2020年六级长篇阅读练习及答案详解(6)
刘禹锡的资料-教研活动内容
2020年六级长篇阅读练习及答案详解(6)
Passage
Two
Words： 1,103
How Ozone
Pollution Works
A) The weather report on
the radio or TV tells you that
it is going to
be sunny and hot and that an orange ozone
alert has been issued. What is ozone? What
does an orange
alert mean? Why should you be
concerned about it? In this
article, we will
examine what ozone is, how it is produced,
what health hazards it poses and what you can
do to reduce
ozone pollution.
B)
Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atoms bound
together (O3). It is unstable and highly
reactive. Ozone is
used as a bleach, a
deodorizing agent, and a sterilization
agent
for air and drinking water. At low concentrations,
it
is toxic. Ozone is found naturally in small
concentrations in
the stratosphere, a layer of
Earth’s upper atmosphere. In
this upper
atmosphere, ozone is made when ultraviolet light
from the sun splits an oxygen molecule (O2),
forming two
single oxygen atoms. If a freed
atom collides with an oxygen
molecule, it
becomes ozone. Stratospheric ozone has been
called “good” ozone because it protects the
Earth’s
surface from dangerous ultraviolet
light.
C) Ozone can also be found in the
troposphere, the lowest
layer of the
atmosphere. Tropospheric ozone (often termed
“
bad ” ozone) is man - made, a result of air
pollution
from internal combustion engines and
power plants. Automobile
exhaust and
industrial emissions release a family of nitrogen
oxide gases (NOx) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC), by-
products of burning
gasoline and coal. NOx and VOC combine
chemically with oxygen to form ozone during
sunny, high-
temperature conditions of late
spring, summer and early fall.
High levels of
ozone are usually formed in the heat of the
afternoon and early evening, dissipating
during the cooler
nights.
D)
Although ozone pollution is formed mainly in urban
and
suburban areas, it ends up in rural areas
as well, carried by
prevailing winds or
resulting from cars and trucks that
travel
into rural areas. Significant levels of ozone
pollution can be detected in rural areas as
far as 250 miles
downwind from urban
industrial zones.
E) You can make ozone
test strips to detect and monitor
ozone levels
in your own backyard or around your school. You
will need corn starch, filter paper (coffee
filters work well)
and potassium iodide (can
be ordered from a science education
supplier
such as Carolina Biological Supply or Fisher
Scientific). Basically, you make a paste from
water, corn
starch and potassium-iodide, and
you paint this paste on
strips of filter
paper. You then expose the strips to the air
for eight hours. Ozone in the air will react
with the
potassium iodide to change the color
of the strip. You will
also need to know the
relative humidity, which you can get
from a
newspaper, weather broadcast or home weather
station.
F) When you inhale ozone, it
travels throughout your
respiratory tract.
Because ozone is very corrosive, it
damages
the bronchioles and alveoli in your lungs, air
sacs
that are important for gas
exchange. Repeated exposure to
ozone can
inflame lung tissues and cause respiratory
infections.
G) Ozone exposure can
aggravate existing respiratory
conditions such
as asthma, reduce your lung function and
capacity for exercise and cause chest pains
and coughing.
Young children, adults who are
active outdoors and people
with respiratory
diseases are most susceptible to the high
levels of ozone encountered during the summer.
In addition to
effects on humans, the
corrosive nature of ozone can damage
plants
and trees. High levels of ozone can destroy
agricultural crops and forest vegetation.
H) To protect yourself from ozone exposure,
you should be
aware of the Air Quality Index
(AQI) in your area every day—
you can usually
find it in the newspaper or on a morning
weather forecast on TV or radio. You should
also be familiar
with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) guide for
ozone-alert
values.
I) What do the numbers in the
AQI mean? The AQI measures
concentrations of
five air pollutants： ozone, sulfur dioxide,
particulate matter, carbon monoxide and
nitrogen dioxide. The
EPA has chosen these
pollutants as criteria pollutants, but
these
are not all of the pollutants in the air. These
concentrations are compared to a standard set
out in federal
law. An index value of 100
means that all of the criteria
pollutants are
at the maximum level that is considered safe
for the majority of the population. To reduce
your exposure
to ozone, you should avoid
exercising during afternoon and
early evening
hours in the summer.
J) There are
several ways you can help to decrease ozone
pollution. Limit using your automobile during
afternoon and
early evening hours in the late
spring, summer and early fall.
Do not use
gasoline-powered lawn equipment during these
times.
Do not fuel your car during these
times. Do not light fires
or outdoor grills
during these times. Keep the engine of your
car or boat tuned. Make sure that your tires
are properly
inflated. Use environmentally
safe paints, cleaning and
office products
(some of these chemicals are sources of VOC).
K) Besides personal attempts to reduce ozone
pollution,
the EPA has initiated more
stringent air-quality standards
(such as the
Clean Air Act and its modifications) to reduce
air pollution. Compliance with these standards
by industries,
manufacturers and state and
local governments has
significantly reduced
the levels of many common air
pollutants.
L) With continued conservation and reduction
practices,
adherence to ozone-pollution
warnings, research and
government regulation,
ozone-pollution levels should
continue
to fall. Perhaps future generations will not be
threatened by this environmental
pollutant.
M) The thing that determines
whether ozone is good or bad
is its location.
Ozone is ‘‘good，，when it is in the
stratosphere. The stratosphere is a layer of
the atmosphere
starting at the level of about
6 miles (about 10 kilometers)
above sea level.
The stratosphere naturally contains about
six
parts per million of ozone, and this ozone is very
beneficial because it absorbs UV radiation and
prevents it
from reaching us.
N) Ozone is “bad” when it is at ground level.
Ozone is
a very reactive gas that is hard on
lung tissue. It also
damages plants and
buildings. Any ozone at ground level is a
problem. Unfortunately, chemicals in car
exhaust and
chemicals produced by some
industries react with light to
produce lots of
ozone at ground level. In cities, the ozone
level can rise to a point where it becomes
hazardous to our
health. That’s when you hear
about an ozone warning on the
news.
1. When ultraviolet rays from the sun separate an
oxygen
molecule into two single oxygen atoms
in the stratosphere,
the combination of a
single oxygen atom and an oxygen
molecule
forms ozone.
2. You can make ozone test
strips by yourself to find out
about ozone
levels in your own locale.
3. Long-time
exposure to ozone is badly harmful to our
respiratory system.
4. Chemicals in
industrial waste gas and vehicle exhaust
react
with light to form lots of ozone at ground
level.
5. Internal combustion engines
and power plants cause the
artificial
tropospheric ozone, also known as “bad” ozone.
6. Ozone is very helpful because it absorbs
UV radiation
and separates us from it.
7. Using gasoline-powered lawn equipment in
the late
spring, summer and early fall may
increase ozone pollution.
8. Ozone
pollution occurs in urban and suburban areas as
well as in rural areas.
9. In
order to decrease ozone pollution, the EPA has set
up more rigorous air-quality standards.
10. Pay close attention to the Air Quality
Index in your
area every day can keep you away
from ozone exposure.
文章精要
文章主要介绍了什么是臭氧，臭氧污染的形成、危害，以及臭氧
有利的一
面。文章还具体介绍了如何自己手工制作检测仪;如何避免
暴露在臭氧之下;如
何预防和减少臭氧污染等。
答案解析
1. B
本题答案的信息来自B段的倒数第二、三句话。原文中提到
太阳紫外线将
氧分子分成了两个单独的氧原子，氧原子与氧分子再结
合就生成了臭氧。
题干正好表达了这个意思。ultraviolet rays即是
原文中的ultraviolet
light。
2. E 本题答案的信息来自E段第一句话。题目中的find out
about意为“弄清相关 的情况”，和原文中的detect and
monitor含
义相对应;题目中的inyour own locale和原文中的in your
own
backyard相对应。
3. F 本题答案的信息来自F段。F段
提到人吸入臭氧后，它能够
贯穿你的呼吸系统。接着提到它可能损害细支气管、肺部等呼吸系统
的部位，故可知长期 暴露在臭氧下有损呼吸系统。
4. N
本题答案的信息来自N段第五句话，题干是对本句的同义转
述。
5. C
本题答案的信息来自C段的第二句话。原句中先说“果”后
说“因”，题目将
“因”提前，然后说“果”;原文中的man-made与题干中的
artificial相对应;
原文中的termed与题干中的known as相对应。
6. M
本题答案的信息来自M段第二句和最后一句话。原文中第二
句话首先提到
Ozone is “good” when it is in the
stratosphere.，在最后
一句中提到臭氧为什 么有益;原文中的beneficial与
题干中的
helpfUl相对应;题目中的separates
from对应原文中的prevents
from。
7. J 本题答案的信
息来自J段第一、二、三句话。原文中J段的
首句提到有几种能够降低臭氧污染的方法，接下来提到的一
种方法是
Do not use gasoline- powered lawn
equipment during these
times.由此推测Using
gasoline-powered lawn
equipment会导致臭
氧污染增加;而由第二句话可推测出原文中的 during these
times指
的是in the late spring, summer and early
fall。
8. D 本题答案的信息来自D段第一句话。原文提到臭氧污染主要
在城市和城市郊区出现，但因为风和汽车、卡车运输的作用，农村也
会发生臭氧污染，
题干是对此的归纳。
9. K
本题答案的信息来自K段第一句话。原文中的initiated和
题目中的set
up属于同义转换;原文中的stringent替换为了
rigorous;原文中的reduce
ozone pollution替换为了decrease
ozone
pollution。
10. H本题答案的信息来自H段第一句话。题目中的keep
you
away from对应原文的protect yourself
from;题目中的Pay close
attention to 对应原文的should be
aware of。