句子成分老师

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2020年08月18日 02:59
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成都实验外国语学校西区-南京出国留学中介


句子成分和类型
一. 句子成分
每个句子都是由各个句子成分组成的。句子 成分有主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾
语(Object)、表语(Pre dicative)、定语(Attributive)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complem ent)和
同位语(Apposition)。期中主语和谓语是主要成分,其他是次要成分。它们一般 由实词充当,
如名词(n.)、动词(v.)、形容词(adj.)、数词(num.)、代词(pro n.)、及副词(adv.)等。虚词在句中
只起连接作用,它一般不能作句子成分,如冠词(art. )、介词(prep.)、连词(conj.)、和感叹词
(interj.)等。如:
• I saw that girl singing along the river just now.
主语谓语定语宾语补语状语
这是各种句子成分比较完整的简单句。
1. 主语
主语是句子的主体,说明句子讲的是谁或者什么情况。可作主语的有:名词、代词、数词、
名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语(如动词不定式、动名词、从句等)。如:
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
It’s never too late to learn. 亡羊补牢,为时未晚。
We like our school very much. 我们很喜欢我们的学校。
“The” is an article. The 是个冠词。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
早睡早起,使人富有、聪明、健康。
How to do it well is an important question. 如何把它做好是一个重要的问题。
2. 谓语
• 谓语用来说明主语的动作、行为、特征或状态,一般由动词或动词短语承担。谓语
动词具有 各种时态、语态及语气的变化。动词常分为实义动词,系动词,情态动词和助
动词.
(1) 动词(单词或短语)作谓语。如:
We ate great meals cooked by experts!我们吃的美味饭菜是由烹饪大师们做的。
They have put up a lot of high-rise buildings recently.
最近,他们建了很多高楼大厦。
I seldom go to the cinema. 我很少去电影院。
Iwill stay in Europe for a week. 我将在欧洲待一个月。
(2) 连系动词+表语。如:
The English teacher is a very enthusiastic woman called Ms Shen.
英语老师是一位叫做沈老师的充满激情的女士。
We are Senior High school students. 我们是高中学生。
Li Ming fell ill last week. 上个星期李明病了。
They have been here for several weeks. 他们在这里已经有好几天了。
注意△情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.
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They can speak English well.
They do become what they are dreaming of.
3. 宾语
宾语用来表明动作行为或介词所支配的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语常用于及物动 词之
后。可作宾语的词有:名词、代词(宾格)、动名词、不定式、数词或从句等。如:
1. We saw abandoned farms which were built more than a hundred years ago.
我们看见了一百多年前被修建的废弃的农场。
2. I haven’t seen him for a long time. 我好久没有见到他了
3. He walked to the office. 他朝办公室走去。
4. Don’t hide behind others. 不要躲在别人后面。
5. I think this is because he really enjoys teaching Chinese literature.
我认为这是因为他真的喜欢教中国文学。
6. She refused to accept my gift. 她拒绝接收我的礼物。
7. She is quick at learning languages. 她学语言学得很快。
8. He was surprised at what she said. 听到她说的话,他很吃惊。
注意:有些动词后面可以接双宾语
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语(Direct Object)和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为
双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语), 另一个指物(一般为直接宾语). 间接宾
语一般放在直接宾语之前.
He gave me a book.
间接宾语直接宾语
eg: Lend me your dictionary, please. 请把你的字典借给我。
Our teacher showed us his collections of stamps. 我们老师给我们看他的邮票集。
 有时为了强调间接宾语, 也可将间接宾语后置, 并在其前加上介词to或for.
He gave a book to me.
He bought this book for me.
(1) 加介词 to 的常见动词有:
give bring take hand lend pass tell send show teach write…
(2)加介词 for 的常见动词有:
find pay sing buy choose find get make fetch…
Shall I fetch you your hat?
=Shall Ifetch the hat for you? 要我替你把帽子拿过来吗?
4.表语
表语是说明主语身份 、职业、性质、状态或特征的句子成分,补充说明主语的意义,因此,
它也叫做主语补足语。表语一般用 在连系动词后面。可作表语的有:名词、形容词、代词、
分词、动名词、动词不定式、数词、介词短语、 副词和从句。
连系动词除了be 之外,还有:
一直保持:keep remain stay
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看起来,似乎:seem appear
感官动词:feel taste look smell sound
变得:become turn come grow get go
This is the studentwhose name is Wang Hua. 这就是那个名叫王华的学生。
Our teacher is very strict with us. 我们的老师对我们很严格。
What’s up? 出什么事啦?
Two and twenty is twenty-two. 2+20=22
My mobile phone is out of order. 我的移动电话出故障了。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
The problem is whom we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去代替她呢。
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与10年前一样。
5. 定语
定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词。可充当定语的有 :形容词、代词、数词、名次、分
词、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句等。如:
Do you have any red ink? 请问你有没有红墨水?
There are over a thousand people in the park. 公园里有一千多人。
I’ve visited some beautiful cities, but this is one of the most attractive places I’ve been to.
我参观一些美丽的城市,但这是我去过的最有吸引力的城市之一。
This is the first time that I’ve visited your hometown. 这是我第一次参观你的家乡。
For many years, trained camels carried food and other supplies, and returned with wool and
other products.多年以来,被训练了的骆驼驮着食物和其他供应品,带回羊毛和其他产品。
Ms Shen’s teaching method is nothing like that of the teachers at my Junior High school.
沈老师的教学方法和我初中学校老师的方法一点儿也不像。
Have you got anything to say? 你有没有什么话要说?
Can you see the car downstairs? 你能看见楼下的小汽车吗?
There area few students who keep coming to class late but they are always on time for
Mrs Chen’s lessons. 有些学生上课经常迟到,但他们总是准时上陈老师的课。
6.状语
状语是用来修饰动词、副 词、形容词或整个句子的,说明地点、时间、原因、目的、
结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式、伴随 等情况。可以充当状语的有:副词、形容词短
语、名次短语、分词短语、介词短语或从句。如:
I’ve always hated making mistakes or pronouncing a word incorrectlywhen I speak English.
我总是不愿意犯错误或者在说英语时念错词。
In other words, there are three times as many girls as boys.
换句话说,女生的人数是男生的三倍。
Some students were embarrassed at first but everyone was very friendly.
一些学生开始有点尴尬但每一个人都很友好。
To find out if iron rusts in dry air, we did the experiment.
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为了找出铁是否会在干燥的空气中生锈,我们做了这个实验。
Seeing his mother, the baby burst into tears. 一看到他的母亲,小孩就大哭起来。
Berners-Lee built his first computer while he was at university using an old television.
读大学时,贝尔纳斯-李利用一台旧电视机制成了他的第一台电脑。
7.补语
• 补语最常用于复合结构中,对动词后的宾语进行补充说明。修饰对象是名词,对 宾
语进行补充说明的是宾语补足语,对主语进行解释说明的是主语补足语。
Berners-Lee made it possible for everyone to use the Internet.
贝尔那纳.李让每一个人使用因特网变成了可能。
Electricity can make a machine run. 电能使机器运转。
 这类常用的及物动词有:
make consider cause see find get have let leave watch hear…
可作宾语补足语的有:名词(包括名词性物主代词)、形容词及其短语、不定式及其短语、
过去分词,现 在分词及其短语、as引出的宾补、介词短语、副词和从句。如:
Her father named her Kate. 她父亲给她取名凯特。
They painted their house white. 他们把房子漆成白色。
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 你不能强迫他借钱给你。
They found Guilin greatly changed. 他们发现桂林变化很大。
We take Englishas a useful tool for everyday work.
我们把英语当作日常工作中的一种有用的工具。
We found everything in the kitchen in good order.
我们发觉厨房内每件东西都被放得井井有条。
Let the enemy in. 让敌人进来。
We will soon make our community what your community is now.
我们不久就要把我们的社区发展成你们目前那个样子。
8.同位语
在一个句子中, 一个名词或代词后面有时还跟有另一个名词或代词,或相当于名词的短语或
从句,用以说明前者的内容性 质和情况,前者和后者的句法功能相同,因此,我们把后者视
为前者的同位语。同位语是用来对名词(或 代词)做进一步解释的。它可以是单词、短语或
从句。
The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money.
那个最小的男孩彼得拒绝接受那笔钱。
Football, his only interest in life, has brought hi many friends.
足球--他生命中唯一的爱好,让他结交了许多朋友。
We four were greatly touched to hear the old man’s story.
听了老人的故事,我们4个人都很感动。
That’s her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看书是她的习惯。
The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl.
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是否要去忏悔,这个问题困扰着这个女孩。
He gave orders that the work be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。
二、句子的类型
1. 简单句
由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。如:
They painted the wall at the end of the year. 他们在年初就粉刷了墙。
We start school at 7:50 am. 我们学校早上7:50开始上课。
2. 并列句
由两个或以上的分句组成。如:
We got on in Sydney and we got off in Alice Springs, right in the middle of Australia.我们在悉尼
上车,在澳大利亚的中部艾丽斯斯普林斯下车。
He is rich but he is unhappy. 他富裕但是他不开心。
3. 复合句
由主句和其他从句组成。如:
The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which is September through December.
一学年分为两学期,第一学期从9月到12月。
Mrs Li just smiles, so that you don’t feel completely stupid!
李老师只是笑笑,因此你不会感到自己是个大傻瓜。
三简单句的基本结构
句子成分在句中的排列,形成不同的句型结构。句子的基本结构分5种类型。
(1)主语+不及物动词
a.主语+谓语(不及物动词)。如:
The students are listening. 学生们正在听。
The bell has rung. 铃声响过了。
b.主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语。如:
He looked carefully. 他仔细地看。
The sun rises in the east every morning. 太阳每天从东方升起。
(2)主语+及物动词+宾语
此句型中的谓语是及物动词,其后常跟名词、代词、动词的-ing形式或动词的不定式等。如:
Do you like apples? 你喜欢苹果吗?
I finished reading the text. 我读完了课文。
He decided to buy a computer. 他决定买一台电脑。
但应注意:不及物动词与介词构成一个短语动词相当于及物动词时,其后
也可跟宾语。如:
Ann is waiting for Kate at the school gate. 安在校门口等凯特。
(3)主语+系动词+表语
此句型中的谓语动词为连系动词,作表语成 分的有形容词、名词、代词、现在分词、动名词、
过去分词等。
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She is a music teacher. 她是一位音乐教师。
The fish smells terrible. It must be bad. 这条鱼很难闻。一定是变质了。
The story is interesting. 这个故事挺有趣的。
This piece of news sounds disappointing. 这则消息听起来令人失望。
The window got broken. 窗户破了。
(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
此句型中 的及物动词后跟双宾语,指人的宾语叫间接宾语,指物的宾语叫直接宾语,通常情
况下间接宾语在前,直 接宾语在后,有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后。此时间接宾语前
需加介词for或to。如:
Uncle Li bought me a birthday present.
=Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me. 李叔叔给我买了一个生日礼物。
Please pass him a cup of tea.
=Please pass a cup of tea to him. 请递给他一杯茶。
He brought me a dictionary.
=He brought a dictionary forto me. 他给我带来了一本字典。
若直接宾语是人称代词时,通常情况下将其置于间接宾语之前,如:
Please give them to me. 请把它们给我。
(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
此句型中的宾语后需跟上宾语补足语意思才完整,宾语和宾语补足语合称为
常见的用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、动词的-ing形式,动词的- ed形式,
介词短语等。如:
We call him Tom for short. 我们简称他为汤姆。
It’s very hot here. We’d better keep the windows open. 这儿很热。我们最好让窗子开着。
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital. 他告诉我们在医院里要保持安静。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
We found a man lying on the ground. 我们发现一个男人躺在地上。
I’ll keep the words in my mind. 我将记住这些话。


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