全球宜居城市-留学案例

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third- party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
[国外著名实验室]

卡文迪什实验室

在现代物理学的发展中，实验室的建设具有重要的意义。以英国物 理学家和化学家H.卡文迪什
(Henry Cavendish)命名的卡文迪什实验室(Cavendish Laboratory)相当于英国剑桥大学(University of
Cambridge)的物理系。
剑桥大学建于1209年，历史悠久，与牛津大学(University of Oxford)遥相 对应。卡文迪什实验室创
建于1871年，1874年建成，由当时剑桥大学校长W.卡文迪什(Wil liam Cavendish)私人捐款兴建的(他是
H.卡文迪什的近亲)，这个实验室就取名为卡 文迪什实验室。当时用捐款建了一座实验室楼，并配备了
一些仪器设备。
英国是19世纪最发 达的资本主义国家之一。物理实验室从科学家私人住宅中扩展为研究单位，适
应了19世纪后半叶工业技 术对科学发展的要求，促进了科学技术的开展。随着科学技术的发展，科学
研究工作的规模越来越大，社 会化和专业化是必然趋势。剑桥大学校长的这一做法是有远见的。
著名物理学家麦克斯韦(James Clerk Maxwell)(1831-1879)负责筹建这所实验室。1874年实验室建成
后 他担任第一任实验室主任，直到他1879年因病去世。
在他的主持下，卡文迪什实验室开展了教学 和科学研究，工作初具规模。按照麦克斯韦的主张，物
理教学在系统讲授的同时，还辅以表演实验，并要 求学生自己动手。表演实验要求结构简单，学生易于
掌握。麦克斯韦说过：“这些实验的教育价值，往往 与仪器的复杂性成反比，学生用自制仪器，虽然经
常出毛病，但他们却会比用仔细调整好的仪器，学到更 多的东西。学生用仔细调整好的仪器易产生依赖
而不敢拆成零件。”从那时起，使用自制仪器就形成了卡 文迪什实验室的传统。实验室附有工作间，可
以制作很精密的仪器。麦克斯韦很重视科学方法的训练，也 很注意前人的经验。他在整理一百年前H.
卡文迪什留下的有关电学的论著之后，亲自重复并改进卡文迪 什做过的一些实验。同时，卡文迪什实验
室还进行了多种实验研究，例如：地磁、电磁波的传播速度、电 学常数的精密测量、欧姆定律、光谱、
双轴晶体等等，这些工作为后来的发展奠定了基础。
1897年麦克斯韦去世后，瑞利(James William Rayleigh, 1842-1919)继任卡文迪什实验室主任。他因
在气体密度的研究中发现氩而获1904 年度的 诺贝尔物理奖。瑞利在声学和电学方面很有造诣。在他的
主持下，卡文迪什实验室系统地开设了学生实验 。1884年，瑞利因被选为皇家学院教授而辞职。
28岁的J. J. 汤姆逊(J. J. Thomson, 1856-1940)继瑞利之后任该实验室第三任主任。他因通过气体电
传导性的 研究，测出电子的电荷与质量的比值获1906年度的诺贝尔物理奖。汤姆逊对卡文迪什实验室
的建设有 卓越贡献。在他的建议下，从1895年开始，卡文迪什实验室实行吸收外校及国外的大学毕业
生当研究 生的制度，建立了一整套培养研究生的管理体制，树立了良好的学风。一批批优秀的年轻学者
陆续来到这 里，在汤姆逊的指导下进行学习和研究。他培养的研究生中，有许多后来成了著名科学家，
例如卢瑟福、 朗之万、W. L. 布拉格、C. T. R. 威尔逊、里查森、巴克拉等人，其中多人获得了诺贝尔
奖，对科学的发展有重大贡献，有的成了各重要研究机构的学术带头人。
汤姆逊和卢瑟福最早证实了 空气被X射线游离。从游离现象推导出游离辐射(放射线)，也就是由原
子释出能量范围广大的电磁波和 粒子辐射。汤姆逊最负盛名的贡献是探讨阴极射线的性质，也就是电子
的性质。他借着电场以偏转阴极射 线；在过去是用磁场使它子偏转。他终于证实电子为带负电的粒子。
接着他又测定电子的质量，约为氢原 子核的二千分之一。在当时它子是被视为最小的粒子。
电子是属于次原子级的粒子，汤姆逊是证明次 原子级粒子存在的第一位，从此打开了次原子级的门
户。后来汤姆逊证实电子和物质相互作用的结果会产 生X射线，而X射线和物质相互作用的结果却会
产生电子。
第一个原子模型也要归功于汤姆 逊，也就是闻名的“葡萄干布丁模型”。他绘出原子为一球形，充
满了正电荷，同时也有相同数目的负电 荷(电子)。汤姆逊因在电子和气体导电两方面的卓越成就，获得
1906年度的诺贝尔物理奖。 汤姆逊领导的35年中间，卡文迪什实验室的研究工作取得了如下成果：进行了气体导电的研究，
从 而导致了电子的发现；放射性的研究，导致了α、β射线的发现；进行了正射线的研究，发明了质谱
仪， 从而导致了同位素的研究；膨胀云室的发明，为核物理和基本粒子的研究准备了条件；电磁波和热
电子的 研究导致了真空管的发明和改善，促进了无线电电子学的发展和应用。这些引人注目的成就使卡
文迪什实 验室成了物理学的圣地，世界各地的物理学家纷纷来访，把这里的经验带回去，对各地实验室
的建设起了 很好的指导作用。
1919年，汤姆逊的职位由他的学生卢瑟福(Ernest Rutherford)(1871-1937)继任。卢瑟福是一位成绩卓
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more
spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
著的实验物理学家，是原子核物理学的 开创者。他因在揭示原子奥秘方面做出的卓越贡献获1908年度
的诺贝尔化学奖。
卢瑟福 更重视对年轻人的培养。在他的带领下，查德威克发现了中子；考克拉夫特和沃尔顿发明了
静电加速器； 布拉凯特观测到核反应；奥里法特发现氚；卡皮查在高电压技术、强磁场和低温等方面取
得硕果，另外还 有电离层的研究，空气动力学和磁学的研究等等。
1937年卢瑟福去世，由W. L. 布拉格(William Lawrence Bragg)继任实验室第五任主任。W. L. 布拉
格与其父W. H. 布拉格(William Henry Bragg)因在X线衍射分析晶体结构方面的成就共获1915年度的
诺贝尔物理奖。
在二 次世界大战的时候，实验室的主攻方向由主要从事原子物理和核物理基础研究转向对雷达、核
武器的军事 研究。二战结束以后，鉴于从科学研究和对于国家安全的重要性出发，英国政府觉得核物理
研究不应该在 大学的一个实验室里进行，就专门成立了一个国家实验室。所以从事核物理研究的科学家
就转移到国家实 验室去了，钱也转移过去了。这样，实验室不仅经费短缺，研究方向也失去了。
在新的形势下，实验室 在布拉格的领导下，将主攻方向由核物理改为晶体物理学、生物物理学和天
体物理学，实现了战略转移。 他本人和他父亲在实验室进行X光晶体分析技术进行生物大分子结构的
跨学科研究。由于没有研究经费， 布拉格一方面支持他的两个部下莱尔(Ryle)和Ratcliff领导的小组收
集军队废弃的雷达组 装成原始的射电望远镜，开启了本世纪宇宙天文的研究。他又从医学研究委员会争
取到一笔经费。当时柯 立克(Crick)和华生(Watson)在实验室工作，他们对DNA有浓厚的共同兴趣，加
入了蛋 白质结构分析小组，最终发现了DNA双螺旋结构，建立了正确的DNA分子结构模型。这个重
大的科学 发现被评为二十世纪最伟大的发现。
布拉格的远见，在困难的条件下保证了实验室在这两个新兴学科上 做出了辉煌的成果，发现了类星
体、脉冲星、DNA双螺旋结构，确定了血红蛋白质的结构等，造就了一 大批诺贝尔奖获得者，为战后
英国的科学争得了极高的荣誉。
固体物理学家莫特(Nevill Mott, 1905-1996)1954年起任实验室第六任主任，直到1971年退休。
莫特1905年9月 30日出生于英国利兹，1927年在剑桥大学获硕士学位。莫特早期研究原子碰撞理
论，并与马塞(H . S. W. Massey)在1933年联名出版了权威的《原子碰撞理论》一书，书中讨论了带电粒子的“莫特散射”。后来莫特转入固体物理学的研究，在金属导体、离子晶体、半导体等方面，做出了
许多有影响的工作。1936年莫特和琼斯(H. Jones)合著了《金属与合金性质的理论》，1940年和格尼(R. W.
Gurney)合著 了《离子晶体中电子过程》，对现代固体物理学的形成和发展有重要的影响。第二次世界大
战后，莫特等 人研究了晶体缺陷及其对力学性质的影响。二十世纪60年代起，莫特致力于发展无序体
系及非晶态物质 的电子理论研究，有力地推进了非晶态物质研究的进展。1971年莫特和戴维斯(B. A.
Dav is)合著了《非晶态物质的电子过程》。莫特因对磁性与不规则系统的电子结构所作研究的贡献，于
1 977年与其他两位科学家共获诺贝尔物理学奖。
1971年超导物理学家派帕德(A. Brian Pippard，1920-)任实验室第七任主任。派帕德1953年根据在
一系列超导体上所作的微 波表面阻抗的测量结果，提出了相干长度的概念。
1960年发表了利用相对论研究穆斯堡尔效应的论文。1961年派帕德收约瑟夫森(Brian D. Josephson)
为研究生,指导他做实验和理论研究。约瑟夫森研究超导隧道效应，写出了 论文初稿，派帕德请正在剑
桥大学访问的安德森(Philip W. Anderson)教授帮助审 阅，他们三人进行了讨论。在安德森的帮助下，约
瑟夫森1962年在欧洲的《物理通讯》上他发表了划 时代的论文《在超导隧道中可能的新效应》，从理论
上预言了以后以他名字命名的约瑟夫森超导隧道效应 ，此时他只有22岁。第二年有多人的实验证实了
约瑟夫森的预言。约瑟夫森因此项工作而获1973年 度诺贝尔物理奖，而支持约瑟夫森研究的派帕德由
于在论文上没有署名，失去了诺贝尔奖提名的机会。
国际著名的理论凝聚态物理学家爱德华兹(Samuel Frederick Edwards，19 28-)，1983-1995年担任卡
文迪什实验室第八任主任。他1949年毕业于英国剑桥大学， 获硕士学位，后赴美留学，1951年获得哈
佛大学博士学位。1953年到普林斯顿高级研究院工作， 次年回国，在伯明罕大学任教，1958-1972年在
曼彻斯大学物理系任理论物理教授。1972年 到卡文迪什实验室任教授。1992-1995年任剑桥大学副校长。
爱德华兹早期从事电动力学和量 子场论研究，后将量子场论的概念和方法应用到固体物理和化学物
理的各种问题上，包括液态金属、涡流 、高分子物理及非有序磁性系统。最新研究领域包括粉末材料及
玻璃的流动、拉胀性、神经网络的信息传 递等。他在理论高分子物理方面的成就尤为突出，其标志便是
国际公认的爱德华兹哈密顿量的问世。他发 表论文250余篇，专著2部以及若干有关科学技术的政策性
论著和报告。
1995年起担任实验室第九任主任的弗伦德(Richard H. Friend，1953-)是 位实验物理学家。弗伦德在
实验中发现，有机聚合物在电场中可以发光，这个将电转化成光的新途径为有 机聚合物的应用开辟了广
阔的前景。由于有机材料的特点，可以很容易地调节半导体的能隙和功函数，提 高发光效率，改变光的
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
2

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization carer health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
颜色。现在，用有机材料制造的电致发光、象素显示、信息存储等方面的产品已进入市场。 二十世纪70年代以后，古老的卡文迪什实验室已经大大扩建，研究的领域包括天体物理学、粒子
物 理学、固体物理以及生物物理等等。卡文迪什实验室在近代物理学的发展中做出了杰出的贡献，近百
年来 培养出的诺贝尔奖金获得者已达20余人，卡文迪什至今仍不失为世界著名的实验室之一。





橡树岭国家实验室

橡树岭国家实验室(Oak Ridge National Laboratory，简称ORNL)是美国能源部所属最大的科学和能源< br>研究实验室。作为美国曼哈顿秘密计划的一部分，为首先开发出生产和分离钚，橡树岭国家实验室于
1943年成立，原称克林顿实验室，2000年4月以后由田那西大学和Battelle纪念研究所合伙管 理。
20世纪50年代和60年代期间，橡树岭国家实验室是从事核能和物理及生命科学相关研究的国 际中
心。70年代成立了能源部后，使得橡树岭国家实验室的研究计划扩展到能源产生、传输和保存领域 。
到本世纪初，该实验室用和平时期同样重要但与曼哈顿计划时期不同的任务支持着美国。
橡 树岭国家实验室的任务是开展基础和应用的研究与开发，提供科学知识和技术上解决复杂问题的
创新方法 ，增强美国在主要科学领域里的领先地位；提高洁净大量能源的利用率；恢复和保护环境以及
为国家安全 作贡献。
2003年8月1日起，Jeff Wadsworth担任橡树岭国家实验室现任所长。他 是国际上公认的冶金学家，
曾任位于俄亥俄州首府哥伦布市Battelle纪念研究所的首席执行官， 集中从事能源部科学计划、技术转
让和国土安全方面的工作。2002年8月到Battelle纪念研 究所工作之前，任劳论斯. 利弗莫尔国家实验
室负责科技的副所长。1980年-1992年，在Palo Alto研究实验室为 洛克希德导弹和空间公司工作。2003
年，他因在开发先进材料和超塑性，以及在确定大马士革和其他 钢种的历史和产地所做出的突出贡献，
和在科学上维护国家安全方面的广泛主导作用而被选为美国科学进 步协会的会员。
橡树岭国家实验室现有雇员3800多人和客座研究人员大约3000人。客座研究 人员每年在橡树岭实
验室工作2周或更长的时间。其2003财政年度的经费首次超过10亿美元。田那 西大学-Battelle纪念研
究所每年提供120万美元，用于支持橡树岭地区的数学和科学教育、 经济开发和其他项目。
橡树岭国家实验室许多科学领域在国际上处于领先地位。它主要从事6个科学 领域方面的研究，包
括中子科学、能源、高性能计算、复杂生物系统、先进材料和国家安全。
橡树岭国家实验室正计划投资3亿美元，为下一代大科学研究提供现代化的场所。经费将由联邦政
府、 州政府和私营部门提供，用于建造11个新的装置，包括功能性基因组中心、纳米阶段材料科学、
先进材 料表征实验室和计算科学联合研究所。
投资16亿美元的散裂中子源将于2006年竣工，它是世界 上最大的民用科学项目届时橡树岭国家实
验室将成为世界上首屈一指的中子科学研究中心。





瑞士保罗谢勒研究所

瑞士国家实验室——PSI
瑞士保罗谢勒研究所(Paul Scherrer Insti tute，简称PSI)是瑞士科学和技术的多学科研究中心。在与国
内外大学、其他研究机构和工业界 的合作中，PSI在固态物理、材料科学、基本粒子物理、生命科学、
核与非核能研究及与能源有关的生 态学的研究中非常活跃。
PSI是瑞士最大的国家研究所，有雇员1200人，是瑞士唯一这种类型的研究所。
PSI 研究的重点放在基础研究和应用研究，特别是与可持续发展有关的领域和对教育和培训具有重
要意义、但 超出大学单个系能力的领域。
PSI研制和运行需要特别高标准的技术诀窍、经验和专业的复杂研究设 施，拥有散裂中子源，瑞士
光源(SLS)等大科学装置，是世界上的国内外科学界主要的用户实验室之 一。通过它开展的研究，PSI
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
3

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
获得新的基础知识，并积极促进其在工 业上的应用。例如，PSI的设计人员通过一些特殊的技巧来让SLS
所产生的射线的能量达到与欧洲同 步辐射装置(European Synochrotron Radiation Facility，简称E SRF)相
同的功能，把现有的用来增加X射线密度和扩大波长范围的波动器技术发挥到了极限。尽管这 台加速
器的周长只有288米，可以产生的电子束能量达到了2.4千兆电子伏特，而成本只有8900 万美元，比
ESRF建设成本的三分之一还要少。
因为量子力学和相对论理论的出现，一个世 纪以来人们对400年前伽里略有关宇宙发现的认识一直
受到冲击。科学革命在历史上从来没有这样快和 戏剧性地改变我们的生活。
研究人员通常受好奇心和发现的欲望所驱使，想解释太阳如何运行，想知道 所有的原子谱，或了解
脑中的图形认知，想了解有关宇宙起源的基本问题和自然界如何运作。研究还喜欢 冒险和冲破阻碍。自
从很久以前美洲发现以来，阻碍形形色色，再次造访月球的任何人仅需步Neil Armstrong的后尘。
PSI开展基础研究，多数由瑞士纳税人的钱支付。我们的令人兴奋的 问题和吸引人的项目吸引许多
具有奇异思想的人。例如，我们对热超导体是如何工作、一个新的称为黑格 子玻色子粒子的存在，或无
所不在的摩擦机制感兴趣。为此，我们必须在PSI或其他地方开发新的实验 方法譬如像确定蛋白质的结
构，利用质子治癌，然后用于其他的科技领域。
社会仅在100年 后从一些发明中受益，但在PSI培养的年轻人出去做生意，并还成立像Sensirion、
Swis sNeutronics和其他的创新的公司。这需要有一个欢迎企业家的环境 – 具有低成本资产、最适宜的
贸易条件、文化和好的学校。瑞士在这方面当然可以有所提供。
我 们为高质量的生活付出能源高消费的代价。但是，要为世界上所有的人都提供相同数量的能源，
我们缺乏 资源。因此，我们的义务是利用我们的知识和能力降低消耗，并寻找资源。PSI在用一种安全、
可持续 性和对环境友好的方式处理能源资源方面做出重要贡献。
PSI的指导原则
质量——PSI承诺开展最先进的科学研究，促进和开展交叉学科研究，面向市场，质量领先。
用户实验室——为自己的利益，PSI在设计、建造和运行大型装置方面与国内外研究界进行合作。 < br>研究——PSI利用自己复杂的装置在物理、化学、生物、能源技术、环境科学和医学方面开展自己
的研究。
继续教育和培训——PSI与大学密切合作，为雇员提供继续教育和培训。
技术转让——PSI与工业界结成伙伴，促进研究成果转化为新产品、新技术和新工艺。
社会 方面——通过开展具有国内和国际上重要意义问题的研究，培育与大众的公开对话，PSI力争
与社会发 生关联，并负有解释的义务。
PSI的组织结构
PSI的科学研究课题广泛：
人类与健康(Humans and Health)研究部生命科学
辐射医学实验室
放射性药物科学中心
生物分子研究实验室
新材料和微结构(New Materialsand Tiny Structures)
研究部同步辐射和纳米技术
同步辐射实验室(LSY)
微技术和纳米技术实验室(LMN)
一般能源(General Energy)
研究部一般能源(ENE)
能源和物质循环实验室(LSK)
太阳技术实验室(LST)
燃烧研究实验室(LVF)
电化学实验室(LEC)
大气化学实验室(LAC)
核能与安全(Nuclear Energy and Safety)
研究部核能与安全(NES)
反应堆物理和系统行为实验室(LRS)
热工水利学实验室(LTH)
材料行为实验室(LWV)
废物管理处(LES)
最小和最大(The very smallest and the very largest)研究部粒子和物质(TEM)
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
4

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization carer health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
粒子物理室(LTP)
天体物理室(LAP)
放射化学室(LCH)
离子束物理室(LIP)
谬子作为磁微探针(Muons as Magnetic Microprobes)研究部用中子和谬子研究凝聚态物质
凝聚态物质理论室
中子散射实验室(LNS)
散裂中子源实验室(ASQ)
谬子自旋谱学实验室(LMU)
低温设备室
大型研究装置(Large Research Facilities)
大型研究装置部(GFA)
加速器发展运行(ABK)
加速器装置和系统(ABE)
技术支持协调和运行(ATK)
后勤部(LOG)



美国劳伦斯伯克力国家实验室

七十多年来，美国劳伦斯伯克力国家实验室(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory，简称LBNL)在
科学与工程研究方面一直处于领先地位。它坐落在山上加州大 学伯克力分校的校园内，占地200 英亩，
俯瞰旧金山湾，是美国能源部所属，由加州大学管理的一个 国家实验室。年度经费(FY2004)5亿多美元，
现有雇员约3800人，包括500多名学生。
LBNL开展非保密的研究，涉及许多学科，重点开展宇宙、定量生物学、纳米科学、新的能源系统和环境解决方案，以及利用综合计算作为取得发现工具的基础研究。它由17个科学部组成，并负责4
个能源部的国有用户装置，请参阅用户装置部分。
1931年，Ernest Orlando L awrence(1901-1958)创建了LBNL。他因发明回旋加速器荣获1939年诺贝
尔物 理奖。回旋加速器是圆形粒子加速器，它叩开了高能物理的大门。Lawrence确信，通过由具有不
同领域专门技术个人组成团队的共同工作，可以开展出色的科学研究。他的团队协力概念是LBNL的
遗 产，已经在基础知识和应用技术方面产生丰硕成果，并获得许多奖项，包括10个诺贝尔奖—6个物
理方 面的诺贝尔奖，4个化学方面的诺贝尔奖。
LBNL的现任所长朱棣文、副所长Graham Fleming、财务总管Jeffrey Fernandez、主管运行的副所
长David McGraw、主管生命和环境科学副所长Joe Gray、主管物理科学的副所长Paul Alivisatos、主管
计算科学的副所长Horst Simon、主管普通科学的副所长James Siegrist。



美国纽约州康乃尔大学物理系的基本粒子物理实验室

美国纽约州康乃尔大学(Cornell University)物理系的基本粒子物理实验室(Laboratory for
Elementary-Particle Physics，简称LEPP)是世界上著名的加速器物 理研究中心之一，它位于纽约州中部
芬格湖畔(Finger Lakes)风景优美的伊萨卡市(Ithaca)。
LEPP主要从事实验物理和理论物理以及加速器物理的研究，现任所长为Maury Tigner教授，研究
经费主要来源于国家科学基金会。该实验室拥有F. R. Newman以及R. R. Wilson两个实验室。
F. R. Newman实验室有教员办公室、LEPP 管理部门、LEPP理论组、超导高频组、加工车间和绘
图室。
R. R. Wilson实验室有CESR(Cornell Electron-positron Storage R ing)储存环、CLEO探测器和CLEO
合作者办公室、CHESS装置以及LEPP电子学车间。
Wilson实验室取名于粒子物理的先驱威尔逊教授(Robert R. Wilson，1914-2000)。
1934年，康乃尔大学利用回旋加速器开始从事实验粒子 物理研究。带电粒子从机器中心进行离心旋
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
5

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
转，它由作为研究生帮助Ernest O. Lawrence在加州大学伯克利分校建造第一台这样机器的M. Stanley
Livingston建在洛克菲勒大堂内。 康乃尔回旋加速器将质子加速到0.5 MeV。 二次大战后不久，康乃尔大学的核研究实验室和Newman实验室相继成立。在Wilson教授的领导< br>下，实验室的师生员工在地下室建造了第一台康乃尔电子同步加速器，将电子加速到300 MeV，为康
乃尔第一台粒子加速器的600倍。1949年，康乃尔核研究实验室在世界上第一个成功地将束流储存 在
同步加速器里。
二十世纪五十和六十年代：同步加速器时代
1952年，第八任校长Dale Corson利用300 MeV同步加速器对同步加速器功率首次进行精确测量。
1953年，Paul Hartman利用300 MeV同步加速器首次对同步加速器光谱进行精确测量。1954年，康乃
尔建造了世界上第一台强聚焦的1 GeV电子同步加速器，并在康乃尔300 MeV同步加速器上建造了第
一条专用同步辐射光束线。
到五十年代中，在第一台康乃尔同步 加速器进行的粒子物理实验提出一些只有用更高能量的电子束
流才能解决的重要问题。幸运的是，发明了 新的技术，比较经济地解决了这一问题。第二台电子同步加
速器的峰值能量为1200 MeV，轨道半径3.8米，六十年代初被半径7米能量为2200 MeV的同步加速
器所取代。
1961年，Peter Joos利用1 GeV同步加速器首次对辐射极化进行测量。1965年，Maury Tigner发表
第一篇提出粒子加速器中能量回收的论文。1968年， 康乃尔10 GeV电子同步加速器在运动场地下建
造。
二十世纪七十年代：同步加速器体积增加
同步加速器体积的不断增加，导致六十年代末建造了一座新的大楼- 威尔逊实验室和半英里长的地下
圆形隧道，以安放1 GeV同步加速器（与采用直线加速器方法的斯坦 福直线加速器中心所用的概念不
同）。因为经济原因，该机器的设计首先采用了从此世界上其他加速器拷 贝的新颖建造技术。即使能量
提高了，七十年代也该再次提高能量。然而，增加环尺寸的费用是昂贵的。
1975年 超导高频技术首次用于高能物理圆形加速器，超导高频腔插入10 GeV 同步加速器中。
1979年 康乃尔调试质心能量为10.6 GeV的正负电子对撞机 - 康乃尔电子储存环(CESR)，和
CLEO高能物理探测器。
1979年 在原同步加速器隧道内建康乃尔高能同步加速器源CHESS X射线装置。
1979年 CESR和CLEO在9.4-10.4 GeV质心能量范围内看到3个b
—
b夸克束缚态共振峰。
到七十年代末，从其他的 实验室大量了解到有关加速高流强粒子束流，并使它们在高能轨道中运行
数小时的情况。这样做的方法是 建正负电子储存环，这是提高威尔逊实验室研究能力最节省费用的方法。
康乃尔储存环(CESR)沿1 0 GeV同步加速器建在同一隧道里，1979年开始为物理实验运行。同时成立
了CLEO合作组( 称为CLEOI)，初期由康乃尔大学、哈佛大学、罗彻斯特大学、Rutgers大学、Syracuse大学和Vanderbilt大学的物理学家组成。第一台CLEO探测器大约有1200吨铁。
二十世纪八十年代：康乃尔运行CHESS
1978和1980年之间，康乃尔同步加速器源 CHESS被研制出来。它是作为研究X射线以使所有科
学而不仅是粒子物理受益的同步加速器而建造的 。1982年，CESR最后运行单束团，使单正负电子束团
对撞。1983年，Raphael Littauer 教授提出麻花状轨道，增加CESR中的束团数量，来提高亮度的想法。
CESR安 装了高流强注入器，使得大量聚束的粒子运行。到1983秋，CESR中有3个正负电子束团运行。
1984年夏，CESR开始7束团束流的运行。同年，CESR进行改进，插入了2块四极磁铁。通过使
这2块磁铁彼此之间相距2米，亮度增加了4倍。还是在这一年，普渡大学的Michael Rossman博士利
用CHESS研究感冒病毒。
1988年，CESR在b
—< br>b共振区处于世界领先，正负电子对撞机的亮度创了记录，达
10scm
。
CL EO 升级为CLEOII，包括桶和端盖量能器中30 吨搀杂铊的碘化铯。ACHESS也进行了扩展，CH ESS
东安装了1块新的永久扭摆磁铁。同年，Karl Berkelman 教授接任核研究实验室所长。卡内基-梅隆大
学、佛罗里达大学、堪萨斯大学、俄克拉荷马大学、普渡大 学和纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校的物理学家
加入CLEO的研究。核研究实验室雇佣员工180人，运行 经费为800万美元。
二十世纪九十年代：更大更好
1990年，核研究实验室的运行经费 为1400万美元。1994年CESR进行改进，包括部分安装了新的
经典分离器和一个新的数字束流 反馈系统。1994年夏，开始9个束团的运行。翌年，因为CLEO安装
新的硅顶点探测器和改进环本 身基本原理的束流-电流热-能力CHESS 的能力，威尔逊实验室的实验计
划暂停。
2000年和以后：继承传统
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more
3212

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
6

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization carer health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
2000年，威尔逊实验室安装了CL EOIII，CHESS东和CHESS西，许多大学的合作继续进行。2000
年1月6日，Robe rt Wilson不幸逝世，享年85岁。他在粒子物理方面开拓性的思想在威尔逊同步加速
器实验室 将继续发扬光大。
由于SLAC和KEK“B工厂”的加速器亮度已经超过了CESR，CESR决定 改变物理方向，将加速
器运行在3-5GeV的Jψ能区，CESR将新的研究计划命名为CESR-c 。2003年，CESR安装6块超导扭
摆磁铁后，使其能量降到质心能量3.76 GeV，从而成为世界上第一个由扭摆磁铁主导的储存环。2004
年3–5月安装另外6块。
Roderick MacKinnon(洛克菲勒大学)2003年被授予第一个利用CESR所做工 作的诺贝尔奖。
MacKinnon领导的研究小组研究细胞离子通道的结构和机制，1998年他完成 了一项几乎不可能的任务：
在CESR用X射线晶体成像技术拍摄到了世界上第一张离子通道的立体结构 图，他所使用的这种观测
方法意义极为重大。



美国阿贡国家实验室

美国阿贡国家实验室(Argonne National Laboratory，简称ANL)是美国政府最老和最大的科学与工程
研究实验室之一——在美国中 西部最大。阿贡是1946年特许成立的美国第一个国家实验室，也是美国
能源部所属最大的研究中心之 一。过去半个世纪中，芝加哥大学为美国能源部及其前身监管阿贡国家实
验室的运行。
阿贡是 从二次世界大战曼哈顿工程的一部分，芝加哥大学的冶金实验室的基础上发展起来的。1942
年12月 2日，美国科学家费米(Enrico Fermi，1901-1954)和他约50名的同事在芝加哥大学的 壁球场里
产生了世界上第一个受控核链式反应。
战后，阿贡接受开发和平利用原子反应堆的任 务。数年来，阿贡的研究不断扩大，包括了科学、工
程和技术的许多其他领域。阿贡现在不是，也从来不 曾是武器实验室。
阿贡有两个场所。伊利诺州-东场所被芝加哥环路西南约25英里的森林保护区所环 绕。阿贡的4000
名雇员中约有3200名在该1500英亩树木繁茂的场所工作。美国能源部芝加哥 工作办公室也设在这里。
爱达荷州-西场所占地约900英亩，位于蛇河谷爱达荷瀑布西约50英里处 。它是阿贡多数主要核反
应堆研究设施的所在地。约有800名阿贡的雇员在此工作。
今天， 阿贡有雇员2900名，包括大约1000名科学家和工程师，其中约600人具有博士学位。阿贡
的运 行经费约为4.75亿美元，支持200多个研究项目，从原子核研究到全球气候变化研究。1990以来，阿贡曾与600多家公司、无数的联邦政府部门以及其他组织一道工作。
阿贡实验室有五个主要的 研究领域，每个领域完成政府和能源部的责任，以及为全社会提供重要的
效益。它们是：
1、基础科学
阿贡谋求解决许多科学挑战，包括在材料科学、物理、化学、生物学、生命和环 境科学、高能物理、
数学和计算科学，包括高性能计算方面的实验和理论工作。阿贡令人激动和领先的研 究今天为社会带来
价值，也为未来的技术突破打下基础。
2、科学设施
阿贡运行世 界水平的国家级科学研究装置，如先进光子源APS，提高了美国的科学领先地位，打造
美国的未来。阿 贡设计、建造和运行费用太高以至单个公司或大学不能建造和运行的负载的研究设施。
这些设施被来自阿 贡、工业界、学术界和其他国家实验室的科学家所用。阿贡还是强脉冲中子源、阿贡
串列直线加速器系统 和其他设施的所在地。
3、能源资源计划
能源资源计划帮助确保为未来稳定提供有效和清洁 能源。阿贡的科学和工程师们正在开发新的先进
电池和燃料电池，以及先进的电力生成和储存系统，增加 美国的能源资源，确保美国的能源未来，还在
为提高美国和苏联设计的核反应堆的安全和寿命而工作。
4、环境管理
环境管理包括解决美国的环境问题和促进环境管理。该领域的研究包括可选择性 的能源系统、环境
风险和经济影响评估、有害垃圾场分析和补救计划编制、电冶金处理准备失去效能的核 燃料进行处理，
以及排除污染和使老化核反应堆退役的新技术。阿贡在开发管理和解决美国环境问题、促 进环境服务新
方法中处于前沿。
5、国家安全
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
7

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication sistanceo constantly perfect ERPand BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees
application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of sko strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control
system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve ng to law, standardize and performance management, to ensure that potential employees ngthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening ship construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the
近年来，国家安全对美国和阿贡研究的 重要性提高。数年来，阿贡为此目的所开发的能力正帮助美
国抗击恐怖主义的威胁。这些能力包括核燃料 循环、生物学、化学、系统分析和系统建模方面的专门技
术。该项研究正在帮助开发探测化学、生物和放 射性威胁以及识别它们来源的高灵敏度仪器和技术。其
他研究正帮助探测和阻止武器的可能扩散或实际攻 击。
为使阿贡受公众资助的研究让工业界受益，帮助加强美国的技术基础，阿贡也将工业技术开发作为
一项重要的工作。
阿贡教育计划部为从主要的国家大学到地区初中的全体教员和学生提供广泛 的教育机会。阿贡参加
教育计划的人比任何其他能源部的国家实验室的人都多，每年培训1000名研究 生和博士后研究人员的
工作已经作为他们正常研究与开发活动的一部分，以帮助公众了解科学，提高美国 人的科学、工程和数
学水平的责任。
阿贡国家实验室的领导
阿贡国家实验室所长Robert Rosner、副所长Don Joyce、负责业务的首席官员Adam Cohen、负责应
用科学和技术的副所长Alan A. Foley、负责科学用户设施副所长J. Murray Gibson、负责物理、生物和
计算科学代理副所长Rick Stevens。



卢瑟福·阿普尔顿实验室

世界著名的卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室(Rutherford Appleton Laborator y，简称RAL)是一个多学科、综
合性的大型国家实验室。RAL位于英国的牛津郡，靠近迪德考特， 航空、铁路和道路网发达，交通便
利。RAL现有雇员1200人，支持来自大学、研究界10000名 科学家和工程师们的工作。其主要设施用
来从事新材料和结构的研究，如从电池电解质到涡轮叶片、X射 线激光器、基于空间的天体物理以及粒
子物理和许多其他课题。
卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室的历 史可追述到1921年。1921年，英国在斯劳(Slough)建立了无线电研
究站(Radio Research Station)，后来改称阿普尔顿实验室(Appleton Laboratory)。
1957年，卢瑟福高能实验室(Rutherford High Energy Laboratory，简称RHEL)作为国家核科学研究
所(National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science，简称NIRNS)的设施在牛津郡切里顿(Chilton)建成。
1964年，在卢瑟福高能实验室所在地切里顿成立了Atlas计算实验室(Atlas Computing Laboratory)。
1965年英国成立了科学研究理事会(Science Research Council，简称S RC，后来成为SERC)，卢瑟
福高能实验室和阿普尔顿实验室(以及皇家格林威治和爱丁堡观测站) 都作为成员之一，当时开始在汉普
郡(Hampshire)开始建造奇尔波顿天文台(Chilbol ton Observatory)，并作为阿普尔顿实验室一部分的。奇
尔波顿天文台仅用两年就完成 了拥有25米雷达天线的标志性工程，于1967年正式开放。
1975年，卢瑟福高能实验室与改名为Atlas中心的Atlas计算实验室合并。
1 979年，卢瑟福高能实验室与阿普尔顿实验室合并，成为卢瑟福.阿普尔顿实验室(Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, 简称RAL)。1985年10月世界上亮度最高的散裂中子源ISIS 在RAL正式落成。
1994年，卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室又与1962年建在柴郡的达斯伯里实验室(Daresbury Laboratory，
简称DL)合并，由工程和物理科学研究委员会照管。达斯伯里实验室拥有同步 辐射加速器SRS。
1993年，英国发表了科技政策白皮书“实现我们的潜力”，这是英国20 年来第一个国家科技战略
报告，英国的科技决策从此有了重大改变，变自主研发战略为吸收扩散战略，1 995年正式进入政策性
操作，英国科学研究理事会重建,成立了新的研究理事会——研究委员会中心实 验室理事会
CCLRC(Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils)，它通过提供前沿的技术、大规模的
研究设备及 大量的多学科的专门知识和技能，满足其各研究委员会的需求，支持世界水平的科学和技术。
CCLRC 的主要设备分布在三处：卢瑟福.阿普尔顿实验室(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)；达斯伯里同
步加速器装置(Daresbury Laboratory)；汉普郡的奇尔波顿天文台(Chilbolton Observatory)。 < br>八十多年来，卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室由多个实验室陆续合并，成为核物理、同步辐射光源、散裂
中子源、空间科学、粒子天体物理、信息技术、大功率激光、多学科应用研究的中心，直至成为中心实
验 室理事会CCLRC的成员之一，有力地说明了大型科学研究中心的形成是科学发展的必然。


f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more

spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy
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