英美文学名词解释 2
天津市人力资源和社会保障-心得体会题目
01. Humanism(人文主义)
Humanism is the
essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the
dignity of human
beings and the importance of
the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs
that man
was the center of the universe and
man did not only have the right to enjoy the
beauty
of the present life, but had the
ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)
The word
“Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the
reintroduction into westerm
Europe of the full
cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence
of the
Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and
feelings which had been characteristic of the
14th and 15th centuries persisted well down
into the era of Humanism and
reformation.3>
the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is
the Elizabethan
drama with william shakespeare
being the leading dramatist.
03.
Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)
Metaphysical
poetry is commonly used to name the work of the
17th century writers
who wrote under the
influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious
spirit, the
Metaphysical poets tried to break
away from the conventional fashion of the
Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is
simple as compared with that of the
Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and
echoes the words and cadences of
common
speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.
Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）
It is the
name given to a diverse group of 17th century
english poets whose work is
notable for its
ingenious use of intellectual and theological
concepts in surprising
conceits, strange
paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading
Metaphysical poets
was John Donne, whose
colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and
tone
distinguishes his style from the
conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.
04. Classcism(古典主义)
Classcism refers to a
movement or tendency in art, literature, or music
that reflects the
principles manifested in the
art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism
emphasizes
the traditional and the universal,
and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and
order. Classicism, with its concern for reason
and universal themes, is traditionally
opposed
to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions
and personal themes.
05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)
Enlightenment movement was a progressive
philosophical and artistic movement
which
flourished in france and swept through western
Europe in the 18th century.2>
the movement was
a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century
to the
mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to
enlighten the whole world with the light of
modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it
celebrated reason or rationality, equality
and
science. It advocated universal education.5>famous
among the great enlighteners
in england were
those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan
.
ssicism(新古典主义)
In the field of
literature, the enlightenment movement brought
about a revival of
interest in the old
classical works.2>this tendency is known as
neoclassicism. The
Neoclassicists held that
forms of literature were to be modeled after the
classical
works of the ancient Greek and Roman
writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of
the contemporary French ones.3> they believed
that the artistic ideals should be order,
logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and
that literature should be judged in terms
of
its service to humanity.
07. The Graveyard
School(墓地派诗歌)
The Graveyard School refers to a
school of poets of the 18th century whose poems
are
mostly devoted to a sentimental
lamentation or meditation on life. Past and
present,
with death and graveyard as
themes.2>thomas Gray is considered to be the
leading
figure of this school and his Elegy
written in a country churchyard is its most
representative work.
08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)
1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary
movement called romanticism came to
Europe and
then to England. 2>It was characterized by a
strong protest against the
bondage of
neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and
elegant wit.
Instead ,romanticism gave primary
concern to passion, emtion, and natural beauty.
3>In the histiry of literature. Romanticism is
generally regarded as the thought that
designates a literary and philosophical theory
which tends to see the individual as the
very
center of all life and experience. 4> The English
romantic period is an age of
poetry. Which
prevailed in england from 1798 to 1837. the major
romantic poets
include wordsworth, Byron,
shelley.
09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)
Bronic
hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of
noble origin.2> with
immense superiority in
his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would
carry on his
shoulders the burden of righting
all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would
rise
single-handedly against any kind of
tyrannical rules either in government, in
religion,
or in moral principles with
unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3>
Byron’s
chief contribution to english
literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”
10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)
Critical
Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction
in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.2>
It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals
in the period between
1875 and 1920 to apply
the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism
of society and
the examination of social
issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about
the fate
of the common people and described
what was faithful to reality.4> charles Dickens is
the most important critical realist.
11.
Aestheticism（美学主义）
The basic theory of the
Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set
forth by a
French poet,Theophile first
englishman who wrote about the theory of
aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism
places art above life, and holds that life
should imitate art, not art imitate life. 3>
According to the aesthetes, all artistic
creation is absolutely subjective as opposed
to objective. Art should be free from any
influence of egoism. Only when art is for
art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed
that art should be unconcerned with
controversial issues, such as politics and
morality,
and that it should be restricted to
contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4>
This is one of the reactions against the
materialism and commercialism of the
Victorian
industrial era, as well as a reaction against the
victorian convention of art
for morality’s
sake, or art for money’s sake.
美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺
术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国
运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇
尚艺术高于生活,认为生活
应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝
对主
观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺
术才能成
为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问
题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张
扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的
一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚
传统的挑战.
victorian period(维多利亚)
In this
period, the novel became the most widely read and
the most vital and
challenging expression of
progressive thought. While sticking to the
principle of
faithful representation of the
18th century realist novel, novelists in this
period carried
their duty forward to criticism
of the society and the defense of the mass.2>
although
writing from different points of view
andwith different techniques, they shared one
thing in common, that is, they were all
concerned about the fate of the common
people.
They were angry with the inhuman social
institutions, the decaying social
morality as
represented by the money-worship and
Utilitarianism, and the widespread
misery,
poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of
people’s life and bitter and
strong criticism
of the society had done much in awakening the
public consciousness
to the social problems
and in the actual improvement of the society.4>
Charles
Dickens is the leading figure of the
Victorian period.
13. Modernism(现代主义)
Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for
a movement , which begin in the
late 19th
century and which has had a wide influence
internationally during much of
the 20th
century.2> modernism takes the irrational
philosophy and the theory of
psycho-analysis
as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to
all the creative arts.
Especially poetry,
fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4>
in england from
early in the 20th century and
during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from
shortly
before the first world war and on
during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies
were at their most active and fruitful.5>as
far as literature is concerned, Modernism
reveals a breaking away from established
rules, traditions and ways
of looking at
man’s position and function in the universe and
many experiments in
form and is particularly
concerned with language and how to use it and with
writing itself.
14. Stream of
consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)
In
literary criticism, Stream of consciousness
denotes a literary technique which seeks
to
describe an individual’s point of view by giving
the written equivalent of the
character’s
thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing
is strongly associated
with the modernist
movement. Its introduction in the literary
context, transferred from
psychology, is
attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of
consciousness writing is usually
regarded as a special form of interior
monologue and is characterized by associative
leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make
the prose difficult to follow,tracing as
they
do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory
writers to
employ this technique in the
english language include James Joyce and William
Faulkner.
学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文
学写
作技巧。意识流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅.辛克
拉提出的，
后引进文学领域。意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白.
它的特别是联想性,以句法和标点
的跳跃,文章的晦涩难懂为特征.来表现人物的
片断思维和感官性直觉.比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊
斯.福克纳.
04. epic(史诗)
Epic, in poetry,
refers to a long work dealing with the actions of
goods and
heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely
entertaining stories of legendary or or historical
heroes; they summarize and express the nature
or ideals of an entire nation at a
significant
or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the
greatest national Epic of
the Anglo-saxons.
10. Essay(随笔)
The term refers
to literary composition devoted to the
presentation of the
writer’s own ideas on a
topic and generally addressing a particular aspect
of the
subject. Often brief in scope and
informal in style, the essay differs from such
fomal
forms as the thesis, dissertation or
treatise.
14. Morality plays(道德剧)
A kind
of medi and early Renaissance drama that presents
the conflict between the
good and evil through
allegorical characters. The characters tend to be
personified
abstractions of vices and virtues,
which can be named as Mercy. Conscience,etc.
unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality
play does not necessarily use Biblical or
strictly religious material because it takes
place internally and psychologically in
every
human being.
(十四行诗)
It is a lyric
poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and
characterized by its
presentation of a
dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative
form.2>it is one of
the most conventional and
influential forms of poetry in
Europe.3>shakespeare’s
sonnets are well-known.
17. Stanza(诗节)
Stanza is a group of
lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged
according to a
fixed plan.2>the staza is the
unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary
the unit
within a poem.
19. Tragedy(悲剧)
In general, a literary work in which the
protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous
end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the
actions of a central character who is usually
dignified or heroic.
t(奇特比喻)
Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a
literary conceit occurs when the speaker
compares two highly dissimilar
things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John
Donne’s poetry.
ive Poem(叙述诗)
Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a
story in verse,2>three traditional types of
narrative poems include ballads, epics,
metrical romances. 3>it may consist of a series
of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.
39. The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句)
The Heroic
Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once
common in english poetry, in
other words, it
means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.
41. Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)
Sentimentalism
is a pejorative term to describe false or
superficial emotion, assumed
feeling, self-
regarding postures of grief and pain,2> in
literature it denotes overmuch
use of pathetic
effects and attempts to arouse feeling by
“pathetic” indulgence.
47. Lyric(抒情诗)
Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet
expresses an emotion or illustrates some life
principle.2>Lyric often concerns love. 3>the
elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the
lyric.
Rima(三行诗)
Rerza Rima is an
Italian verse that consists of a series three-line
stanzas in which the
middle line of each
stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of
the following stanza
with the rhyming scheme a
b a, b c b , c d c, d e d…. 2>shelly’s Ode to the
west wind
is a case in point.
58. Dramatic
monologue（戏剧独白）
Dramatic monologue is a kind
of poem in which a single fictional or historical
character other than the poet speaks to a
silent “audience” of one or more persons.
Such
poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the
mind of the impersonated
character, whose
personality is revealed while the implied presence
of an auditor
distinguishes it from a
soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic to
avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to
these simply as monologues or as
monodramas.2>Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess
is a case in point.
62. plot(情节)
Plot
refers to the structure of a story,2> the plot of
a literary work includes the rising
action,
the climax, the falling action and the resolution.
It has a protagonist who is
opposed by an
antagonist ,creating what is called conflict.
66. Narration
It is a synonym for story-
telling. 2> in fiction, narrative passages are to
be
distinguished from descriptions and scenes,
in narrative passages the chronology is
condensed so that relatively few words will
encompass the events of an extended
period of
time. Most writers use narrative passages to fill
in the links between events.
There were two
types of narration, first-person narration and
third-person narration.
69.
Symbolism(象征主义)
Symbolism works under the
surface to tie the story’s external action to the
theme. It
was often produced through allegory,
giving the literal event and its allegorical
counterpart a one-to-one correspondence.
79. Rhyme(押韵)
Rhyme is the repetiton of
sounds at the ends of words. End rhyme occurs when
rhyming words appear at the ends of al rhyme
occurs when rhyming words
fall within a line.
80. Iambic pentameter(五音步诗)
Iambic
pentameter is the most common english meter, in
which each foot contains an
unaccented
syllable and an accented syllable.
82.
Shakespearean sonnet(莎士比亚十四行诗)
Shakespearean
sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a
couplet( rhyming abab cdcd
efef gg).
84.
Alliteration and assonance(头韵和半韵)
Alliteration
and assonance are said to rhyme only today when
the sound of the final
accented syllable of
one word( paced usually at the end of a line of
verse) agrees with
the final accented syllable
of another word so place.
59. Metaphor(暗喻)
A figure of speech that makes a comparison
between two things that are basically
dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not
use a connective word such as like, as,
or
resembles in making the comparison.
95.
Spondee(扬扬格)
It consists of two stressed
syllables.
of a speech or a piece of writing
can be formal or intimate; outspoken or reticent;
abstruse or simple; solemn or playful; angry
or loving; serious or ironic.
102.
Triplet(三行联句)
The three-line stanza. Tercet:
aaa, bbb, ccc, and so on; terza rima: aba, bcb
cdc, and so
on.
103. Trochee(扬抑格)
the
reverse of the iambic foot.
104.
Villanelle(维拉内拉诗)
An intricate verse form of
French origin, consisting of several three-line
stanzas and a
concluding four-line stanza.
105. Wit(才智)
A brilliance and quickness of
perception combined with a cleverness of
expression. In
the 18th century, wit and
nature were related-nature provided the rules of
the universe;
wit allowed these rules to be
interpreted and expressed