破解托福阅读理解长难句
电算化-新婚致辞
破解托福阅读理解长难句
托福阅读理解难，难在长难句。如何破解长难句，是做好托福
阅读理解的关键一环。破
解长难句通常采用方法是
找准主谓宾
,
去除定状补
，抓住长难句特点进行庖丁解牛是破解托
福阅读理解长难句的又一制胜法宝。
托福阅读理解长难句有以下六大类型：
1、 主语、宾语拉长
一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就
会增加读者的理解难度。
解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。
例如：（1）The deserts,
which already occupy approximately a fourth of the
Earth’s land
surface, have in recent decades
been increasing at an alarming pace. (OG Practice
2)
（2）The destruction caused by the
volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the
northwestern United States, for example, pales
in comparison to the destruction caused by
humans.
2、
分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 分词短语（包括现在分词和过
去分词）做状语，
这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，
所以理解上有难度。并且分词短
语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。 解
决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现
在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主
语之间是被动关系。
例如：
Working of a century-old schoolhouse in the
village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the
Conservancy’s Bud Smith is working with local
people and business leaders to balance economic
growth environmental protection.
☆注意：介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。
例如： In order for the
structure to achieve the size and strength
necessary to meet its
purpose, architecture
employs methods of support that, because they are
based on physical laws,
have changed little
since people first discovered them—even while
building materials have
changed dramatically.
(TPO 14)
3、 多个谓语动词连用 简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一
便于读者理解。而托福阅读理解
中，出题人为增加阅读难度，就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但
是无论局势如何变
化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。
解决
方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。剔除细枝末节之
后，句子也就好理解了。
例如：The same thing happens to this
day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a
sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a
mountain valley onto relatively flat land,
dropping
its load as the current slows: the
water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the
sediment in the
form of a smooth, fan-shaped
slope. (TPO Ground Water)
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4、插入语: 插入语主要起补充或说明的作用，我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它
省略，
即忽略不看。但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上
插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。
It is possible that
tubes made from animal bones were used for
spraying because hollow
bones, some stained
with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO)
☆注意：插入语有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个
破折号引起的插入语成分。例如： This unprecedented development of
a finite groundwater
resource with an almost
negligible natural recharge rate—that is,
virtually no natural water source
to replenish
the water supply—has caused water tables in the
region to fall drastically. (TPO 3)
5、并列成分连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列） 并列成分是托福阅读理解中的
主要句式
。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很
长的句子。 解决方法
：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后
重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。
例如： One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth
century B.C., sees humans as naturally
imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating
persons, things, and actions and in seeing such
imitations. (TPO: the origin of theater)
What audiences came to see was the
technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike
reproduction of the commonplace motion of
trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people
walking in the street; and the magic made
possible by trick photography and the manipulation
of
the camera. (OG)
6、多重复合句叠加 所谓多重复合
句叠加，就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种
句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。
解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻
辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。
(1)
Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that
it is best to use the water while it is still
economically profitable to do so and to
concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.
(TPO)
(2) But as more and more
accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and
more places, it
became clear that the
sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region
to region and that no
rock type was ever going
to become a reliable time marker throughout the
world. (TPO)
(3) Her dancing also
attracted the attention of French poets and
painters of the period, for it
appealed to
their liking for mystery, their belief in art for
art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that
art
is valuable in itself rather than because it may
have some moral or educational benefit, and
their efforts to synthesize form and content.
(TPO)
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More
sentences for TOEFL reading:
1. Enormous
changes in materials and techniques of
construction within the last few generations
have made it possible to enclose space with
much greater ease and speed and with a
minimum
of material.
2. The basic cultural
requirements for the successful colonization of
the Pacific islands include
the appropriate
boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to
get to the islands in the first
place,
domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to
often marginal conditions, and a
varied
inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
3. Judging from the width and depth of
the channels, the flow rates must have been truly
enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times
greater than the 105 tons per second carried
by the great Amazon river.
4. Once
detached from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in
the currents and wind systems
surrounding
Antarctica and can be found scattered among
Antarctica’s less colorful icebergs.
5.
But the myths that have grown up around the rites
may continue as part of the group’s oral
tradition and may even come to be acted out
under conditions divorced from these rites.
6. Their calculations show that the impact
kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for
several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in
plants; decreased surface temperatures on
continents to below freezing; caused extreme
episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised
long-term global temperatures through the
greenhouse effect.
7. Thus, all three
explanations-- physiological maturation, hearing
and producing stories about
past events，and
improved encoding of key aspects of events--seem
likely to be involved in
overcoming infantile
amnesia．
8. Hulmut Buechner (1953), in
reviewing the nature of biotic changes in
Washington through
recorded time, says that
time in its history, the winter population
fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer
(mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield
about 65,000 of either sex and any age
annually for an indefinite period.
9.
By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97
million birds are killed each year when they
collide with buildings made of plate glass; 57
million are killed on highways each year; at
least 3.8 million die annually from pollution
and poisoning; and millions of birds are
electrocuted each year by transmission and
distribution lines carrying power produced by
nuclear and coal power plants.
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