句子成分和句子结构讲解有答案
写自然景观的作文-希腊签证查询
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句子成分
一．主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
1.请找出下列句子的主语并指出什么（词，短语或句子）可以充当主
语。
The
sun rises in the east. （名词）
He likes dancing.
（代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history.
(数词)
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To
see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a
book. （主语从句）
It is very clear that the
elephant is round and tall like a tree.
（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
常见错误分析
2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语时，只能使用其to do 或 doing
的
形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动
作。
改错： computer games does no good to us.
a
walk in the street is her hobby.
home at once
is his decision
more friends will do good to
us.
5.I’m like computer very much.
story
was happening the year before last.
二．宾语：
1．动作的承受者-----动宾
请找出下列句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语。
I like China. （名词）
He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词）
I
enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see
you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he
said? （宾语从句）
2．介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are
you afraid of the snakemefighting?
3．双宾语
-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book
yesterday.
常见错误分析
1：介词后跟宾语时，必须为：名词、代词、ing 或wh型的连接词
引导的从句。
改错：① I am fond of play basketball.
② He’s
crazy about read story books.
③ I am sorry
for late.
④I felt terribly sad for absent from
class.
2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语或宾语时，只能使用其to do 或 doing
的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的
动作。
改错：①I enjoy make friends with everyone.
-
1 -页
.
②He wanted go home at once.
三表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词
之后。
英语中常见的系动词及其分类。
①状态系动词：用来表示主语状态：即be 。常译为是 <
br>②持续系动词：用来表示主语的继续或保持某种状况或态度，主要包
括remain、keep、
stay、lie 、stand 、exist等。常译为保持，依然是
I hope you
will keep fit.
We can remain friends.
Please stay seated
③变化系动词：用来表示主语变成什么样，主要包括：become 、grow 、
turn
、get 、fall 、 go 、come 、run 等。常译为变得
He went
mad.
His hair turned grey.
I fell ill.
④结果系动词：表示主语对应的结果，主要有：prove to be ,turn out to
be 。常译为结果是seem 、 appear 、look.
⑤感官系动词：主要有feel 、smell 、sound 、 taste ， seem 、
appear 、
look。
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
Now I feel tired.
请找出下列句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语。
He is a teacher.
（名词）
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）
Five and five is ten.（数词）
He is asleep.
（形容词）
His father is in. （副词）
The
picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)
My watch is
gone missing lost. （形容词化的分词）
To wear a
flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.
（不定式）
The question is whether they will come.
（表语从句）
常见错误分析：
1：动词及其短语在作句子的表语时，需用其非谓语形式，其中 to do
表将来的主动性动作，doing
表正在进行的主动性动作，有时也用作形
容词表示主语所具有的特征；done
表示被动的已完成的动作。
选择：
① My hobby is
＿＿basketball.
A: play B: playing C: to play
D: played
② The dog was so ＿＿ in that toy.
A: interesting B: interested C: to interest
D: interest
③My plan is ＿＿ home immediately.
A: go B: to go C: gone D: going.
④Kity was ＿＿ at everything he saw.
A:
surprising B: surprise C: surprised D: to
surprise
⑤I was ＿＿at my grades.
- 2 -页
.
A: disappointed B: disappoint
C: disappointing D: to disappoint
2：名词、代词做表语时，其数必须和主语保持一致。
改错：
①We are
student.
②These are panda.
③It’s birds.
3：表语常用形容词，而不用其副词形式。
改错：
（1）He is
sadly.
（2）He is friendly to everyone.
（3）The food smells bad but it tastes well.
(4)One year later, he turned a writer. (a)
(5)As time went on, his idea was proved right.
四．谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
1：实义动词及其短语作谓语
A stitch in time saves nine.
2：情态动词+动词原形作谓语
The law can not make all
men equal ,but they are equal before the law.
3：助动词+实义动词或系动词（多为动词原形）作谓语
You’d better go
now ,or you’ll be late for the interview.
4：系动词+表语作谓语
常见错误分析：
1：系动词+表语（名、代、介、形、副
、非谓语……）才能构成完
整的谓语。注意谓语一定要有动词的参予来完成。
改错。
①He at home now.
②I against for the plan.
③I in favor of this idea.
④The light on
off then.
⑤He dead now.
⑥I fond of pandas.
⑦He always interested in English.
⑧The
book worth reading.
⑨I eager to get your help.
⑩The girl dressed in white then.
⑾ My plan
to do some shopping today.
⑿ I into playing
table tennis.
⒀ My aim to teach you well.
⒁ Tom devoted to his job then.
2： 情态动词和助动词
虽有实义，但不能单独做谓语，必须和实义动
词或系表结构一起构成复合谓语，尤其表语是形容词、副词
、介词、
时出现错误最多，处理方式是在表语前添加合适的系动词，多为be
的合适形式。
改错：
①You can’t late again.
②He may at
home.
- 3 -页
.
③He must away
now.
④Tom may dead now.
⑤John must from
the USA.
⑥In my opinion ,he will well soon.
⑦He didn’t against the plan.
⑧Mao has dead
for 32 years.
⑨They didn’t through the forest.
五．补足语：用于补充说明其他的句子成分。有主补、和宾补两种，
用于补充说明主、宾所处的
状态、性质、特征等。
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
请找出下列句子的宾补并指出什么可以充当宾补。
1. He found his new
job boring. (形容词作宾补)
2. The called their
daughter Mary. (名词作宾补)
3. This placed her in a
very difficult position. (介词短语作宾补)
4. We went
to here house but found her out. (副词作宾补)
5.
What do you advise me to do？(不定式作宾补)
6. We
thought him to be an honest man. (tobe作宾补)
7.
He believed them to have discussed the problem.
(不定式的完成式
作宾补)
8. He believed her to be
telling the truth. (不定式的进行式作宾补)
9. Did you
notice him come in？(不带to的不定式作宾补)
10. I saw her
chatting with Nancy. (现在分词作宾补)
11. He watched
the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词作宾补)
注意1：在这个结
构中，可以出现用it作形式上的宾语，把真正的
宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是
动词不
定式或宾语从句。
He felt it his duty to
mention this to her.
分析：it是形式宾语，his
duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her
是真正的宾语。
I
think it best that you should stay with us.
分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay
with
us是真正的宾语。
主补：对主语的补充。
He was
elected monitor.
She was found singing
in the next room.
He was advised to teach the
lazy boy a lesson.
to do … , doing , -ed
作补语的区别。
注意2：-ing 作宾补表示正在进行的动作，强调动作的一部分；若宾语
是动作的发出者，用其主动式，若宾语是动作的承受者用其被动
式。to do 作宾补强调动作的全过
程，若宾语是动作的承受者，
用其被动式；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式。ed
作宾补
表示已完成的动作，宾语是动作的承受者。
选择：(1)He raised his
voice to make himself＿＿.
A ：hear B : heard C
: hearing D: to hear
(2)．I couldn’t do my
homework with all that noise＿＿ on.
A : go B
going C gone D to go
- 4 -页
.
(3)．I saw him＿＿ nothing at the meeting from
beginning to end.
A say B said C saying
D to say
(4)．The thief came in , with his
hands＿＿.
A tying B tied C tie D to
tie
注意3：有些动词后跟不定式时需省去符号 to ： watch , observe
,
see , look , look at , notice hear ,listen
to , make , have , let ,
feel ,help 可带可不带。
六．定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
请找出下列句子的定语并指出什么可以充当定语。
Ai Yanling is a
chemistry teacher.（名词）
He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world. （数词）
He
was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my
sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in
Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year
are growing well now.（过去分词）
I have an idea
to do it well. （不定式）
You should do everything
that I do. （定语从句）
注意1：名词作定语时，须用其单数形式，不可用其所有格或
复数形
式。在变为复数时，只变被修饰的名词，man 或woman
作定语时，
则两者都变。
a shoe shop
men’s
teachers
注意2：在表示只有一人担任的头衔、职务的名词在作句子的表语、
同位
语、补足语、介词宾语时，不加冠词：常见的名词有： president ,
captain ,
monitor , headmaster , head-teacher , head ,
manager 等
We elected Hu president of China.
常见错误分析：
1：单个形容词作定语修饰不定代词时，需要后置
2：表语形容词作定语时常后置如：awake 、afraid 、 asleep、
ashamed 、alike 等。
He was the only person
awake at that time.
3：当else
作形容词修饰不定代词或疑问代词如：who 、what 、
which等时要后置
I
have something else to say.
4：表示长、宽、
高、深等度量的形容词作定语时常后置。
This is a room five meters
wide.
5：有些形容词如present 、adopted 、concerned 、
absent 、opposite
等既可前置也可后置，但意义不同：
①present
adj: 前置：目前的 现在的后置：出席的
What do you think of the
present government ?
The people present are
mostly famous scientists.
②★adopted adj : 前置：
收养的
后置： 采用的
He is an adopted son.
- 5
-页
.
What’s your solution adopted ?
③concerned adj: 前置 ：担心的 关心的。后置 ：有关的
There
is a concerned expression on her face.
T he
persons concerned are to be punished
④absent
adj : 前置： 心不在焉的。后置： 缺席的
Jack sat at the desk
in an absent way.
The workers absent must make
up for the meeting.
⑤opposite adj : 前置
：相反的。后置 ：对面的
The bird flew away in the
opposite direction.
he shop opposite sells
apples.
⑥overseas 既是adj 又是 adv 作定语时意义不同
Overseas students =students from overseas
外国留学生
Students overseas =students who are
overseas 出国留学生
⑦responsible前置意为“负责任的”，后置意为‘负责的，掌管的“。
如：a
responsible man 意为“一位负责任的人”，a man
responsible
则意为“一位负责人”
⑧involved前置意为“复杂的”，后置意为“涉及的，相关的”
如：the
people involved 意为“所涉及的人” ，the involved
story意为
“复杂的经历”
七．状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or
句子。状语用副词,不用形容词
请找出下列句子的状语并指出是什么状语。
I will
go there tomorrow. (时间)
The meeting will be
held in the meetingroom.(地点)
The meat went bad
because of the hot weather. (原因)
He studies
hard to learn English well.(目的)
He didn’t
study hard so that he failed in the exam. (结果)
I like some of you very much. (程度)
If
you study hard, you will pass the exam. (条件)
He goes to school by bike. (方式)
Though
he is young, he can do it well. (让步)
常见错误分析：
1：副词作状语时，用以修饰动词、形容词、或句子；形容词作补
足语时用来补充说明主、宾所
的状态、性质、特征。
选择：
①He found the question
difficult difficultly
②I think it impossible
impossibly for us to defeat them physically.
③He worked hard hardly to realize his dream.
④All made it easy easily for us to enter a key
university.
⑤Dressed in nothing ,the emperor
walked in the street proud proudly.
⑥The
question is great greatly different from that one.
⑦This room is the same size big as that one.
2：分词及不定式作状语时，须贺逻辑主语保持一致，逻辑主语多
为句子的主语。
①In order to make our city green ＿＿＿.
A:
it’s necessary to have planted more trees.
B:
many more trees need to be planted.
- 6 -页
.
C: our city needs more trees
D: we must plant more trees.
②＿＿＿ time
,he’ll become a writer.
A: Given B : Giving
C: To give D: Having given
③While watching
TV , ＿＿＿
A: the doorbell rang B: the doorbell
rings
C: we heard the doorbell ring D: we
heard the doorbell rings
④＿＿＿as a means of
traffic in china ,the bike is very useful.
A:
used B: using C: To use D: use
八、同位语：指两个或两个以上的词语指同一个事物作同一个句子成
分。
It’s
my friend ,John.（名词）
Myra herself had got a
medal for her work for the aged．代词
His old
dream of going round the world came back， but this
time he
would sail（介词of引出动名词作同位语）
The news
that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not
true．从句
九、插入语：是对一句话，某一个词或词组做些附加的解释或说明
有时表达
说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调作用；有时是为了引起
对方的注意；还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作
用；也可以承上启
下，使句子衔接得更紧密一些，通常用逗号与其它成分隔开，且和
其他句子成
分没有语法上的联系，将它删掉后，句子结构依然完整。
To tell you the
truth ,I’m not interested in that matter. 不定式
Judging from his clothes ,he may be an artist.
分词
By the way ,how can I get to the rail
station ？介词短语
Do not plant ,for example ,rice
year after year in the same field.
This is ,
surely , a very good book.副词
Most important of
all ,we must learn the skills.形容词
He can’t
pass the exam ,because he doesn't study ’s more
,he
isn’t so clever.句子
句子结构
简单句的五个基本句型：
一．主谓结构（ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）
在这一句型
中，动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句
子中，不及物动词可以有状语修饰。
sun is rising.
2.I'll try.
注意：在此句型中，有少数不及物
动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身
所具有的特性，不用被动语态。
book sells
well.
window won't shut.
pen writes
smoothly.
cuts easily.
翻译：1.会议将持续两个小时。
2.她昨天回家很晚。
3.那天早上我们谈了很多。
- 7 -页
.
4.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
5
1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。
6.这个盒子重五公斤。
1The meeting will last two hours.
2 She
went home very late yesterday evening.
3That
morning we talked a great deal.
4Great
changes have taken place in my home town in the
past ten years.
5The May Fourth Movement
broke out in Beijing in 1919.
6This box
weighs five kilos.
二．主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 ）
在此句型中，动词为及物动词
1那位先生能流利地说三种语言。
2今天下午我想同你谈谈。
3这本书他读过多次了。
4他们成功地完成了计划。
5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。
6
Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。
7我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。
8他不知道说什麽好。
gentlemen can speak three
languages fluently.
2.I want to talk with you
this afternoon.
has read this book many
times.
have carried out the plan
successfully.
must finish reading these
books in two weeks.
cannot dress himself.
of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
did not know what to say.
三。主系表结构 （主语
＋系动词＋表语 ）
feels cold in winter.
2. This
idea sounds good.
3. He looks young.
weather remains cool these days.
flowers in
front of the house smell nice.
翻译：1.这个报告听起来很有意思。
2.树叶已经变黄.
3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 了。
4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。
5孩子们，请保持安静。
6.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。
1。The report
sounds interesting.
leaves have turned
yellow.
3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.
4At the age of fifteen he became a famous
pianist.
5 Children, keep quiet please.
6Her job is to look after the children in the
nursery.
四．双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）
- 8
-页
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主语--动词--间接宾语（人）--直接宾语（物）
第一种情况，间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语。
He handed me a
letter.
He handed a letter to me.
第二种情况，间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。She sang us a folk
song.
She sang a folk for us.
第三种情况，直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。
Tell him I'm out.
Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？
翻译：1.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？
2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
3. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？
4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？
5.
他把车票给列车员看。
6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。
7.
我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。
8. Robinson Crusoe
给自己做了一只小船。
1．Shall I call you a taxi?
2．Grandma told me an interesting story last
night.
you please get me a new copy?
4．Would you please pass me the dictionary?
5．He showed the ticket to the conductor.
6．This term I have written three letters to my
parents.
7．My father has bought me a new
bike.
8．Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat.
五．动词+宾语+宾补（.-ing-edto do） Examples:
在此句型
中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词。后面的宾语补足
语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起
被称做复合宾语。
1. We wished the pop singer to
succeed.
made the young man our manager.
news made her happy.
4. Her father made her
learn drawing after school.
5. When I came in,
I found him writing a letter.
6. My bike is
broken, I’ll have it repaired tomorrow.
翻译：1.他的父母给他取名为John.
2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
3.我们要使学校变得更美丽。
4.他请我们参加做游戏。
5.明天我要找人来修理机器。
6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
7.他每个月理一次发。
8.那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了
9.他感到很难跟你交谈。
10.我想乘船去那里更舒服些。
11.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。
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.
12.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。
parents
named him John.
of us considered him honest.
will make our school more beautiful.
asked us to join in the game.
ow I’ll have
someone repair the machine.
morning we hear
him read English aloud.
has his hair cut
once a month.
terrible sound made the
children frightened.
felt it very difficult
to talk with you.
10.I think it more
comfortable to go there by ship.
school
made it a rule that the students should stand up
when
class begins.
12.I thought it no use
talking with that man
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