句子结构分析(提高)
2013重庆高考-网红排行榜
句型结构(提高)
英语的句式从表达形式上来看,形式多样且丰富多彩,
但仔细观察后就不难发现,无论其怎
样变化,它们大都基本保持了常见的六个句型结构。也就是说,绝大
多数英语句子都是由这六个基
本句式演变、衍生而成的。因此,掌握好这六个基本句型以及他们的基本用
法,对于初学英语的同
学们来说,就显得非常重要了。这里做一简单列举与说明,希望对同学们的学习有
所帮助:
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
一:SV(主+谓)主语——动词
二:SVP(主+系+表)主语——动词——表语
三:SVO(主+谓+宾)主语——动词——宾语
四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)主语——动词——宾语——宾语
五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)主语——动词——宾语——补语
六:There be
+ 主语+ 其它
一、句型1:Subject (主语) +Verb (谓语)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,常见的动词如:work,sing,swim,fish,ju
mp,arrive,
come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如:
1) Li Ming works very hard。李明学习很努力。
2) The
little girl cried even harder。小女孩哭得更厉害了。
3)
The accident happened yesterday
afternoon。事故是昨天下午发生的。
1、The sun is rising。
2、I'll try。
3、Did you sleep
well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep)
4、The engine
broke down。
注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的
特性,不用被动
语态。
1、The book sells well。
2、The window won't shut。
3、The pen writes
smoothly。
4、Cheese cuts easily。
二、句型2:Subject (主语) + Link、V(系动词) +
Predicate(表语)
这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类:
(1)表示状
态。这样的词有:be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep等。如:
1) This kind of food tastes
delicious、这种食物吃起来很可口。
2) He looked worried
just now、刚才他看上去有些焦急。
(2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become,turn,get,grow,go等。如:
1)
Spring comes、It is getting warmer and
warmer。春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。
2) The tree has grown
much taller than before。这棵树比以前长得高多了。
1、Mr、Brown is an engineer。(名词做表语)
2、Gradualy he became silent。(形容词做表语)
3、She remained standing for a
hour。(现在分词做表语)
4、The question remained
unsolved。(过去分词做表语)
5、The machine is out of
order。(介词短语做表语)
6、The television was
on。(副词做表语)
7、His plan is to keep the affair
secret。(动词不定式做表语)
8、My job is repairing
cars。(动名词做表语)
9、The question is what you want
to do。(从句做表语,即:表语从句)
注意:在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。
I'm
happy to meet you。
They are willing to help。
We are determined to follow his example。
三、句型3:Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或
从句等来充当。例:
1) He took his bag and left。(名词)
他拿着书包离开了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I
have difficulties。(代词) 当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。
3)
She plans to travel in the coming May
Day。(不定式)她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
4) I don’t know
what I should do next。(从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。
1、Do
you know these people(them)?(名词或代词做宾语)
2、I
can't express myself in English。(反身代词做宾语)
3、He smiled a strange smile。(同源宾语)
4、We
can't afford to pay such a price。(不定式做宾语)
5、Would you mind waiting a few
minutes?(动名词做宾语)
6、I hope that I have said
nothing to pain you。(从句做宾语,即:宾语从句)
注意:并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所
以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法。
四、句型4:
Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct
object (直接宾语)
这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”
的名词来充当;间接宾
语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词
或代词承担。引导
这类双宾语的常见动词有:
buy,pass,lend,give,te
ll,teach,show,bring,send等。如:
1) Her father
bought her a dictionary as a birthday
present。她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼
物。
2)he old man
always tells the children stories about the heroes
in the Long March。老人经常给孩
子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。
上述句子还可以表达为:
1)Her father bought a
dictionary for her as a birthday present。
2)The old man always tells stories about the
heroes to the children in the Long March。
在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习遇时,要牢
记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一
般表物。这类句型有三种情况。
第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语。
1、He handed me a letter。
He handed
a letter to me。
2、She gave me her telephone
number。
She gave her telephone number to me。
第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。
3、She sang us a
folk song。
She sang a folk for us。
4、She
cooked us a delicious meal。
She cooked a
delicious meal for us。
第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。
5、Tell him I'm out。
6、Can you inform me
where Miss Green lives?
五、句型5:Subject(主语)+Verb
(动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语)
这种句型中的“宾语+补语
”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语
的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语
去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词
短语、分词、动词不定式等。如:
1)You should keep the room clean and
tidy。你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词)
2) We made him our
monitor。(名词)我们选他当班长。
3) His father told him
not to play in the street。(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
●
常见的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,would
like,order,force,allow等。
● 注意:动词have,make,let,
see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾
补时,不带to
。如:
1) The boss made him do the work all
day。老板让他整天做那项工作。
2) I heard her sing in the
next room all the time last
night。昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚
上。
在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾
语的动词,在英语中,这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语
补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一
起被称做复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂
的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中
划线部分为宾语补足语。
1、He found his new job
boring。(形容词做宾补)
2、They called their daughter
Mary。(名词做宾补)
3、This placed her in a very
difficult position。(介词短语做宾补)
4、We went to her
house but found her out。(副词做宾补)
5、What do you
advise me to do?(不定式做宾补)
6、We thought him to
be an honest man。(tobe做宾补)
7、He believed them
to have discussed the problem。(不定式的完成式做宾补)
8、He believed her to be telling the
truth。(不定式的进行式做宾补)
9、Did you notice him come
in?(不带to的不定式做宾补)
10、I saw her chatting with
Nancy。(现在分词做宾补)
11、He watched the piano
carried upstairs。(过去分词做宾补)
注意:在这个结构中,可以出现用it做形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。
在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。
1、He felt it his
duty to mention this to her。
分析:it是形式宾语,his duty是宾语补足语,to mention
this to her是真正的宾语。
2、I think it best that you
should stay with us。
分析:it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay
with us是真正的宾语。
注意 :习惯用语的使用
在英语中,有很多动词习惯用语,在学习的过程中,要注意它们的使用,不必分析单独每个词
的使用。
例:
We are short of money。(be short
of中short做表语)
She is always making trouble for
her friends。(trouble做make的宾语)
He has carried
out our instructions to the letter。(our
instructions做词组carry out的宾语)
We are waiting
for the rain to stop。(wait for后面的the rain是宾语,to
stop是宾语补足语)
2、在英语中,大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词,而且还
会有一些固定词组,
因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。
例:ask
①Did
you ask the price?(直接接名词做宾语)
②She asked them
their names。(接双宾语)
③I asked James to buy some
bread。(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)
④I asked to speak to
Fred。(接不定式做宾语)
⑤Didn't you ask him
in?(在此句中和副词in连用)
⑥He has asked for an
interview with the President。(组成固定词组ask for)
3、There be句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为“有…”
①谓语动词和主语保持一致:
There is a television in the
sitting room。
②有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:
There are two girls and a boy dancing in the
hall。
③主语的后面有时有修饰语:
There are a lot of
difficulties facing us。
There were many things
to be done(此处也可以使用to do)。
④谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:
There will be a concertin the park tonight。
There was littlechange in him。
⑤谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。
There used to be a
cinema here。
There seems to be something the
matter with her。
Is there going to be any
activity tonight?
⑥there
be句式变疑问句,把be提前;变翻译疑问句也要借助there。
Is there any
hope of getting the job?
There is nothing
wrong with your watch,is there?
⑦there be句型中也可
以使用诸如:live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物动词:
Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on
the island。
There came a knock at the door。
At the top of the hill there stands an old
temple。
⑧用于非谓语的情况下,有时用不定式的复合结构there to
be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格
结构there being:
You
wouldn't want there to be another war。(不定式的复合结构)
The teacher was satisfied with there being no
mistakes in his homework。(动名词的复合结构)
There
being nothing else to do,we went home。(独立主格结构)
六、句型6:There be + 主语 + 其它
这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be
之后。值得关注的是,当句中有两个或更
多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:
1)
There are two girls and a boy running on the
playground。
巩固性练习
请判断下列句子的结构类型
1、He is running。
2、The loud voice from the
upstairs made him angry。
3、The little boy is
asking the teacher all kinds of questions。
4、She seemed angry。
5、My father bought me
a beautiful present。
6、Why do you keep your
eyes closed?
7、Will you tell us an exciting
story?
8、We must keep our classroom tidy and
clean。
9、I heard the baby crying in the
sitting room。
10、Can you push the window open?
答案:
1、主语---动词
2、主语---动词---宾语---补语
3、主语---动词---宾语---宾语
4、主语---动词----表语
5、主语---动词---宾语---宾语
6、主语---动词---宾语---宾语
7、主语---动词---宾语---补语
8、主语---动词---宾语---补语
9、主语---动词---宾语---补语
10、主语---动词---宾语---补语