上海市宝山区2018届高三英语上学期期末教学质量监测试题【精心整理】.doc
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上海市宝山区2018届高三英语上学期期末教学质量监测试题
II.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Why My Best Friend
Is a Book
Writing about beliefs is hard.
It makes you reach deep into your
soul and
truly look at what is there. It requires time and
effort, and
then hits you in the face and
someone in the background says “Oh, why
didn’t
you think of that before?” Beliefs change, they
mature and
grow just (21)__________a child.
The best beliefs are the ones that
(22)________( cherish) throughout a lifetime.
One belief I cherish
above all others is the
power and enjoyment of reading.
Reading
can be for fun and that learning is
(23)_________(easy)
when you’re having fun.
Being able to relate to the characters, imagine
the conflicts in your head,and feel the
characters’ sadness, as well
as their joy, is
the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to
live
another life for a short time, to be
another person, Reading lends the
soul and
mind a place (24)_________(escape). I would much
rather pick
up a good luck than watch a
television show.
Reading can teach us.
Whether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical
account, you learn when you read. It provides
grammar and
(25)_______(write) language
skills. Reading teaches us about emotion.
1
Reading gives you new words and expands
your vocabulary by forcing you
to challenge
yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the
emotions
of the characters. (26)________
________ _________ you read, I believe
you
will learn, mind and soul.
Reading can
bring people together. I cannot count the number
of
new friends and people that have entered my
life because of books. My
stepmother,
grandmother, and I all rad the same books.
(27)________
is better than being able to
share the tense moments, near misses, and
happy endings while (28)________ (drink) a
steaming cup of coffee
together with someone.
Reading allows you to lower your walls and let
people in to form genuine chains. Plus people
(29) ________read
impressive books are usually
pretty cool themselves!
Over the years
reading has been my companion. Always with a book
in my purse, I have never faced the world
without a best friend by my
side. Books
(30)________(help) me through difficult periods
and
applauded me in times of celebration.
Books always make me smile. That’
s the biggest
reason I believe in reading, because it will make
you
happy.
Section B
Directions: After reading the passage below,
fill in each blank with
a proper word given in
the box. Each word can be used only once. Note
2
that there is one more word than
you need.
D.
n
ce
K.
m
e
n
t
a
l
G.
e
l
y
potential E.
refres
hing
ctions
function al
The discovery
builds on earlier findings showed that a class of
genes called splicing (胶接) factors is
progressively switched off as
we age. The
research team found that splicing factors can be
switched
back on with chemicals, making aging
cells not only look ____31____
younger, but
start to divide like young cells.
The
researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a
____32____
naturally found in red wine, dark
chocolate, red grapes and blueberries,
to
cells in culture. The chemicals ____33____
splicing factors, which
are progressively
switched off as we age to be switched back on.
Within
3
hours, the cells looked
younger and started to rejuvenate,
behaving
like young cells.
The discovery has the
___34_____ to lead to therapies that could
help people age better, without experiencing
some of the degenerative
effects of getting
old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced
some kind of chronic illness, and as people
get older they are more
prone to stroke, heart
disease and cancer.
Professor Harries as
saying, “This is a first step in trying to make
people live
___35_____ lifetime, but
with health for their entire life. Our data
suggests that using chemicals to switch back
on the major class of genes
that are switched
off as we age might provide a means to ____36____
to old cells.”
Dr Eva Latorre,
Research Associate at the University of Exeter,
who
carried out the experiments, was surprised
by the ____37____ and
rapidity of the changes
in the cells.
“When I saw some of the
cells in the culture dish ___38_____ I
couldn’
t believe it. These old cells were
looking like young cells. It was
like magic,”
she said. “I repeated the experiments several
times and
in each case the cells rejuvenated.
I am very excited by the
4
implications and potential for this
research.”
As we age, our tissues
accumulate senescent cells which are alive
but
do not grow or ____39____ as they should. These
old cells lose the
ability to correctly
regulate the output of their genes. This is one
reason why tissues and organs become
susceptible to disease as we age.
When
activated, genes make a message that gives the
____40____
for the cell to behave in a
certain way. Most genes can make more than
one
message, which determines how the cell acts.
Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that
genes can perform
their full range of
functions.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each
blank in the following passage there are four
words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in
each blank with the word
or phrase that best
fits the context.
Cameron Buckner, assistant
professor of philosophy at the
University of
Houston, argues in an article published in
Philosophy
and Phenomenological Research that
a wide range of animal species
exhibit so-
called “ executive control” when it comes to
making
5
decisions, _____41___
considering their goals and ways to satisfy
those goals before acting.
He
acknowledges that language is ____42___ for some
experienced
forms of higher-order thinking, or
thinking about thinking. But
supported by a
review of previously published research, Buckner
_____43____ that a wide variety of animals --
-elephants,
chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦)
and lions, among others ---
______44____
reasonable decision-making.
“ These data
suggest that not only do some animals have a
subjective take on the suitability of the
___45_____ they are
evaluating for their goal,
they possess a subjective, internal signal
regarding their confidence in this take can be
used to select among
different options,” he
wrote.
The question has been ____46____
since the days of the ancient
philosophers, as
people considered what means to be human is. One
way
to address that, Buckner said, is to
____47____exactly what sets humans
apart from
other animals.
Language remains a key
difference between animals and humans, and
Buckner notes that serious ____48____ in the
1970s and 80s to teach
animal’s human
language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign
language,
___49___ ----found that although
they were able to express simple ideas,
6
they did not engage in ____50___
thought and language structures.
Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable
___51___ to study the
issue, but today’s
researcher conduct complicated controlled
experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas
Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber,
mental biologist
at the University of Vienna, last year ____52____
the
results of a result that determined ravens
share at least some of the
human ability to
think abstractly about other minds, ___53____
their
behavior by attaching their own
observations to others.
In his latest
paper, Buckner offers several examples to support
his ____54____. His goal, Buckner said, was to
organize experimental
research, “to see that
we’re gathered enough evidence to say that
animals really are ___55_____ in a unique
way.”
B.
41. A. secretly
unintentionally C. scarcely
42. A. required B.
qualified
43. A. concerns B. complains
44.
A. turn down B. engage in
45. A. option B.
scheme
46. A. dismissed B. ignored
C.
acquired
C. conclude
C. refer to
D.
consciously
D. prepared
D. convinces
D. argue about
C. regulation D. random
C. debated D. answered
7
47.
A. evaluate B. determine
48. A. results B.
successes
49. A. for
C. overlook D.
initiate
C. achievements D. attempts
C. on
the
D. as a result
D. complex
D.
fiction
example B. this is to say contrary
C. private
C. evidence
50. A. obvious
B. feasible
51. A. mystery B. tradition
52.
substituted
A.
B. published C.
reflected D. maintained
C.
53. A. adapting
B. symbolizing investigating D. revenging
54.
A. agreement B. implement
55.
passionate
Section A
(A)
We see them
everywhere. “There are some things that money
can’
t buy… for everything else, there’s
MasterCard.” We hear them
everywhere. “Make
life rewarding… American Express.” Whether
watching television, driving down the highway,
or even appearing on
our Facebook page, the
appeal of money is inescapable.
Growing up, my
parents always emphasized the importance of family
and faith over material possessions. Yet,
money and all the new,
interesting things it
could buy did not escape me. As I entered my
freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in
quite the dates. Between
8
C. requirement
D. argument
A.
B. reasonable C. confused
D. ridiculous
game-day dresses, steak
dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I
quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.
By the time summer rolled around, I
didn’t consider how much cash
I had spent, or
how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on
how
much more money I would need for next
fall. When I wasn’t working,
I was checking my
bank account, try to figure out if my next
paycheck
would cover those pillows that would
look so cute in my new apartment.
My bank
account balance was becoming a major source of
stress in my
life, creating tension with my
financially smart parents and causing
me
constant concern. Finally, after a very heated
argument with my Dad,
I accepted the truth: I
simply could not afford money anymore.
I
realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my
blood pressure
was much lower) when money was
just something in the bank. While the
clothes
are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost
their appeal
right around the second a new
item caught my eye. Towards the end of
the
summer, I let go of my financial issues – after
all, I can’t buy
more time with my friends and
family before going back to Athens.
I still
check my bank account. I still go shopping
occasionally.
But now, those aren’t
priorities. My money sufferings taught me that
I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a means of
satisfaction and happiness.
Instead, my
happiness should come from the moments and people
that
cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned.
I now re-word those credit
card slogans to
reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the
love
9
shared between my family
and friends: “There are some things that money
can’t buy… Seek them.” Unlike cash, this form
of wealth grows the
more I give.
56.
According to the passage, the author feels happy
now mainly
because ______.
A.
B. he values the love between his family and
friends
C. his wealth grows by working
hard every day
D.
57. The author
mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph
he has paid off his debt in cash
the
appeal of money is inescapable
3 in order to
______.
A.
B. prove how selfish
his Dad is
C. explain material
possessions get him into trouble
10
show how to settle problems with others
D.
58.
display
generation gap between Dad and Son
The word
“comfy” (paragraph 4) probably means ______.
A. realistic
59.
A.
B. individual C. gracious D. comfortable
Which of the following might be the best title
of the passage?
Seeking a different kind of
wealth
B. Letting go of different sufferings
C. Wealth as a means of satisfaction
D. Happiness grows out of hardships
(B)
Americans are more stressed than
ever, according to an American
Psychological
Association survey, and nearly one-third say
stress
impacts their physical or mental
health. If you have any of these
symptoms,
your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how
to battle
against them.
11
If you’ve never suffered from headaches
but suddenly your head is
constantly striking,
you might be too stressed. Stress releases
chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and
blood vessels（血管）
in the brain, which brings
on a headache. Stress can cause them or make
them worse. It’s also common for your muscles
to tense up when you’
re stressed, which can
also cause a headache.
WHAT TO DO:
If you don’t want to take medicine, try
spreading lavender （薰
衣草）
oil on your
temples（太阳穴）when a headache starts. Or try one of
these
home remedies for headaches.
Stress can make you mentally sick, too.
Too much of the stress
hormone
cortisol
（皮质醇）can make it harder to concentrate, causing
memory problems as well as anxiety or
depression, says Dr. Levine.
WHAT TO DO:
Relax until you regain your
concentration. Practice closing your
12
eyes and breathing in and out slowly,
concentrating only on your
breath.
Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old
hair follicles （囊）
are
replaced by new
ones over time), but stress can disturb that
cycle.
Significant stress pushes a large
number of hair follicles into
what’s
called a resting stage and then a few months
later those hairs fall
out,
according to
. Stress can also cause the body’s
resistant
system to attack your hair follicles,
resulting in hair loss.
WHAT TO DO:
Be patient. Once your stress level returns to
normal, your hair should
start growing back.
60. If you’re stressed, you might
have one of the following symptoms
EXCEPT that
______.
A. you keep getting headaches B.
you always have a cold
13
C.
your hair is falling out
61. Which of the
following is suggested if your brain goes out of
D. your brain feels confused
focus?
A.
B. Waiting until your brain
returns to normal.
C. Spreading lavender
oil on your temples.
D.
62. What
will happen once we get over our stress according
to the
Relaxing and attacking your brain
softly.
Breathing slowly with your eyes
closed.
passage?
A.
B. Our
body’s resistant system attacks your hair
follicles
C. Our hair starts growing again.
D. A serious headache starts.
14
Our hair starts falling out and then grows
back.
(C)
For many in the general
public and the engineering community alike,
the potential implications of additive
manufacturing (AM) have excited
the
imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the
emerging class
of technologies has been
regarded as both a revolution in production
and an opportunity for dramatic environmental
advance.
Yet while the technological
capabilities of additive manufacturing
processes are studied extensively, a deep
understanding of their
environmental
implications is still lacking.
A new special
issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology
presents
the cutting-edge research on this
emerging field, providing important
insights
into its environmental, energy, and health
impacts.
Though sometimes described in the
public field as similar to an
inkjet printer
for making objects, additive manufacturing is
primarily
used as a production process in
industry and contains a diverse set
of
technologies. What they share is the ability to
produce products
and parts based on digital
information by adding layers of materials
one
after the other rather than, as in traditional
manufacturing,
removing materials – thus the
label “additive.”
“The research in this issue
shows that it is too early to label
3-D
printing as the path to sustainable
manufacturing,” said Reid
Lifset, editor-in-
chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and
co-author of the lead editorial. “We need to
know much more about the
material footprints,
energy consumption in production, process
emissions, and especially the linking devices
and adjustments between
15
the
various stages in the production process.”
Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as
inherently
environmentally preferable to
traditional manufacturing because of
its
potential for local production – by consumers,
merchants and
hobbyists – and because it is
thought to allow zero-waste
manufacturing.
Research in this issue, however, indicates that
the
environmental performance is very
sensitive to the pattern of usage
and
composition of the machinery and the materials
used.
“This special issue demonstrates the
capability of industrial
ecology to reveal
important and often overlooked aspects of new
technologies,” said Indy Burke, Dean of the
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental
Studies. “If we are to realize the environmental
potential of 3-D printing, we need to know
where the challenges and
the advantages lie.”
The special issue contains:
investigations of the process energy
consumption of AM
technologies
studies of operator exposure to printer emissions
and dangerous
materials
life cycle
assessments (LCA) of AM processes and products
16
examination of the
sustainability benefits derived from the
complex figure of parts enabled by the
technology
analysis of supply-chain issues
arising from the use of the
technology
63.
The word “additive” in the passage refers
to ______.
A. the substance added in small
amounts for a special purpose
B. the
additional technological capabilities of
manufacturing
processes
C. the digital
way to produce products by adding serial layers of
materials
D.
64. The contents
listed in the special issue mentioned at the end
the traditional way to produce products by
removing materials
of this passage focus on
______.
A.
B. a diverse set of
technologies of additive manufacturing
C.
the comparison between additive and traditional
manufacturing
D.
17
the studies
of additive manufacturing and sustainability
the experiments conducted by Journal of
Industrial Ecology
65. Which of
the following can be inferred about the
researchers’
viewpoint from the passage?
A.
B. 3-D printing is regarded as a
kind of sustainable manufacturing.
C. AM
makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and
health.
D.
66.
A.
investigations of the 3-D printing
The passage
mainly discusses ______.
The challenges and
advantages of AM need further studies.
3-D
printing is viewed as a revolution in production.
process
environmental
implications of 3-D printing
C. studies
of 3-D printing emissions and materials
ments of additive manufacturing processes
Section C
18
A. The
findings show that they also apply criticism to
nontraditional women’s husbands.
B. He is
also regarded as having less power in the
relationship.
C. These include having a higher
status, yielding more power, being more self-
focused, ambitious and
self-confident.
D. The married surname tradition is more than
just a tradition.
E. Up to now, researchers
have not yet examined how a woman’s married
surname choice influences how others
look at
her husband.
F. Women’s rightist scholars
understand why the surname tradition remains
widely supported.
What does it mean for
the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?
The tradition of women adopting their
husbands’ surname after
marriage is arguably
one of the most widespread gender-role standards
in Western cultures despite marked changes in
the role that women play
in society and in the
labor force.
According to previous studies,
women who violate the married
surname
tradition are viewed differently from others. They
are
described in terms of instrumental
characteristics that in a gendered
society are
typically assigned to men. __67__ These
characteristics
contrast with the expressive
characteristics that are typically
assigned to
women, such as being more caring, kind and having
less
influence and power.
__68__ For this
purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out
three studies in the US and UK. The first two
studies showed that
husbands whose wives keep
their own surnames are often described
through
terms that are opposed to the gender-typical
personality
characteristics and power
framework used for men. They are described
in
more expressive than instrumental terms, and are
seen to hold less
19
power in a
marriage. Their findings indicate that people
conclude from
married surname choices to make
more general inferences about a couple’
s
gender-typed personality characteristics.
Results from the third study conducted by
Robnett’s team suggest
that people hold
different opinions in how they think about such
cases.
People who firmly hold on to
traditional gender roles react
particularly
strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname
because
they see him as an incapable person.
“We know from previous research
that people
high in unfriendly sexism（蔑视女性）respond negatively
to women who violate traditional gender
roles,” says Robnett.
“__69__” “This study
joins several others in implying a link between
traditions in men and women’s romantic
relationships and power
structures favoring
men,” says Robnett. “__70__ It reflects slight
gender-role standards and ideas that often
remain unquestioned despite
privileging
men.”
20
IV. Summary Writing
Secure payment without leaving a trace
Computer scientist Andy Rupp, member of
the “Signaling Code and
Security” working
group, is always surprised about lacking problem
awareness: only few users are aware of the
fact that by using payment
systems they
disclose in detail how and what they consume or
which
routes they have taken. To prevent
control of the accounts by dishonest
users,
customer data and account balances of payment are
usually
carried out with the help of a central
database. In every payment deal,
the customer
is identified and the details of herhis deal are
transmitted to the central database. This
repeated identification
process produces a
data trace that might be misused by the provider
or third parties.
The expert has now
presented the basics of an “electronic purse”
that works by unknown names, but prevents
misuse at the same time. The
“black-box
addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by
them
transfers all necessary account data to
the card used or the smartphone
and guarantees
their secrets with the help of signaling code
methods.
At the same time, BBA+ offers
security guarantees for the operator of
the
payment system: The code system guarantees a
correct account
balance and is mathematically
constructed such that the identity of
21
the user is disclosed as soon as the
attempt is made to pay with a
controlled
account.
“Our new code system guarantees
privacy and security for customers
during
offline operation as well,” Andy Rupp says. “This
is needed
for ensuring the payment system’s
suitability for daily use. Think
of a subway
doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no
internet
connection at all or it is very
slow.” Also its high efficiency makes
the code
system suited for everyday use: During first test
runs,
researchers completed payments within
about one second.
_______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______
_______ _______
V. Translation
72.
22
他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。 (express)
73.
74.
可以预见的是人工智能的发展必将跨入新纪元，彻底改变人类的生活
有些人天生就具有体育或音乐天赋。
(born)
方式。 (It)
75.
就减肥而言，一种饮食确实不适合所有人，对一些人有效的也许对另
一些人并非灵丹妙药。
(what)
VI. Guided Writing
某英文报正举办题为“A personal habit I’d like to
change”的征文
比赛。请你根据征文题目写一篇短文，参加该征文活动，具体要求如下：
①简述你想改变的这一行为习惯；
②说明你改变这一习惯的理由及措施。
23
★祝学习顺利★
24