linguistic sexism:many differences between
me and women in language use are brought about by
nothing less than women’s place in society.
86. sociolinguistics of language: one of the
two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to
look at
structural things by paying attention
to language use in a social context.
87.
sociolinguistics of society:one of the two things
in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand
sociological things of society by examining
linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.
88. variationist linguistics: a branch of
linguistics,which studies the relationship between
speakers’social
starts and phonological
variations.
89. performative: an utterance by
which a speaker does something does something,as
apposed to a
constative,by which makes a
statement which may be true or false.
90.
constative: an utterance by which a speaker
expresses a proposition which may be true or
false.
91. locutionary act: the act of saying
something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning
by means of
syntax,lexicon,and .,the utterance
of a sentence with determinate sense and
reference.
92. illocutionary act: the act
performed in saying something;its force is
identical with the speaker’s
intention.
93. perlocutionary act: the act performed by
or resulting from saying something,it’s the
consequence
of,or the change brought about by
the utterance.
94. conversational implicature:
the extra meaning not contained in the literal
utterances,underatandable
to the listener only
when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows
why and how he violates
intentionally one of
the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
95. entailment:relation between propositions
one of which necessarily follows from the
other:e.g.”Mary
is running”entails,among other
things,”Mary is not standing still”.
96.
ostensive communication: a complete
characterization of communication is that it is
ostensive-infer-ential.
97. communicative
principle of relevance:every act of ostensive
communication communicates the
presumption of
its own optimal relevance.