英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结
龙应台目送-小学生国旗下的讲话
Unit1
.（选择、判断、填空）
flag of Britain :
Union Jack
capital of each country :
England London
Scotland
Edinburgh
Wales Cardiff
Northern Belfast
Ireland
time joining the British parliament:
However,
in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish
parliaments, Scotland
joined the Union.
ence between the British Isles ,UK, Great
Britain , and England:
British Isles:
the island of Great Britain
the island
of Ireland
surrounding isles
UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland
Great
Britain =England +Scotland + Wales
four
major invasions in the history of Great Britain :
At first, England was occupied by Celtic
people.
Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by
the Roman empire.
Result: England and Wales
became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400
years.
the Angle-Saxon invaded.
Result: The land they lived becameAngle-
landchanged into England, the
language they
spoken became English.
the Vikings
invaded.
Result in a certain cultural divide
between northerners and southerners in England,
which can be expressed as
the
Normans , William of Normandy invaded this
country.
Result: This marks the last time that
an army from outside the British Isles succeeded
in invading
London: (P18)
Unit2（选择、判断、填空）
Northern Ireland
(often called
ties to seek Irish
independence :
Home -rule
The
Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular
event, in which the rebels
took over Dublin's
Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by
military means.
cal parties:
the Sinn Fein party legal
SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party
IRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)
cal troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):
Indigenous Roman Catholics vs.
Protestant immigrates
Partition(分割) : The
southern 26 counties would form an independent
state
(
即
26 Republic Ireland
,6 Northern Ireland )
Good Friday
Agreement :(了解下，P36)
Unit 3
s of
state building:
The process of state-building
has been one of evolution rather than revolution.
oldest institution of government in
Britain :
Britain is both a parliamentary
democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
right of kings :
It was held that the
sovereign derived his authority from God, not from
his subjects.
Carta :
limits on the
king's ability to abuse his royal power.
Bill of Rights :
ensured that the King
would never be able to ignore Parliament. (
William of Orange
时期)
Constitution :(P49)
functions of
parliament :（P49）
ment:
The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )
She is legally head of the executive, an
integral part of the legislature, head of the
judiciary, commander in chief of the armed
forces and
Church of England
，
a
confidante to the Prime Minister
（了解下）
The House of Lords
：
do not receive
salaries
，
both sexist and elitist
(
了解下
)
Lords Spiritual
hereditary peers
Lords
Temporal life peers
The House of
Commons (P49) 重要
Unit4
importance of general elections:(P67) 重要
electoral campaigns :(P67)
formation of the
government :(P67)
class system in the
UK:(P67)
relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下
main political parties in the UK:
The Conservative party (newest) : setting up the
National Health Service
The Labour
party: From 1979 to 1997,
the Conservative
Party won 4 elections in row
The Liberal
Democrats: a party of the
Margaret-
Thatcher
改革
(There were also negative
consequences)
了
解下
Unit5(判断、选择、填空)
1、Absolute Decline
2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81) 重要
3、the reason for its relative decline :(了解下)
the country had gone heavily into debt in
order to finance the war
the era of empire was
over
Large military expenses
Outdated industries and less-competitive
products
A lack of close relationship between
industry and banks
division of British
industries :
Primary industries (mining
industry 矿业)
Secondary industries
(steelindustry钢铁业)
Tertiary industries
(insurance 保险， the selling of goods)
City: The name given to the historic area at the
centre of London
London Stock Exchange:
The heart of the City
（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）
Unit6（填空、选择、判断）
f :
One of the
oldest of these early
Anglo-Saxon times called
Beowulf.
ey Chaucer：The Canterbury Tales
ethan Drama:
Marlowe ： The Tragical
History of Dr Faustus
William Shakespeare ：
Romeo and Juliet The Taming of the Shrew
Hamlet A
Midsummer Night's Dream
tragedies
Othello comedies Twelfth Night
（重要） King Lear The Tempest
Macbeth.
history plays：Richard III, Richard II, Henry
IV, and Henry V. Julius Caesar
，
Antony
and Cleopatra
17th Century:
John
Milton : Paradise Lost
18th Century:
Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's Travels
Romantic Period:
William Wordsworth and Samuel
Taylor Coleridge：Lyrical Ballads （marked the
beginning of the Romantic Period. ）
George Gordon, Lord
Byron
Three men John Keats
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Nineteenth Century
Novel:
Mary Shelley: Frankenstein
Sense and Sensibility
Jane Austen Pride and
Prejudice
Emma
Charlotte : Jane Eyre
the Bronte sisters
Emily: Wuthering Heights
Ann
Elizabeth Gaskell : North and South
Oliver Twist
Charles Dickens David
Copperfield
Great Expectations
The Return of the Native
Thomas Hardy Tess of the
D
’
Urbervilles
Jude the
Obscure
writers in the 19
th
century
of Britain:
Mary Shelley
Jane Austen
the Bronte sisters
Elizabeth Gaskell
9.20th Century Literature :
Twentieth
century literature can be broadly divided into two
stylistic periods:
Modernism, and
Postmodernism.
Joseph Conrad ： The Heart of
Darkness
Mrs. Dalloway
Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse
Orlando
A Room of One's Own
D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers
Unit7
purpose of the British
education system:
① provide children with
literacy and the other basic skills
②
socialise children
③ children are taught
practical skills
④ learn the rules and values
⑤ participate in the community
⑥
contribute to the economic prosperity of an
advanced industrial economy.
influence
of the church on schooling:
education was
voluntary and many of the schools that existed
were set up by
churches.
religious
education was the only subject
Daily
prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part
of school life
National Curriculum：
All children throughout the country must
study the following subjects: English,
mathematics, science, religious education,
history, geography, technology, music,
art,
physical education, and a modern foreign language.
All children throughout the country must
pass national tests and schools.
All
teachers are told what to teach and their schools
are now ranked according to
how well they
perform this task.
school:
93% of
pupils receive free education from the public
sector.
ndent school(public schools
private school):
Independent schools are not
part of the national education system.
Etor
school
Larrow school
Winchester college
hensive school:
Entrance exams were
abolished.
Such schools provide a general
education. Pupils can study everything from
academic
subjects like literature and
sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking
and
carpentry.
r school：
Those
who show academic potential are admitted to the
grammar schools where the
emphasis is on
advanced academic work rather than the more
general curriculum of
the comprehensive
schools.
：General Certificate of
Secondary Education
：General Certificate
of Education-Advanced
：General National
Vocational Qualifications
universities
in Britain：
British universities are
public bodies，except one university, the
University of
Buckingham.
Open
University：
The Open University offers a non-
traditional route for people to take university
level
courses and receive a university degree
, through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts,
correspondence, videos, residential schools
and a network of study centres.
Unit8
ies to establish UN:
permanent
members of the UN Security Council:
the Soviet
Union, the United States, China ,France, UK
foundations of Britain's foreign policy:
The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is
greatly influenced by its imperial
history and
also by its geopolitical traits
making
of Britain's foreign policy:(P128)
relationship between Britain and the EU (P128)
The decision joined the EEC ( psychological ,
natural , controversial )
The UK has always
been less enthusiastic about giving up its
national sovereignty to a
European government.
commonwealth:
Britain is also a
member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary
association of states .
There are 50 members
of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of
former British
colonies.
( North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :
protect member states against aggression
The
purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security
in Europe
provide a forum
for transatlantic defence cooperation
l
relationship with US: has gone through many up and
downs
ndent nuclear weapons capability:
Britain is a traditional sea power.
Unit9
division of British media:
（降序排列）
①
②
③
④
TV
Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is
carried in newspapers)
Radio
Magazine
functions of the British media:
①
Entertainment
② Provide British people with
information about political and social issues
③ Provide weather reports
④ Carry
advertising
⑤ Used for educational purposes
⑥ Provide a forum for people to write letters
or phone in to express their views
or seek
advice
⑦ Help Britain engender national
culture
newspaper:
The world's
oldest national newspaper : The Observer
The
British oldest daily newspaper: The Times
The very names of British newspapers-The
Times, The Observer, The Guardian—still
suggest that the function of the paper is to
offer the electorate objective reports about
what is happening in the country
issued internationally:
The Financial
Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong,
New Jersey, Los
Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. (
(Daily)Telegraph The News of the World )
y press and gutter press:
The Daily
Telegraph
The Times
The Sun gutter press
The Guardian Quality press
The
Observer
street:
It is also known as
the Street of Shame
:(P144)
Unit10
born in Britain :
Cricket, football,
lawn tennis, golf, rugby
FA Cup:(Football Association Cup)
ll violent
sport
Gentle sport
Wimbledon
Wimbledon is where the world's
best players gather to compete on grass courts.
It is
one of the major events of the British
sporting calendar and probably the most famous
tennis event in the world.
4.
Cricket:
Cricket was one of the very first
team sports in Britain to have organised rules and
to
be played according to the same rules
nationally.
5. Golf:
The game of golf
was invented by the Scottish.
6. Horse
sports:
Flat racing
Horse racing steeplechasing
The Grand
Ntional
The Royal Asot : people usually
dress up and show off their fashionable cloth
and elaborate hats for the social event
Equestrianism
Hunting
7.
Three traditions of Christmas:(P163)
the Christmas Pantomime
the Queen's
Christmas message
the Boxing Day :
Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people
gave Christmas
gifts or money to their staff
or servants.
8. Religious holiday:
crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ
Easter
Christmas
al Holidays:
-----Queen's
Birthday
ys in the 4 nations:
England:
Guy Fawkes
Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November)
Northern Ireland:
St
Patrick's Day(March 17)
Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12)
Scotland:
Hogmanay (12.31)
Burns Supper(1.25)
Halloween
(10.31)
Wales:
The Eisteddfod:
festival of music making and poetry