牛津高中英语模块3课文内容填空 (已抠空)
小嘎子-高中历史知识点
Unit 1
Fog
Fog warning
When Polly left home that morning, the city
was already in a grey mist. At lunch, the
radio that the mist would
become a
thick fog in the afternoon. At four o'clock, Polly
left work and the fog
.She if the
buses would still be
running.
A tall man
As Polly
the passengers on the train,
she had a
feeling that she was by a tall
man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived
at Green Park station. While
the rest of the
passengers were getting out, she glanced at the
faces around her. The tall man was to be
soon.
Footsteps
When Polly got to the
station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever
she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud.
There was no
one .
Polly Park Street. As she
heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The
man moved away. She could feel her
heart
with
The helpful stranger
Then she heard the sound again-soft footsteps
behind her. A minute before, she had wished for
someone to come along. Now she wanted
to run,
but fear her . The footsteps
seemed close now. Then a man’s voice came out of
the darkness. ‘Is anybody
there?’
Polly
. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost.
’
A few seconds later, a hand
and her arm.
Polly found herself
up at the face of an old man with a beard.
‘Maybe I can help you. Which road do you
want?’ he asked.
‘I live at 86 King Street.’
Polly replied.
‘Just take my hand.’ said the
man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took
Polly’s hand. ‘ the
step here.’
In his other hand the man
carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I
can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that
was before your
time. I can’t see your face,
but you sound young. How old are you?’
‘Just
twenty.’ answered Polly.
‘Ah, twenty ! A nice
age to be. I was young once. Now we’re at the
crossroads. Turn left here.’
‘I’m quite lost
now. Are you sure you know the way?’
Polly
was beginning to feel again.’
‘Of
course. You really shouldn’t feel ,’ He
held her hand more .
The
grateful helper
‘Here we are. King Street.’ He
stopped.
‘Thank you so much for
.’ s
aid Polly in . ‘Would you like
to come in and rest for a while?’
‘It’s very
nice of you.’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off.
There may be more people lost today, and I’d like
to help them. You see, a fog this
bad
is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the
help that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind
person like me can’t get across the
road
without help, except in a fog like this.’
P18
Project
Shark attacks
There
are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only
about 30 types to have attacked
human beings. Many
people know that the most
dangerous shark is the great white shark,
because they have seen the film Jaws.
However, two other sharks are also
dangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark.
Contrary to what many people
might .
shows that sharks seldom attack humans. There are
three types of shark
attacks. In the main
type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes
you for a fish, but when it tastes human flesh it
decides to give up and
swims away. In the
second type,
the shark you with its
nose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and
then bites you if it thinks you are. In the third
type, the
shark waits for you to swim by, and
then attacks you suddenly. The last two types of
attack more often the death of
humans.
To reduce the of a shark
attack, you should follow these suggestions.
Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see
you but you cannot see them.
Do not go
swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh
. Sharks can smell blood over a long .
Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery,
because sharks are attracted to the of,
colours and bright objects. Stay in groups, as
sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.
Recently, shark attacks have been increasing
as water sports are becoming more popular. If a
shark attacks you, follow the advice below.
Keep . Do not .
Hit the
shark on the nose with your fist.
your finger in the shark's eye.
Don't be
by sharks: you
are 3o times
to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a
shark.
The wonderful world of
pigeons
He the paper and
puts it into a small case, and then into
a
cage and gets a bird. the message
to its leg, he the bird . It
immediately flies into the air and disappears
in the dark.
Though it may seem hard to
believe, the bird the officer uses is the same
bird
often seen in public parks--the pigeon.
Pigeons have a wonderful of
and can find their way home over long .
Indeed, pigeons
have been known to fly home
from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is
why pigeons have been used since ancient times
to carry the news or even
the mail. However,
it was in war that they found their greatest use.
During
both World War I and II, pigeons were
by armies to carry messages
to and from the
front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and
even
helping win some important .
How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear
to have a compass inside
them that tells them
which way is north. How this compass works
a
mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is
not enough to find one's way,
they also appear
to use their and even their sense of
smell to tell them
which way they
should go. humans, they never get lost
and can
always find their way home.
Unit 2
English and its history
All
through history, people from many different
countries and cultures have lived together in
Britain. The English language is made up
of
the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to
Britain. That is why English has so many difficult
rules that people.
Old English
Old English is very different from the English we
speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to
understand it if we heard it today.
Before the
5th century, people in Britain all spoke a
language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups
from the European mainland—the
Angles and the
Saxons— Britain. Old English of
a of their languages. (Both the English
language and
the English people are
the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old
English.) place
names such
as London, very few Celtic words became part of
Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the
Vikings, people from
Northern European
countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to
move to Britain. They brought with them their
languages, which
also with Old
English. By the 10th century, Old English had
become the language of England.
When we speak English today,
we sometimes
feel puzzled about which words or to use.
This is because English has many words and phrases
from different
languages, but with
meanings. For example, the word sick came from a
word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while
ill came from a word once used by the
Norwegians.
Middle English
Middle English
is the name to the English used from
around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things
in the of this new type of English.
The most important was from the Normans,
a French-speaking people who England
and took control of the country in 1066. However,
the Norman Conquest did not
English
as mush as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory
about 600 years earlier, which to Old
English Celtic. Even
though the
Normans spoke French for the 250 years
they England, French did not
English as the first
language. On the other
hand, the English language did borrow many words
from French. This in even more words with
meanings, such as answer (from Old English)
and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to
learn how the words for most animals
raised
for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from
Old English. However, the words for the meat of
these animals, which was
to the
Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork
and bacon.
Old French made other contributions
to Middle English as well. In Old English, the
Germanic way of making words plural was used. For
example, they said housen instead of houses,
and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took
control, they began using the French
way of
making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe.
Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms,
such as manmen and
childchildren.
After
the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke
French while common people spoke English. However,
by the latter half of the 14th
century,
English had come into use among all
classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳ became King
of England. His mother
tongue was English, and
he used English for all events.
Modern English
Modern English appeared
during the Renaissance in the 16th century.
Because of this Modern English includes many Latin
and Greek
words. Pronunciation also
huge changes during this period. Of course, this
was not the end of the changes in the
English
language. The question of English will
keep on changing in the future is easy to answer.
It is certain that this
will continue,
and people will keep inventing new words and new
ways of saying things.
Project
The development Chinese characters
The Chinese language from Western
languages , instead of an
alphabet, it
uses characters which stand for
ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed
by
different characters. In
many cases, a single character can also make up a
word. The history of the Chinese language can
be by looking at
how these characters
developed.
Chinese writing began thousands of
years ago. According to an ancient
story, a
man named Cang Jie Chinese writing. One
winter day
while he was hunting, he saw the
of animals in the snow and
observed that the
of each one was different. Then he had the
idea that he could use different shapes to
different objects. The
first Chinese
characters were drawings of objects. Some
characters
have been and others have
been made more difficult over time.
However,
as a whole, the characters have developed from
drawings into
forms. The character
for a mountain was at first three mountaintops
together.
This became one mountaintop and
three lines, and time into the
character
used nowadays.
Not all
characters were developed from drawings of
objects. Sometimes to express ideas,
some
characters were made by two or more
characters together. For example,
'rest' was
made up of the characters for a man and a tree.
The character 'prisoner' was
formed with a
'man' inside a square. Other characters were
developed for and
numbers. It is easy
to their meanings by looking at them, for
example, the
characters for 'up' and 'down',
which are of each other.
Though these
kinds of characters meanings, one of their
is that
they do not show how they should be
pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed
to have one part of a character the
meaning and the other the
pronunciation. Many Chinese characters used
today were made this way.
In the 1950s the
Chinese government Chinese
characters and now
they have use in
China's mainland.
The story of Braille
Usually, when we talk about reading, we think
of using our eyes to see letters in ink on
paper. However, this is not always true.
For
example, blind people cannot see, but they can
still read books.
The man who introduced blind
people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852).
Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a
result of
an . When he was ten, he
went to a school for the blind in Paris. In those
days,
books for blind people used paper
wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was
heavy, each book weighed
as much as 100
pounds.
The whole system was not for
use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen
such books in it.
In 1821, a soldier visited
the school and showed the students a system for
messages at night during times of battle. His
system
used paper with small,
raised dots
that could be with the fingers. Each
letter of the alphabet was by a different
which of
twelve dots. The soldiers
would their fingers over the raised dots
to read the message. While the students found the
soldier's
idea interesting, the system was too
difficult to be of p . However,
young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on
it.
At the age of fifteen,
he
created a system with patterns of six raised dots
each letter. 'Braille', the system for reading
used today by blind people
around the world,
was thus born.
The blind can easily
Braille with the fingers. They can also easily
write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today,
it is the most
common system used by blind
people for reading and writing, and nearly every
language, including Chinese, has its own of
Braille for its people to use.
Unit 3
Lost civilizations
Day 1,15
July
I feel lucky to have won a on
this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we
are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to
China, and going to Loulan, which is as
China’s Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and
Loulan became lost long ago.
Day
2,16 July
This morning we attended a
lecture about Pompeii. The city was in the
8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans
Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city.
Near the city was a volcano. On 24th August AD 79,
the volcano e and lava,
ash and rocks
out of it onto the countryside. It
continued to erupt for the next two days. Many
people were buried
and so was the city.
How unfortunate!
Day 3,17 July
Today I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii
as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city
was for many years until the
18th
century when a farmer discovered a stone with
writing on it. People started to dig in the area
for treasure, which much
damage. Thus,
in 1860, the area was put government
protection so it could be and studied.
When I walked around the city, I saw streets
just as they had been, with stones along
the road so you did not have to step in the
on rainy days!
I saw several houses which
were with wall paintings. I also saw the
people who had been buried alive. It turns out
that after the
ash the people who
failed to feel the city, their bodies nearly
completely broke down and disappeared,
empty spaces to
produce true-to-life of
the people who had died in the disaster. You can
see them today in Pompeii , in the place
where
the people feel. The volcano is still
there, but looks very quiet now. It’s hard to
imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the
whole
city!
Day10,24 July
Finally, we arrived in Loulan after several
days of travelling. This city was busy and
wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a
point on the famous Silk Road between the East
and the west. It is believed to have been
covered over by sandstorms from
AD200 to
AD400. I am so excited to be here!
Day11,25 July
An scholar from the
local cultural , Professor Zhang, told us
that around the year 1900 the European explorer
Sven Hedin
discovered the ruins of the Loulan
Kingdom. Seven found the remains of buildings
buried the sand, together with a lot of
treasures, including coins, painted
pots, materials such as silk, documents and wall
paintings. When we went to the city, we saw the
city
walls, palaces, temples, workshops and
towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There
was an ancient water system that ran through
the middle of the city. The desert was once a
green land with huge trees, but they were cut
down and that in the city from being
buried by sand—what a pity!
Project
Ancient Greek statue found in
Xinjiang
Researchers the discovery of a
small in northern Xinjiang, China,
recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier.
When
asked how a statue from distant Greece
could have appeared in China, researchers
explained that no this was a result of
Alexander the Great’s
Alexander
the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king
who many Greek cities in battle. At the age
of twenty, Alexander
himself became king after
his father died. However, many cities
against Alexander, so he an army
take them back. Though his army had only 3,000
, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers
joined him.
In 334 BC, he took his army, now
with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then
Egypt,
every army that in his
path. Then he turned his eyes east, and all
the way to India, finding wherever
he
went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from
taking control of the world. However, his
own army grew tired of endless
battles and
refused to go any further, so he had to turn back.
By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more
land than anyone before,
and it seemed that
more was waiting of him. Yet, in 323
BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he
had no son,
his divided his vast kingdom
among themselves. Alexander the Great the
Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia,
influencing the world for
. The statue of the Greek soldier found in
northern Xinjiang probably came to China
in
the 4th century BC as a result of . Like
many other ancient objects that show a Greek
influence, it can now be seen in a
museum in
Urumqi.
The father of Western
philosophy
The word 'philosophy' means 'love
of wisdom'. Philosophy can be of a
way of looking at the world around us, or of
answering the great questions of life, such as
'Why are we here?' and 'What is truth?'
The
father of Western philosophy was Socrates (469-399
BC). Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he
was young, he was a brave
soldier. Later, he
became a teacher, but he taught for free and
earned his from being a common worker.
Aside from this, we
know very little about
him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know
very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates
has had a deep
influence on Western thought
and science. To understand how this can be true,
we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates
taught
by asking questions. Through this, he
challenged his students to develop and explain
their own arguments. In many cases, his questions
made his students of their own errors.
Many students got and even angry when this
happened, while others changed
their opinions.
Socrates' way of the truth is now called
the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions
until you reach the
right answer is the
of modern philosophy and science.
for
him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked
challenging questions to everyone he met,
many people in
Athens. Finally, some people
had had enough of him, so they took him to
for questioning the of the Greek gods and
for
the young people of Athens. At his
, he himself by asking his judges yet more
questions. This just made a bad situation
worse. Finally he was put to by being
forced to drink . Through his death,
Socrates became the hero of all people who
search for the truth.