天津银行官网-校本培训总结

Lesson 4 句子结构对比与翻译（二）

二、汉语句子结构的特点
汉语的句子结构虽然与英语的句子结构有一些相同的类型，但从整体 上说，因为汉语句子注
重意合、注重意念，所以汉语的句子就不能像英语那样以谓语动词为中心来划分。 如果以主
谓结构为分类标准，汉语句型就要复杂得多，有些语法学家将汉语句子结构类型归为几十种，< br>有些归至多达上百种。在汉语中，可以充当主语和谓语的不仅词类多、形式丰富，而且还存
在主语 缺省的情况。句子结构灵活多变。汉语句子不重视外在语法形式的彼此连接和制约，
而是着意意义的传达 ，所以句子呈流散型。

1． 与英语相同的句子结构
汉语中有些句子结构与英语的有相同或相似性， 如：
A．部分主谓结构与英语的SV结构
1）太阳升起来了。
The sun has risen.
2）那束花枯萎了。
That bunch of flowers withered.
3）人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。
All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.

鉴于汉语中并不是以谓语动词为划分句子类型的，因此，汉语 中的主谓结构的谓语并不
一定是动词，形容词和名词也可以充当谓语。如：
4）天快黑了，街上的行人渐渐少了。
It’s getting dark and there were fewer and fewer people in the streets.
5）今天星期一。
Today is Monday.
B．主谓宾结构与 SVO结构
6）同学们每周写一篇作文。
The students write a composition once a week.
7）妈妈当时在洗衣服。
Mom was doing some washing then.
C. 兼语式与SVOC
兼语式是汉语单句中的一类，其特点是：谓语有两个动词，前一动词的宾语，又是后一
动词的主 语，前后两个动词的主语不同。
8）虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

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Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
9）那场大火使所有的建筑物都成为废墟。
The fire reduced all the buildings to ruins.
10）我有点害怕，我觉得心砰砰只跳。
I’m a bit afraid; I feel my hearting beating very fast.
2．与英语相异的句子结构
由于 两种语言的文化不同，形成了各自独具特点的句子类型和结构。申小龙（1989）
根据汉语的表意功能 和表达形式，将汉语句型大体分为以下九类：
A．话题句
如果说英语是 注重主语意识的语言的话，那么汉语是注重话题意识的语言，因此话题
句也就成了汉语最显著的特点之一 。其基本行文顺序为：话题语+评论语，
如：
1）这一任务，你完全能胜任。
It is a task well within your hand.
2）家里事，妈妈说了算。
As for domestic affairs, Mother has the final say.
3）这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现。
It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.
4) 计算机，我不懂。
I don’t excel in the computer.
5）天空还是一片浅蓝，颜色很浅。
The sky was pale with a bluish hue.


B．施事句
这是一种用来描述主语行为、动作、状态的句子。其形式为：施事语+动作语。
如：
1）他心底微微一颤，额头泛起了涟漪。
His heart gave a small quiver, and he frowned.
2) 那汉子猛站起身，退至窗前。
The man stood up abruptly and retreated to the window.
3）它（小麻雀）跳一跳、停一停、看着我，又不敢过来。
It begins to hop again and then stops, its eyes looking at me, but too shay to come over.
4）留在枝头的两片枯叶，也不时发出破碎的哭声。
A couple of withered leaves, still clinging to the branches, rustled mournfully from time
to time.

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C．关系句
关系句即表达各种关系的复句。按刑福义（2002 ）的分类标准，复句按其关系可分为三
大类，通常有表明关系的关系词语来表示其类别。
a. 因果类复句。 包括因果句（因为…所以； 越…越）、推断句（既然…那么；与其…
不如）、假设句（ 如果…就那么）、条件句（只要…就；除非…才）和目的句（…
以便；…以免…）。
b. 列 举类复句。包括并列举（既…又；不是…就是）、连贯句（然后；便；于是；这
才）、递进句（不但.. .而且；不光...还有；甚至）、选择句（或者...或者；与其...不
如；要么...要么）。
c. 转折类复句。包括转折句（但是；然而；可是）、让步句（虽然...但是；即使...也；宁可...也）、假言逆转句（A...否则B；不然；要么A，否则就B）
如：
 1）十年浩劫，我自顾不暇，无心也无力顾及它们（书籍）。
During the ten years of the disastrous “Cultural Revolution”, I was not in the
mood to, nor was I fit enough to bother about my books, as I was not even sure
where I myself would end up.
 2)尽管有许多人在猜这个微笑（蒙娜丽莎的微笑）的谜，其实都是多此一
举。
A lot of people have tried to find out what was behind such a smile, yet this is
indeed a misuse of one’s time or talent.
3) 这活干了就行，谁干无所谓。
So long as it is done, it doesn’t matter who will do it.

翻译下面的句子：
1） 努力了，就会有进步（条件句）
If you work hard, you’ll make progress.
Work hard and you’ll make progress.
2） 实在饿得不能忍受了，才每天跑去春潮书店借钱。（因果句）
Pressed by hunger, I would visit Chunchao bookstore every day to seek a loan of money.
3） 莺虽然不能答这个问题，人是应该解答而且能够解答的。(让步句)
The oriole can’t give an answer, but man should and can.
4） 但是孵化了的鸡雏不是被猫鼠衔去，便是吃米过多得脚气病死了。(并列句)
But the baby chicks were either carried off by cats or rats, or died of beriberi caused by
eating too much of polished rice.

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5） 我不但常常感念我的父母，我也常常警惕我们应当怎样做父母。（递进句）
Not only do I always remember my parents with gratitude, I also always bear in mind
how we should behave ourselves as parents.

D． 呼叹句
在交谈中相互呼唤、应对或感叹的句子。
如：
1) 嗨！ 你在这里干什么呢？
Hi！What are you doing here?
2) 青春是多么短暂啊！
How fast youth goes!
3) 白杨树实是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树！
The white poplar is no ordinary tree. Let me sing its praises.
4) ---宝贝儿们！饭好了！
--好的，妈妈，就来了。
--Hey, honey，supper is ready!
--Yes，Mum ! We’re coming.
5) 这是何等的飘逸、洒脱、达观！
What a free and elegant lifestyle! What an open and optimistic outlook!
6) 呜呼！青史悠悠，万古不灭！中华浩气，永世长存！
Alas, imperishable are those historical events and everlasting is the noble spirit of the
Chinese nation!

E. 祈使句
表示要求、命令或请求的句子。
如：
1） 远离那些高压线。危险！
Keep away from those high-tension wires. It’s dangerous.
2） 动动脑筋，就会想出办法。
Use your head and you’ll find a way.
3） 小心！前面有条蛇！
Watch out! There is a snake in front of you!
4） 下周五之前把你们的社会调查报告交上来！
Hand in your reports on social research before next Friday.
5） Don’t order me round any more! I’m fed up!
别再对我指手画脚的！烦死了！

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F. 存现句
表示事物存在或消失的句子。
如：
1） 路上来了一个挑担子的人。
Someone carrying a shoulder pole appeared on the road.
2） 我面前是一片美景。
A beautiful scenery unfolded before me.
3） 牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。
The shepherd, nowhere to be seen, is resting himself in some unknown place.
4） 随着时间的流逝，他变得越来越健忘。
With the passage of time, he became more and more forgetful.
5） 那个极坏的消息使他的一切希望都破灭了。
All his hopes dissolved at the terrible news.
6） 暴风雨过去了，云散了，天放晴了。
After the storm, the clouds dispersed and the sky began to clear up.

G. 有无句
表示人或某事物有或没有什么。
如：
1） 是的，北平也有许多热闹的地方。
There are also bustling places in Peiping.
2） 他有热情，又朝气。
He is both vigorous and enthusiastic.
3） 河水里有一轮玫瑰月亮，月亮里有一座金碧辉煌的宫殿，宫殿里走出了千娇百媚的嫦
娥。
There reflected a rosy moon in the water. In the moon there was a golden palace and out of
it flew the charming and elegant Chang Er, the moon goddess.
4） 中国有优良的历史文化传统，这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展。
China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either
developed or sublated with the changes of the times and social progress.
5） 我有我自己的想法。别把你的意愿强加在我身上！
I have my own ideas. Don’t impose yours on me!
6） 发生那样的事情后，她没有勇气面对丈夫了。
She had to courage to face her husband after that kind of thing had happened.


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H．描写句。其行文基本格式为：主题语+描写语（形容词）。
如：
1） 那晚风大，月也黑。
It was windy and moonless that night.
2） 年复一年，我看得出他的背更弯了，步履也更蹒跚了。
Year after year I could see his back bend more and more under and his steps more and more
shaky.
3） 我忐忑不安，心慌意乱。
I felt fidgety.
4） 他既懒又穷---一个十足的混混。
He is both lazy and poor—every inch of an idler.
5） 她的嗓子真甜。
Her voice is really sweet.

I. 说明句
其基本格式为：主题语+描写语（名词）。
如：
1) 那是我一生的梦想。
It’s been my lifelong dream.
2) 那是南国的风光，山是青的，水是绿的，小溪流更是清可见底。
Over there we have the typical southern scenery with blue mountains, green waters and
limpid brooks.
3) 我已是一个中年的人。
I am already a middle-aged man.
4) 今天是他的生日，我得去给他买件礼物。
Today is his birthday and I’ll go and buy him a present.
5) 这是我所听过的最美妙的音乐。
It’s the most beautiful music I have ever heard.


“积字成句， 积句成章”，汉语这种重语感、组句自由，无太多语法形式束缚的流散特点，
使表达言简意丰，形散神聚 。这一特点在古典语篇中尤为显著。
中国诗歌语言充分体现了汉语的这一特色和优势，使汉语诗歌呈现 出意象丰富、表达凝
练、音韵优美、意境悠远的效果。但这些特点如何在英语语言中表现成为诗歌翻译的 难点。
试比较原文和译文：


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春晓 DOWN IN SPRING

春眠不觉晓 How suddenly the morning
comes in Spring!
处处闻啼鸟 On every side you hear the
sweet birds sing.
夜来风雨声 Last night admist the storm---Ah,
who can tell,
花落知多少 With wind and rain, how
many blossoms fell?
------(唐) 王 维 －－－By John Turner

三、英汉句子结构差异与翻译
由于英汉句子结构有着显著差异，在翻译时要注意以下几个主要方面：
1. 英语和汉语有时主语 和谓语结构和搭配要求不同，互译时根据各自的特点选择；在汉
英翻译中，要注意主谓结构和其他成分在 语法形式的完整性和一致性。英汉翻译时，汉语句
子则以达意为主，该省就省去，做到简洁流畅，明白易 懂。
例如：
1) In each atom, there is a positive charge and a negative charge.
每个原子里都有正电荷和负电荷。
2) That altered, frightened, fat face told his secret well enough.
他的
胖脸
吓得走了样，心里的秘密暴露无疑。
3) She changes dress everyday.

她的衣服
天天换。
4) His frequent suspensions always accompanied narrow-mindedness.
他
总是心眼小，疑心重。
5) Later, he sent me by his father a packet of shells and a few very beautiful feathers,
and I sent him presents once or twice, but we never saw each other again.
他后来还托他的父亲代给我一包贝克和几只很好看的鸟 毛，我也曾送他一、两次
东西，但从此没有见过面。
6）It isn't rum for a woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a
man to want his old wife back--well, perhaps it is funny, rather!
(一个)女人为了体面而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）（奇 ）
怪（的）事，虽然（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻子回来，也许是很有
7）When Rontsen put his hands before X-rays, he saw the bones of his hands only.

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伦琴把手伸到X射线前的时候，只看到手上的骨头。（名词前的形容性代词均省。）
8）要掌握一门外国语，非下苦功夫不可。
One must make a painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign
language.(原句为汉语典型的无主句，英译时补充主语)

但是 ，英语中的代词因为有比较明确的性、数表示，而且还有其他语法形式在句中相呼
应，所以产生歧义的情 况较少，在汉译时要注意指代是否清晰、明确。
例如：
While telling her anecdotes to her daughter, she, all of a sudden, burst into tears very
dramatically.（telling...短语为现在分词，表示出与主语she的关系）
误译：当她给女儿讲述自己的往事时
，她
突然戏剧性地哭起来。（她指母亲还是女儿， 所
指不清，容易产生歧义。）

2. 汉语句子中隐含的部分在英译时需要补充出来。
例如：
1) （如果）走路的人口渴了摘一个瓜吃，我们这里是不算偷的。
If passers-by are thirsty and pick a watermelon, the folks down our way don't consider it
as stealing.
2） 时间似流水，一去不复返。
It is with time as with the current of water; once it goes, it never comes back again.
3）给我时间，我就能完成这项工作。
I can finish the work so long as you give me time.
4）这事我亲眼所见，信不信由你。
No matter whether you believe it or not, I saw it with my own eyes.
5）He will do it even if he gets scolded.
挨骂他也要干。
6) 屋里准有人，我听见声音了。
There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice.

3. 英语句子注重用语法形式连接句子成分，在汉译时，不必囿于这些形式，根据汉语句式
灵 活处理。汉语句子形式灵活多变，英译时，首先理清各成分之间的逻辑关系，充分利用英
语的各种连接成 分的手段，使译文结构紧凑，层次清晰。
如：
1) 他还没扫完地，就进来一个人。
Hardly had he swept the floor when a man came in.

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2）在我们大家同属的组织的宪章中，
头几个字
就宣布，本组织是代表各国人民的。
We all belong to an organization in the first words of whose charter proclaim that it speaks
for the peoples.
3) It has been supposed that the progress of reason, of science, and of the useful arts has a
tendency to narrow the sphere of the imagination, and to repress the enthusiasm of the
affection.
照他们的看法，近代理智发达，科学昌明，实用技术进步，结果人类想象力日趋狭仄，
而人类情感的活力 也受到压制。（翻译成多个子句。）
4）这么多人看着他，他不知说什么好。
He did not know what to say with so many people looking at him.
5) 真好看，树叶都绿了。
It is ever so pretty with all the trees putting on a tender green.
6) 这么多学生要看这个电影，我们最好还是满足他们的要求。
With so many students wishing to see the film, we'd better satisfy their request.
7) Rich choice tobaccos plus the modern filter make Peter Stuyvesant the international
passport to the smoking pleasure.（香烟广告）
彼得·斯帝闻森特香烟－－－选料上乘，芳香浓郁，过滤嘴新潮时尚。有了它，走遍
天下，您都能吞云吐 雾，怡然自得。
8）It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds,
with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms
crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms,
so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have
all been produced by laws acting around us. 试观察一个纷繁的河岸,草木丛生，群鸟鸣于灌木，昆虫飞舞上下，蠕虫爬行于湿土
之上，这种种构 造精巧的类型，彼此这样不同，而又以复杂的情态互相关联，却都是
受我们四周所活动的自然规律所产生 ，对此进行一番思索岂不十分有趣?

此句包含信息较多，短语所含修饰成分也多，但所有的修饰成分都置于主谓结构的
主干之下： it is interesting to contemplate...and to reflect. ..而且并列成分之间均有and连
接，分词形式与所修饰词之间的主动或被动关系非常清楚。
汉译句子抛开原句的形式格局，以汉语成分排列的习惯顺序重新组织，以短句铺呈，读
来错落有致。 < br>9）子曰、贤哉回也、
一箪食、一瓢饮、在陋巷、人不堪其忧、回也不改其乐、
贤哉回< br>也。
The Master said,“Admirable indeed was the virtue of Hui! With a single bamboo dish of
rice, a single gourd dish of drink, and living in his mean narrow lane, while others could

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not have endured the distress, he did not allow his joy affected by it. Admirable indeed
was the virtue of Hui!”

练习：
1、分析下列汉语句子结构特点，并翻译成英语。
1)
开机器
要有动力。
2) 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
3) 从大西洋沿岸到山区有多远？
4) 主席说：“现在就决议草案III的全文进行表决。”
5) 这些事实与这个问题无关。
6) 我们这是在浪费时间。
7) 他那叫做英雄救美人，心甘情愿的。
8）我们热爱生活，赞美生活。
9) 他开门走了出去。
10）冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
11）这阁造得画栋飞云，珠帘卷雨，十分壮丽。
12）那老兄一天吃吃喝喝，游手好闲，不务正业。
13) 上个世纪末，美国所有大学已实行了学分制，学生们从中受益匪浅。
14) 他打开门走了出去。
15) 公园里的长凳上坐着一对年轻夫妇，他们高兴地说着话，那女的不时发出咯咯的笑
声。

2．分析下列英语的结构并翻译成汉语。
1) In the last decade, telephone connections rose more than 60%.
2) The minimum requirements for the job are a good command of English and shorthand.
3) When I woke up, I found myself alone in the room.
4) One of the reasons of her sentimentality is her undue absorption in the past.
5) There is no way to beat water like that—no way to survive it.
6) At last the wind died down. Great gray clouds moved towards the west.
7) He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind of insect and burst into a storm of abuse.
8) To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick
covering of fat called blubber.
9) As one of the cradles of human civilization, China has all along maintained its cultural
tradition without letup in its history of several thousand years.
10) The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.


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