英语国家社会与文化入门上册知识要点
沼泽乐队-有关青春作文
Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）
flag of Britain :
Union Jack
capital of each country :
England
London
time
joining the British parliament:
However,
in 1707 by agreement of the English
Scottish
parliaments, Scotland joined the
Scotland
Edinburg
and
h
Union.
Wales
Great
Cardiff
ence
between the British Isles ,UK,
Britain , and
England:
Northern
Belfast
h
Isles:
Ireland
the
island of
Great Britain
the island of Ireland
surrounding isles
=Great Britain +
Northern Ireland
Britain =England
+Scotland + Wales
four major invasions
in the history of Great Britain :
At first, England was occupied by Celtic
people.
Then in 43AD Britain was invaded
by the Roman empire.
Result: England and
Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly
400 years.
the Angle-Saxon
invaded.
Result: The land they lived
becameAngle-landchanged into
England, the
language they spoken became English.
the
Vikings invaded.
Result in a certain
cultural divide between northerners and
southerners
in England, which can be expressed
as
the Normans , William of Normandy
invaded this country.
Result: This marks
the last time that an army from outside the
British
Isles succeeded in invading
London: (P18)
Unit2（选择、判断、填空）
Northern Ireland (often called
ties
to seek Irish independence :
Home
-rule
The Easter Rising of 1916: was the
most spectacular event, in which
the rebels
took over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the
British to
retake it by military means.
cal parties:
the Sinn Fein party
legal
SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour
Party
IRA: Irish Republican Army
(illegal)
cal troubles in Northern Ireland
(famous):
Indigenous Roman Catholics
vs.
Protestant immigrates
Partition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would
form an independent
of the UK.
(即26 Republic Ireland ,6 Northern Ireland
)
Good Friday Agreement :(了解下，P36)
Unit 3
s of state building:
The process of state-building has been
one of evolution rather than
revolution.
oldest institution of government in Britain
:
Britain is both a parliamentary
democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
right of kings :
It was held that the
sovereign derived his authority from God, not from
his subjects.
Carta :
limits
on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.
Bill of Rights :
ensured that
the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
( William of Orange 时期)
Constitution
:(P49)
functions of parliament :（P49）
ment:
The queen : (symbolised
,traditional )
She is legally head of the
executive, an integral part of the
legislature, head of the judiciary,
commander in chief of the armed
forces and ，a
confidante to
the Prime Minister（了解下）
The House of Lords ： do not receive salaries
，both sexist and
elitist (了解下)
Lords Spiritual hereditary peers
Lords Temporal life peers
The House of Commons (P49) 重要
Unit4
importance of general
elections:(P67) 重要
electoral campaigns
:(P67)
formation of the government
:(P67)
class system in the UK:(P67)
relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下
main political parties in the UK:
The
Conservative party
(newest) : setting up the
National Health
Service
The Labour party:
From 1979 to 1997, the
Conservative Party won 4
elections in row
The Liberal Democrats:
a party
of the
Margaret-Thatcher 改革(There were
also negative consequences) 了
解下
Unit5(判断、选择、填空)
1、Absolute Decline
2、Relative Decline of the UK economy:
(P81) 重要
3、the reason for its relative
decline :(了解下)
the country had gone
heavily into debt in order to finance the war
the era of empire was over
Large
military expenses
Outdated industries and
less-competitive products
A lack of close
relationship between industry and banks
division of British industries :
Primary
industries (mining industry 矿业)
Secondary
industries (steelindustry钢铁业)
Tertiary industries (insurance 保险， the
selling of goods)
City: The name given
to the historic area at the centre of London
London Stock Exchange: The heart of the City
（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）
Unit6（填空、选择、判断）
f :
One of the
oldest of these early
poem from Anglo-Saxon
times called Beowulf.
ey Chaucer：
The
Canterbury Tales
ethan Drama:
Marlowe ：
The Tragical History of Dr
Faustus
William Shakespeare ：
Romeo and Juliet The Taming of the
Shrew
Hamlet
A Midsummer Night's Dream
tragedies
Othello
comedies
Twelfth Night
（重要）
King Lear The Tempest
Macbeth.
history
plays：
Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and
Henry V. Julius
Caesar， Antony and Cleopatra
17th Century:
John Milton :
Paradise Lost
18th Century:
Jonathan Swift :
Gulliver's Travels
Romantic Period:
William Wordsworth
and Samuel Taylor Coleridge：
Lyrical Ballads
the beginning of the Romantic Period. ）
George Gordon, Lord Byron
Three men John Keats
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Nineteenth Century
Novel:
Mary Shelley:
Frankenstein
Sense and Sensibility
Jane Austen
Pride and Prejudice
marked （
Emma
Charlotte :
Jane Eyre
the Bronte
sisters Emily:
Wuthering Heights
Ann
Elizabeth
Gaskell :
North and South
Oliver Twist
Charles Dickens
David
Copperfield
Great
Expectations
The Return of
the Native
Thomas Hardy
Tess of the
D’Urbervilles
Jude the
Obscure
writers in the 19
th
century of Britain:
Mary Shelley
Jane Austen
the Bronte
sisters
Elizabeth Gaskell
9.20th Century Literature :
Twentieth century literature can be broadly
divided into two stylistic
periods: Modernism,
and Postmodernism.
Joseph Conrad ：
The
Heart of Darkness
Mrs.
Dalloway
Virginia Woolf
To the
Lighthouse
Orlando
A Room of One's Own
D. H. Lawrence :
Sons and Lovers
Unit7
purpose
of the British education system:
① provide
children with literacy and the other basic skills
② socialise children
③ children
are taught practical skills
④ learn the
rules and values
⑤ participate in the
community
⑥ contribute to the
economic prosperity of an advanced industrial
economy.
influence of the church on
schooling:
education was voluntary and
many of the schools that existed were set
up
by churches.
religious education was the
only subject
Daily prayers and singing
hymns is still a regular part of school
life
National Curriculum：
All children throughout the country must study the
following subjects:
English, mathematics,
science, religious education, history,
geography, technology, music, art, physical
education, and a modern
foreign language.
All children throughout the country must pass
national tests and
schools.
All
teachers are told what to teach and their schools
are now ranked
according to how well they
perform this task.
school:
93% of pupils receive free education
from the public sector.
ndent
school(public schools private school):
Independent schools are not part of the
national education system.
Etor school
Larrow school
Winchester college
hensive school:
Entrance exams were
abolished.
Such schools provide a general
education. Pupils can study everything
from
academic subjects like literature and sciences, to
more practical
subjects like cooking and
carpentry.
r school：
Those who
show academic potential are admitted to the
grammar schools
where the emphasis is on
advanced academic work rather than the more
general curriculum of the comprehensive
schools.
：General Certificate of
Secondary Education
：General Certificate
of Education-Advanced
：General
National Vocational Qualifications
universities in Britain：
British
universities are public bodies，except one
university, the
University of Buckingham.
Open University：
The Open University
offers a non-traditional route for people to take
university level courses and receive a
university degree , through
textbooks, tv and
radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos,
residential
schools and a network of study
centres.
Unit8
Countries to
establish UN:
The permanent members of
the UN Security Council:
the Soviet Union,
the United States, China ,France, UK
The
foundations of Britain's foreign policy:
The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is
greatly influenced by its
imperial history and
also by its geopolitical traits
The
making of Britain's foreign policy:(P128)
The relationship between Britain and
the EU (P128)
The decision joined the EEC
( psychological , natural , controversial )
The UK has always been less enthusiastic about
giving up its national
sovereignty to a
European government.
The commonwealth:
Britain is also a member of the
Commonwealth, a voluntary association of
states .
There are 50 members of the
Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former
British colonies.
NATO ( North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :
protect member states against aggression
The purpose of NATO provide a foundation for
security in Europe
provide a forum for transatlantic defence
cooperation
Special relationship
with US: has gone through many up and downs
Independent nuclear weapons capability:
Britain is a traditional sea power.
Unit9
division of British
media: （降序排列）
① TV
② Newspaper
(In Britain, most advertising is carried in
newspapers)
③ Radio
④
Magazine
functions of the British
media:
① Entertainment
② Provide
British people with information about political
and
social issues
③ Provide weather
reports
④ Carry advertising
⑤ Used
for educational purposes
⑥ Provide a forum
for people to write letters or phone in to
express their views or seek advice
⑦
Help Britain engender national culture
newspaper:
The world's oldest
national newspaper : The Observer
The
British oldest daily newspaper: The Times
The very names of British newspapers-The
Times, The Observer, The
Guardian—still
suggest that the function of the paper is to offer
the
electorate objective reports about what is
happening in the country
issued
internationally:
The Financial Times is
printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New
Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. (
(Daily)Telegraph The News of
the World )
y press and gutter press:
The Daily
Telegraph
The Times
The Sun
gutter press
The Guardian
Quality press
The Observer
street:
It
is also known as the Street of Shame
:(P144)
Unit10
born in
Britain :
Cricket, football, lawn tennis,
golf, rugby
FA Cup:(Football
Association Cup)
ll violent sport
Gentle sport
Wimbledon
Wimbledon is where the world's best
players gather to compete on grass
courts. It
is one of the major events of the British sporting
calendar
and probably the most famous tennis
event in the world.
4. Cricket:
Cricket was one of the very first team sports
in Britain to have
organised rules and to be
played according to the same rules nationally.
5. Golf:
The game of golf was invented
by the Scottish.
6. Horse sports:
Flat racing
Horse racing steeplechasing
The
Grand Ntional
The Royal Asot : people
usually dress up and show off their
fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the
social event
Equestrianism
Hunting
7. Three traditions of
Christmas:(P163)
⑦ the Christmas
Pantomime
⑧ the Queen's Christmas
message
⑨ the Boxing Day : Traditionally,
it was on Boxing Day that people
gave
Christmas gifts or money to their staff or
servants.
8. Religious holiday:
crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ
Easter
Christmas
National Holidays:
-----Queen's Birthday
ys in the 4 nations:
England:
Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire
Night, celebrated in November)
Northern
Ireland:
St Patrick's
Day(March 17)
Orange
Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12)
Scotland:
Hogmanay
(12.31)
Burns Supper(1.25)
Halloween (10.31)
Wales:
The Eisteddfod: festival of
music making and poetry