英语国家社会与文化入门(上册)知识要点汇总
广州大学华软学院-上海财经大学研究生分数线
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Unit1
.（选择、判断、填空）
flag of Britain :
Union Jack
capital of each country :
England London
Scotland
Edinburgh
Wales Cardiff
Northern Belfast
Ireland
time joining the British parliament:
However,
in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish
parliaments, Scotland
joined the Union.
ence between the British Isles ,UK, Great
Britain , and England:
British Isles:
the island of Great Britain
the island
of Ireland
surrounding isles
UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland
Great
Britain =England +Scotland + Wales
four
major invasions in the history of Great Britain :
At first, England was occupied by Celtic
people.
Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by
the Roman empire.
Result: England and Wales
became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400
years.
the Angle-Saxon invaded.
Result: The land they lived becameAngle-
landchanged into England, the
language they
spoken became English.
the Vikings
invaded.
Result in a certain cultural divide
between northerners and southerners in England,
which can be expressed as
the
Normans , William of Normandy invaded this
country.
Result: This marks the last time that
an army from outside the British Isles succeeded
in invading
London: (P18)
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Unit2（选择、判断、填空）
Northern Ireland
(often called
ties to seek Irish
independence :
Home -rule
The
Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular
event, in which the rebels
took over Dublin's
Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by
military means.
cal parties:
the Sinn Fein party legal
SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party
IRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)
cal troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):
Indigenous Roman Catholics vs.
Protestant immigrates
Partition(分割) : The
southern 26 counties would form an independent
state
(
即
26 Republic Ireland
,6 Northern Ireland )
Good Friday
Agreement :(了解下，P36)
Unit 3
s of
state building:
The process of state-building
has been one of evolution rather than revolution.
oldest institution of government in
Britain :
Britain is both a parliamentary
democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
right of kings :
It was held that the
sovereign derived his authority from God, not from
his subjects.
Carta :
limits on the
king's ability to abuse his royal power.
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Bill of
Rights :
ensured that the King would never be
able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Orange
时期)
Constitution :(P49)
functions of parliament :（P49）
ment:
The queen : (symbolised
,traditional )
She is legally head of the
executive, an integral part of the legislature,
head of the
judiciary, commander in chief of
the armed forces and
Church of
England
，
a confidante to the Prime
Minister
（了解下）
The House of
Lords
：
do not receive salaries
，
both sexist and elitist (
了解下
)
Lords Spiritual hereditary peers
Lords Temporal life peers
The House of Commons (P49) 重要
Unit4
importance of
general elections:(P67) 重要
electoral
campaigns :(P67)
formation of the government
:(P67)
class system in the UK:(P67)
relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下
main
political parties in the UK:
The
Conservative party (newest) : setting up the
National Health Service
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The Labour party: From 1979 to 1997,
the Conservative Party won 4 elections in row
The Liberal Democrats: a party of the
Margaret-Thatcher
改革
(There were
also negative consequences)
了
解下
Unit5(判断、选择、填空)
1、Absolute Decline
2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81) 重要
3、the reason for its relative decline :(了解下)
the country had gone heavily into debt in
order to finance the war
the era of empire was
over
Large military expenses
Outdated
industries and less-competitive products
A
lack of close relationship between industry and
banks
division of British industries :
Primary industries (mining industry 矿业)
Secondary industries (steelindustry钢铁业)
Tertiary industries (insurance 保险， the selling
of goods)
City: The name given to the
historic area at the centre of London
London Stock Exchange: The heart of the City
（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）
Unit6（填空、选择、判断）
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f :
One of the oldest of these early
Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.
ey
Chaucer：The Canterbury Tales
ethan
Drama:
Marlowe ： The Tragical History of Dr
Faustus
William Shakespeare ： Romeo and
Juliet The Taming of the Shrew
Hamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream
tragedies Othello comedies
Twelfth Night
（重要） King Lear
The Tempest
Macbeth.
history plays：Richard III, Richard II,
Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caesar
，
Antony
and Cleopatra
17th Century:
John Milton : Paradise Lost
18th
Century:
Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's Travels
Romantic Period:
William Wordsworth
and Samuel Taylor Coleridge：Lyrical Ballads
（marked the
beginning of the Romantic
Period. ）
George Gordon,
Lord Byron
Three men John Keats
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Nineteenth Century
Novel:
Mary Shelley: Frankenstein
Sense and Sensibility
Jane Austen Pride and
Prejudice
Emma
Charlotte : Jane Eyre
the Bronte sisters
Emily: Wuthering Heights
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Ann
Elizabeth Gaskell
: North and South
Oliver
Twist
Charles Dickens David Copperfield
Great Expectations
The Return of the Native
Thomas Hardy Tess of
the D’Urbervilles
Jude the
Obscure
writers in the 19
th
century
of Britain:
Mary Shelley
Jane Austen
the Bronte sisters
Elizabeth Gaskell
9.20th Century Literature :
Twentieth
century literature can be broadly divided into two
stylistic periods:
Modernism, and
Postmodernism.
Joseph Conrad ： The Heart of
Darkness
Mrs. Dalloway
Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse
Orlando
A Room of One's Own
D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers
Unit7
purpose of the
British education system:
① provide children
with literacy and the other basic skills
②
socialise children
③ children are taught
practical skills
④ learn the rules and values
⑤ participate in the community
⑥
contribute to the economic prosperity of an
advanced industrial economy.
influence
of the church on schooling:
education was
voluntary and many of the schools that existed
were set up by
churches.
religious
education was the only subject
Daily
prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part
of school life
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National Curriculum：
All children
throughout the country must study the following
subjects: English,
mathematics, science,
religious education, history, geography,
technology, music,
art, physical education,
and a modern foreign language.
All children
throughout the country must pass national tests
and schools.
All teachers are told what to
teach and their schools are now ranked according
to
how well they perform this task.
school:
93% of pupils receive free education
from the public sector.
ndent
school(public schools private school):
Independent schools are not part of the
national education system.
Etor school
Larrow school
Winchester college
hensive school:
Entrance exams were
abolished.
Such schools provide a general
education. Pupils can study everything from
academic
subjects like literature and
sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking
and
carpentry.
r school：
Those
who show academic potential are admitted to the
grammar schools where the
emphasis is on
advanced academic work rather than the more
general curriculum of
the comprehensive
schools.
：General Certificate of
Secondary Education
：General Certificate
of Education-Advanced
：General National
Vocational Qualifications
universities
in Britain：
British universities are public
bodies，except one university, the University of
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Buckingham.
Open University：
The Open University
offers a non-traditional route for people to take
university level
courses and receive a
university degree , through textbooks, tv and
radio broadcasts,
correspondence, videos,
residential schools and a network of study
centres.
Unit8
ies to establish
UN:
permanent members of the UN Security
Council:
the Soviet Union, the United States,
China ,France, UK
foundations of
Britain's foreign policy:
The contemporary
foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by
its imperial
history and also by its
geopolitical traits
making of Britain's
foreign policy:(P128)
relationship
between Britain and the EU (P128)
The decision
joined the EEC ( psychological , natural ,
controversial )
The UK has always been less
enthusiastic about giving up its national
sovereignty to a
European government.
commonwealth:
Britain is also a member
of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of
states .
There are 50 members of the
Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former
British
colonies.
( North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation ) :
protect member states against aggression
The
purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security
in Europe
provide a forum
for transatlantic defence cooperation
l
relationship with US: has gone through many up and
downs
ndent nuclear weapons capability:
Britain is a traditional sea power.
Unit9
division of British media:
（降序排列）
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①
②
③
④
TV
Newspaper (In Britain, most
advertising is carried in newspapers)
Radio
Magazine
functions of the British
media:
① Entertainment
② Provide British
people with information about political and social
issues
③ Provide weather reports
④ Carry
advertising
⑤ Used for educational purposes
⑥ Provide a forum for people to write letters
or phone in to express their views
or seek
advice
⑦ Help Britain engender national
culture
newspaper:
The world's
oldest national newspaper : The Observer
The
British oldest daily newspaper: The Times
The very names of British newspapers-The
Times, The Observer, The Guardian—still
suggest that the function of the paper is to
offer the electorate objective reports about
what is happening in the country
issued internationally:
The Financial
Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong,
New Jersey, Los
Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. (
(Daily)Telegraph The News of the World )
y press and gutter press:
The Daily
Telegraph
The Times
The Sun gutter press
The Guardian Quality press
The
Observer
street:
It is also known as
the Street of Shame
:(P144)
Unit10
born in Britain :
Cricket, football,
lawn tennis, golf, rugby
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FA Cup:(Football Association Cup)
ll violent sport
Gentle sport
Wimbledon
Wimbledon
is where the world's best players gather to
compete on grass courts. It is
one of the
major events of the British sporting calendar and
probably the most famous
tennis event in the
world.
4. Cricket:
Cricket was one of
the very first team sports in Britain to have
organised rules and to
be played according to
the same rules nationally.
5. Golf:
The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.
6. Horse sports:
Flat racing
Horse racing steeplechasing
The Grand Ntional
The Royal Asot :
people usually dress up and show off their
fashionable cloth
and elaborate hats for the
social event
Equestrianism
Hunting
7. Three traditions of
Christmas:(P163)
the Christmas
Pantomime
the Queen's Christmas message
the Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on
Boxing Day that people gave Christmas
gifts or
money to their staff or servants.
8.
Religious holiday:
crucifixion n and
resurrection of Jesus Christ Easter
Christmas
al Holidays:
-----Queen's Birthday
ys in the
4 nations:
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England:
Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire
Night, celebrated in November)
Northern
Ireland:
St Patrick's
Day(March 17)
Orange
Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12)
Scotland:
Hogmanay (12.31)
Burns Supper(1.25)
Halloween
(10.31)
Wales:
The Eisteddfod:
festival of music making and poetry
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则人生中就没有限制你发挥的藩篱。2.若不是心宽似海，哪有人生风平浪静。在纷杂的尘世里，为自己留下一片
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好人生路上的每一步3.花一些时间，总会看清一些事。用一些事情，总会看清一些人。有时候觉得自己
像个神经病。既纠结了自己，又打扰了别人。努力过后，才知道许多事情，坚持坚持，就过来了。4. 岁月是无
情的，假如你丢给它的是一片空白，它还给你的也是一片空白。岁月是有情的，假如你奉献给她的是一些色彩，它
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