2019放假安排时间表-护理工作计划

第11课 易货贸易仍在使用
The Comeback of International Barter
国际易货贸易的回潮
一、（Excerpts）（摘录）
It is a primitive, inefficient and expensive way of doing business—but the massive
debts of developing and the world’s oversupply of goods make it inescapable.
它是一种原始、低效且昂贵的贸易方式，但发展中国家的巨额债务和全球过 剩的
供给，使它不可避免地存在着。
In 1983 the Saudi Arabian government decided to purchase ten Boeing 747-300s
powered by 40 Rolls-Royce jet engines. But faced with declining revenues due to a
worldwide surplus of oil, it was reluctant to pay $$1 billion in cash. Instead, it offered
crude oil. Neither the American aircraft manufacturer nor the British engine-maker
wanted all that oil. But opportunities for such a big sale are rare. So the companies
have arranged for an international financial institution to sell the Saudi crude on
world markets. Boeing and Rolls-Royce will be paid in cash from the proceeds, and
Saudi Arabia will get its aircraft without dipping into its currency reserves.
1983 年，沙特阿拉伯政府决定购买 10 架波音 747-300 飞机，并且由 40 架罗
尔斯——罗伊斯公司的引擎提供动力。但是面对全球石油过剩造成的收入下降 ，
沙特政府不愿意支付 10 亿美元的现金。取而代之，沙特提出要用原油来支付。
美国飞机 制造商和英国引擎制造商都不想收下全部的原油。然而，像这样大笔买
卖的机会是少有的。于是他们安排 了一家国际金融机构在世界市场上销售沙特的
原油。波音和罗尔斯公司将从售油收人中获取现金，而沙特 也将得到飞机而不至
动用自己的货币储备。
To secure sales of its F-5 jet fighter to the Swiss government, the Northrop
Corporation of the United States agreed to help the Swiss expand export markets for
$$200 million worth of goods. Northrop located a purchaser for Swiss elevators in
Egypt, and steered the Swiss to a cement plant construction project in Indonesia. Over
five years some 200 Swiss companies benefited from Northrop’s assistance.
为了把自己的F-5喷气式战斗机卖给瑞士政府，美国诺思罗普公司同意帮助 瑞士
扩展价值2亿美元的出口市场。他们在埃及为瑞士电梯找到了一个买主，又在印
度尼西亚指 导瑞士从事一个水泥厂的建设。5年间，大约有200家瑞士公司受益
于诺思罗普公司的援助。
In a hot contest the United States’ General Electric Trading Co. won a contract for a
$$ 150 million turbine project in Romania—largely because in agreed to receive and
market Romanian products of equivalent value. General Electric was able to use
some Romanian steel products, and developed marketing programs to sell additional
materials to the Middle and Far East.
在一场激烈的竞争中，美国通用电器贸易公司赢得了罗马尼亚的一项价值1亿5
千 万美元的涡轮机工程合同——主要因为通用同意接受并销售罗马尼亚等价值
的产品。通用电器公司可以使 用一些罗马尼亚的钢铁制品，并且开发一些营销计
划把多余的材料销往中东和远东。
Economists at the U.S. Department of Commerce estimate that up to 20 per cent of

trade between nations is now subject to some form of countertrade—an outgrowth
of the ancient practice of barter.
美国商业部的经 济学家估计，目前高达20％的国家间贸易要遭遇某种形式的对
等贸易——古代以货易货的一种发展。
Barter endured for thousands of years as the primary means of trade. Colonial
powers forced bilateral barter upon their client states, making the colonies take
expensive manufactured goods in return for bargain-price raw materials, and
prohibiting them from trading with other nations. International trade was supposed to
be freed from bartering’s constraints in July 1944, when diplomats and economists
attending the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton
Woods, New Hampshire, hammered out agreements that led to the creation of the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and regulation of the worldwide currency
exchange system.
Kantor周一对欧洲政府采购案迅速做出回应，这显示了信任政府的耐心可能会小
于前任政府。
Commerce among nations a modern era; the constrained trading between imperial
powers and their colonies began to break markets opened to all
countries, and multilateral trade lly a country could sell its goods in
the best market it could find, and buy what is needed from the least expensive
er, since currencies were convertible, most transactions could be
completed with was as antiquated as the so it seemed.
从此，国家间贸易进入了现代 时期；帝国主义列强和其殖民地国家间的强制性贸
易开始瓦解崩溃。世界市场向所有国家开放，多边贸易 繁荣兴旺起来。通常一个
国家可以把自己的商品出售给能够找到的最好的市场，并且从最便宜的供应商处
购进自己需要的东西。此外，因为货币可以兑换，大多数的交易可以用现金完成。
易货贸易变得 像骑兵一样古老。或许，好象如此。
During the past few years, however, the international monetary system has begun to
strain under a variety of economic important cause is the enormous
burden of debt carried by Third World countries, today estimated at $$ 800 billion.“The
plain fact is that many countries are broken,” say David Yoffie, assistant professor at
Harvard University’s Graduate School of Business Administration.
然而，在过去的几年里， 国际货币制度开始在各种经济变革中承受巨大压力。一
个重要原因是第三世界国家承担的巨额债务，据估 计目前有8千亿美元。哈佛大
学工商管理研究生院的副教授大卫·约非说：“显而易见，许多国家都要破 产了。”
Nations with serious debt problems, such as Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, have been
compelled to devote almost all their export earnings to debt service, leaving
themselves with virtually no surplus to pay for barter, however, debtor
nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings
from creditors.
像墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷这样有严重负债问题的国家都已被 迫把自己几乎所有的
出口收入用来支付欠款利息，实际上没有给自己留下剩余资金支付进口物品。然而，通过易货贸易，负债国可以继续进口货物，同时把自己的出口所得隐藏起来，
不让债权国知道。
But countertrade is not the exclusive province of debtor Yoffie, “Even

countries with strong foreign exchange positions, such as Australia, Canada and
Indonesia, are insisting on countertrade in certain g imports and exports
is a way to exert power over multinational ies that lack
expertise in international marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the
networks of global firms.”
但是，对等贸易并不是债务国所独 有的。约非说：“即使像澳大利亚、加拿大和
印度尼西亚这样外汇地位强健的国家也坚持在某些领域从事 对等贸易。把进口和
出口联系起来是一种对跨国公司施加权力的途径。缺乏国际营销专业知识的国家试图用对等贸易作为杠杆来推动跨国公司的内部市场网络。”
Nations also use countertrade as a camouflaged means of subsidizing
instance, if a Middle Eastern country wanted to increase its oil exports, says Yoffie, it
could simply lower its a move would, however, weaken the if a
country sells its oil at the OPEC list price, and in an interconnected deal quietly
arranges to pay a premium for imported goods, both parties in the transaction
benefit—at the expense, of course, of other oil to a quarter of all
OPEC oil transactions today have some kind of countertrade provisions attached.
有些国家还把对等贸易当成补充出口的一种伪装手段。约非说，例如，如果一个< br>中东国家想增加其石油出口，它可以简单地降低油价。然而，这一举动会削弱卡
特尔联合企业。但 是如果一个国家按欧佩克的挂牌价销售石油，同时在一笔相关
交易中，悄悄安排加价购买进口产品，结果 交易双方都会从中获益－—当然，是
以牺牲其他石油出产国的利益为代价。现在欧佩克的石油交易中有四 分之一都带
有某种对等贸易的条款。
Barter in its traditional form—the direct exchange of goods of equivalent value—is
relatively modern variants:
传统形式的易货贸易—同等价值商品的直接交换，相对罕见。其现代变体有：
Counter purchase usually involves a supplier selling goods or services and in
return ordering unrelated products, which essentially offsets the buyer’s
example, when McDonnell Douglas sold civilian aircraft to Yugoslavia in the 1960s,
it agreed to purchase goods from that country—including hams that were then served
in the company’s cafeteria—and to market Yugoslavizn products in the United
firm also encouraged its employees to vacation it Yugoslavia; the tourist
dollars spent served to offset the company’s countertrade obligations.
回购通常指供应商销售货物或服务的同时订购不相关产品作为回报，这样基 本上
抵消了买方的成本。比如，60年代，麦道公司出售民用飞机给南斯拉夫的时候，
同意从南 购买货物—包括当时供应给自家餐厅的火腿。同时，还同意在美国销售
南斯拉夫产品。麦道还鼓励其员工 到南度假；旅游者花费的美元用来抵消该公司
对等贸易的债务。
Compensation Agreements are often undertaken to win contracts for the
construction of manufacturing Levi Strauss sold a blue jeans factory to
Hungary, the American company agreed to market approximately 500,000 jeans per
year in East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia.
补偿贸易协定是指为了 赢得建设工厂的合同所签订的协议。美国利瓦伊一斯特劳
斯公司把一个牛仔裤厂卖给匈牙利时，他同意每 年在东德、波兰和捷克斯洛伐克
销售大约该厂的50万条牛仔裤。

Clearing Agreements tend to be bilateral pacts between governments, an
exchange of products to meet an agreed-upon value of volumes of
Western goods reach Russia through a clearing arrangement between the Soviet
Union and e India needs to export more to the Soviet Union to balance
its imports, it has opened the door for some western firms that otherwise might not be
able to sell to the U.S.S.R.
清算协定往往是政府间签订的双边条约，是一种为了达到商定的贸易额所做的产品交换。通过前苏联和印度间的清算协议，大量的西方货品流入苏俄。因为印度
需要向前苏联增加出 口来平衡进口，所以它向一些西方公司敞开大门，这些公司
否则不太可能销售其产品到前苏联。
Britain’s Rank Xerox, for example, found it difficult to sell photocopiers to the Soviet
Union because Moscow was unwilling to part with hard by opening a
joint venture copier assembly plant in India, which sends the copiers to the
h the clearing agreement, Rank Xerox has reached its market.
例如，英国的兰克施乐公司发现他们很难向前苏联 出售复印机，因为莫斯科不愿
意花掉硬通货。但是通过在印度建立合资的复印机装配厂，根据英印间的清 算协
定，就可以把复印机卖给前苏联，这样，兰克施乐公司到达了它的市场。
ment officials worry that the explosive growth in countertrade will weaken
the world trading concealing the real prices and costs of transactions, says
one representative, the various forms of barter may conceal and help
perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the marketplace.
美国政府官员担心，对等贸易的爆炸性增长会削弱世界贸易体系。美国的贸 易代
表说，通过隐瞒交易的实际价格和成本，各式各样的易货贸易可能会掩盖市场中
的经济低效 并助其长期存在。
Barter can also be risky business.“Many companies,” says David Yoffie, “suffer
losses because they’re stuck with products of poor quality of with the wrong
specifications.”
易货贸易还可能是有风险的生意。大卫·约非说，“许多 公司因为换到手中的产品
质量差或规格不对而陷入困境，遭受损失。”
The structuring of countertrading deals is often 1982 Chrysler
out to sell trucks to credit-starved pull the deal off, the two sides
arranged for the American and Canadian mining companies that dig Jamaica’s bauxite
and refine it into alumina to hand over about 50,000 tons of the refined product to the
Jamaican government’s Bauxite & Alumina Trading Co.
对等贸易的结构通常错综复杂。19 82年，克莱斯勒公司打算向出现信用危机的
牙买加销售卡车。为了做成生意，双方安排美国和加拿大的 矿业公司开采并冶炼
牙买加的铝土，然后把5万吨左右的精炼后的矾土交给牙买加政府的铝矾土贸易公司。
The trading company exported the alumina to Metallgesellschaft AG, a German
metals gesellschaft AG then sold the alumina to a refiner, which
converted it into money the metal company got for the alumina went
to Chrysler’s bankers, the European American bank paid part of the money
to Jamaica’s Bauxite & Alumina Trading Co.
该贸易公司又将矾土出口给一个德国金属公司，Metallgesellschaft AG。

Metallgesellschaft AG然后又把该矾土卖给一个炼制业者，由他把矾土炼制成铝。
金属公司出售矾土所得收人划到克莱斯勒 的往来银行账户上，即欧美银行。这家
银行付一部分钱给牙买加的铝矾土贸易公司。
The balance financed a letter of credit made out to Chrysler, which subsequently
shipped trucks to r government firm on the island took title, and sold
the vehicles to a local Chrysler mining companies got paid for their
alumina and the Jamaican public finally got an opportunity to buy American trucks, to
which they might not have otherwise had access.
余额部分用来给克莱斯勒公司开了一张信用证，随后把 卡车运到了牙买加。岛上
的另一家政府公司获得这些卡车的所有权，并把它们卖给克莱斯勒当地的经销< br>商。这样，矿业公司最后售出矾土并得到报酬，牙买加的人民也终于有了机会购
买原本可能无法得 到的美国卡车。
International trade by barter is, in fact, an inefficient and expensive means of doing
business compared to trading with es David Yoffie, “To cover the
additional costs it incurs in handling goods it is forced to take in countertrade, a
multinational company simply boosts the price of the goods it sells.” Yoffie sees
countertrade as a form of protectionism.“It can help one group and hurt another,” he
says.
与货币贸易相比，通过以货易货进行国际贸易实际上 是一种低效且昂贵的贸易方
式。《大卫·约非观察》评论说，“为了支付对等贸易中由不可避免的装运造 成的
额外成本，跨国公司干脆提高产品的价格。”约非把对等贸易看成是贸易保护主
义的一种形 式。
On the other hand, Daniel Cecchin, director of Countertrade Services for Bank
America World Trade Corp., asserts that the rise of countertrade provides practical
solutions to the debt problems of the international monetary system.
相反，美洲银行世界贸易公司对等贸易事物部主任丹尼尔·切奇坚持，对等贸易
的兴起为解决国际货币制度中的债务问题提供了实际的解决办法。
--From Reader’s , 1985
——选自1985年8月《读者文摘》
二、Words and Expressions
barter n.易货贸易
primitive a.原始的
Saudi Arabian 沙特阿拉伯
crude (oil) a.原油
proceed n.收入
dip (into) v.动用（款项等）
secure v.弄到；得到
locate v.找到
steer v.指导；指点
contest n.竞赛（尤指竞技者各自献技由裁判择优的）
turbine n.涡轮机
equivalent a.相等的
the ment of commer 美国商务部

countertrade n.对等贸易；反向贸易
outgrowth n.分支；副产品
endure v.持续
primary a.首要；主要
client state 附属国
bargain n.低廉bargain- price（用作定语）
prohibit v.禁止
prohibit doing sth. 禁止某人做某事
constraint n.约束；限制
Bretton Woods 布雷顿森林（美国一地名）
New Hampshire （美国）新罕布什尔州
hammer (out) v.设计出
constrained a.强制的；被约束的
break down 崩溃
convertible a.可兑换的
antiquated n.陈旧的；过时的
horse-soldier 骑马
train v.承受巨大的压力
plain a.简单的
broke a.（俚语）[作表语用]破产的
debt service 利息付款(=interest payment)
virtually ad.实际上
debtor n.债务人
creditor n.债权人
province n.（活动）范围
exert n.专门知识
leverage n.杠杆机构
tap v.着手利用
camouflaged a.伪装的
subsidize v.补贴
cartel n.卡特尔；联合企业
premium n.加价
provision(s) n.条款
variant n.变体；变形
essentially ad.基本上
cafeteria n.自助食堂
undertake v.接受；同意
jeans n.牛仔服装
clearing n.清算
tend (to) v.易于；往往会
pact n.条约
part (with) v.花掉
perpetuate v.使长存；保持
stuck (with) 缠住；陷入困境（stick的过去分词）

Byzantine a.错综复杂的
set out 打算
Jamaica n.牙买加
pull v.努力实现
bauxite n.铝土
alumina n.矾土（氧化铝）
aluminum n.铝
finance v.供资金给
title n.所有权
take title 取得所有权
distributor n.经销商
access n.机会
cover v.支付
incur v.招致
assert v.断言
三、重点词语解释
ds: earnings
d: introduced
tible: exchangeable
ated: old- fashioned
: choose
laged: disguised
uate: make everlasting
: opportunity
四、英汉互译短语
1、barter: 易货贸易
tible: 可兑换货币
service: 偿还贷款
rtrade: 对等贸易
rpruchase: 反向购买
nations: 债务国
or nations: 债权国
1.国际金融机构：the international financial institution
2.货币储存：currency reserves
3.国际货币基金：the International Monetary Fund
4.货币交换：currency exchange
5.多边贸易：multilateral trade
6.清算协定：Clearing Agreements
7.补偿协定：Compensation Agreements
五、重点语句
and Rolls-Royce will be paid in cash from the proceeds …

secure sales of its F-5 jet fighter to the Swiss government, …
op located a purchaser for Swiss elevators in Egypt and steered the Swiss to
a cement plant construction project in Indonesia.
five years some 200 Swiss companies benefited from Northrop’s assistance.
5.a hot contest
an products of equivalent value
7.… up to 20 per cent of trade between nations is now subject to some form of
countertrade …
primary means of trade
n-price raw materials
10.… multilateral trade flourished.
11.… currencies were convertible.
12.… many countries are broke …
service
nations
ors
ise in international marketing
tap the networks of global firms
OPEC list price
the expense, of course, of other oil producers
rpurchase usually involves a supplier selling goods or services and in return
ordering unrelated products, which essentially offsets the buyer’s costs.
e India needs to export more to the Soviet Union to balance its imports, …
the wrong specifications
balance financed a letter of credit made out to Chryslcr, …
r government firm on the island took title …
六、课文重点难点段落翻译
ists at the ment of Commerce estimate that up to 20 percent of
trade between nations is now subject to some form of countertrade—an outgrowth of
the ancient practice of barter.
美国商务部的经济学家们估计，现在高达20%的国际贸易 属于某种形式的反向贸
易——古代易货贸易的副产品。
ce among nations entered a modern era; the constrained trading between
imperial powers and their colonies began to break markets opened to all
countries, and multilateral trade lly a country could sell its goods in
the best market it could find, and buy what is needed from the least expensive supplier,
Moreover, since currencies were convertible, most transactions could be completed
with was as antiquated as the horse——soldier, or so it seemed.
国际商业进入了一个 现代化时代；帝国主义列强和殖民地之间的强制贸易开始崩
溃。世界市场对所有国家开放，而且多边贸易 得到繁荣发展。一般地说，一个国
家可以在它所能找到的最好的市场销售自己的产品，并且从最便宜的供 货者那里
购买自己所需要的东西。况且，因为货币是可以转换的，大多数交易可以用现金
完成。 易货贸易像骑兵一样过时了，或者说似乎过时了。

the past few years, however, the international monetary system has begun to
strain under a variety of economic changes, one important cause is the enormous
burden of debt carried by Third world countries, today estimated at $$ 800 billion.
然而，在过去的几年里，国际货币系统开 始承受各种经济变化带来的压力。一个
最重要的原因是第三世界国家所背负的巨大债务负担，目前估计约 8000亿美元。
ment officials worry that the explosive growth in countertrade will
weaken the world trading concealing the real prices and cost of transaction,
says one representative, the various forms of barter may conceal and help
perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the marketplace.
美国政府官员们担心，反向贸易的猛增会削弱世界贸易体系。以为美国贸易 代表
说，通过隐瞒真实价格和交易成本，各种各样的易货贸易可能会掩盖市场上的经
济低效并使 其长期存在。
5.“To cover the additional costs it incurs in handling goods it is forced to take in
countertrade, a multinational company simply boosts the price of the goods it sells.”
Yoffie sees countertrade as a form of protectionism.“It can help one group and hurt
another.” He says.
“为了支付处理反向贸易所被迫接受的货物所花费的 额外费用，跨国公司只能提
高所售商品价格。”约菲把反向贸易看作是保护主义的一种形式。“它可以帮 助一
个群体，而损害另一个群体。”他说。
鱼知

水恩，乃幸福之源也。鱼离不开水，人离不开亲人和朋友，当你处 于逆境和灾难时，帮助你一臂之力，渡过难关的人，都是你的亲人和朋友。吃水不忘挖井人，度过苦难，不能忘记 援助过你
的人。知恩图报，善莫大焉。
一个人要想获得幸福，必须懂得感恩。生活需要一颗感恩的心来创造， 一颗感恩的心需要生活来滋养。
一饭之恩，当永世不忘。顺境里给你帮助的人，不能全部称作朋友，但是能够在你逆境时依然愿意援 助你，走出困境的人，一定是你要用一生去感谢和珍惜的人。
唐代李商隐的《晚晴》里有这样一句 诗：天意怜幽草，人间重晚晴。久遭雨潦之苦的幽草，忽遇晚晴，得以沾沐余辉而平添生意。
当一 个人闯过难关的时候，一定要记住那些支撑你，陪你一起走过厄运的朋友和亲人，这个世界谁也不亏欠谁，帮你是 情分，不帮你是本分。如古人所说：淡看世事去如烟，铭记恩情存
如血。
学会感恩父母养育之恩，学会感恩朋友的帮助之情，生活里做一个有情有义的人。
你要知道，父母 ，永远是你最亲近的人，是最爱你的人，不管他们的方法怎么错误？可是爱你的心，都是一样的。千万不要因为自 己一时的私心，而忘记感恩。
我们常常希望别人都对自己有情有义，可是想得到别人你真情，首先 你必须先付出真情。你帮助别人，不要记在心里，别人帮助你，你要懂得感恩和感动，而不是当做理所当然。
你要知道别人帮你是情分，不帮你是本分。侍父母，要孝顺，对朋友，要真诚。不管你生活的精彩或 者混沌，孝顺父母，颐养天年。
一父养十子，十子养一父。在这个美好的时代，中华很多的美德都 在逐渐消失，做子孝为天，但是总有一些人，自己活在天堂，硬生生的把父母扔进地狱。
鱼知水恩， 乃幸福之源也。鱼离不开水，人离不开亲人和朋友，当你处于逆境和灾难时，帮助你一臂之力，渡过难关的人，都 是你的亲人和朋友。吃水不忘挖井人，度过苦难，不能忘记援
助过你的人。知恩图报，善莫大焉。
一个人要想获得幸福，必须懂得感恩。生活需要一颗感恩的心来创造， 一颗感恩的心需要生活来滋养。
一饭之恩，当永世不忘。顺境里给你帮助的人，不能全部称作朋友 ，但是能够在你逆境时依然愿意援助你，走出困境的人，一定是你要用一生去感谢和珍惜的人。
唐 代李商隐的《晚晴》里有这样一句诗：天意怜幽草，人间重晚晴。久遭雨潦之苦的幽草，忽遇晚晴，得以沾沐余辉 而平添生意。
当一个人闯过难关的时候，一定要记住那些支撑你，陪你一起走过厄运的朋友和亲人 ，这个世界谁也不亏欠谁，帮你是情分，不帮你是本分。如古人所说：淡看世事去如烟，铭记恩情存
如血 。
学会感恩父母养育之恩，学会感恩朋友的帮助之情，生活里做一个有情有义的人。
你要知道，父母，永远是你最亲近的人，是最爱你的人，不管他们的方法怎么错误？可是爱你的心，都是一样的。 千万不要因为自己一时的私心，而忘记感恩。
我们常常希望别人都对自己有情有义，可是想得到别 人你真情，首先你必须先付出真情。你帮助别人，不要记在心里，别人帮助你，你要懂得感恩和感动，而不是当做 理所当然。
你要知道别人帮你是情分，不帮你是本分。侍父母，要孝顺，对朋友，要真诚。不管你 生活的精彩或者混沌，孝顺父母，颐养天年。
一父养十子，十子养一父。在这个美好的时代，中华 很多的美德都在逐渐消失，做子孝为天，但是总有一些人，自己活在天堂，硬生生的把父母扔进地狱。