人教版高中化学方程式大全
金多郁-安徽省教育招生考试网
高中化学方程式大全
一.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性
2Na+H
2
2NaH
4Na+O
2
==2Na
2
O
2Na
2
O+O
2
2Na
2
O
2
2Na+O
2
Na
2
O
2
2Na+S==Na
2
S(爆炸)
2Na+2H
2
O=
2Na
+
+2OH
―
+H
2
↑
2Na+2H
2
O==2NaOH+H
2
↑
2Na+2NH
3
==2NaNH
2
+H
2
↑
2Na+2NH
3
=2Na
+
+2NH
2
―
+H<
br>2
↑
4Na+TiCl
4
2Mg+O
2
2
Cu+S
Mg+2H
2
O
4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl
2
Mg+SMgS
MgCl
2
Mg+Br
2
MgBr
2
2MgO
Cu
2
S (Cu
2
S只能由单质制备)
Mg(OH)
2
+H
2
↑
2Mg+TiCl
4
2Mg+CO
2
Ti+2MgCl
2
2MgO+C
Mg+2RbClMgCl
2
+2Rb
2Mg+SiO
2
2MgO+Si
Mg+H
2
S==MgS+H
2
Mg+H
2<
br>SO
4
==MgSO
4
+H
2
↑
(Mg+2H
+
=Mg
2+
+H
2
↑)
2Al+3Cl
2
2AlCl
3
4Al+3O
2
===2Al
2
O
3
(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧)
4Al(Hg)+3O
2
+
2xH
2
O===2(Al
2
O
3
.xH
2
O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4Al+3MnO
2
2Al+Fe
2
O
3
2Al
2
O
3
+3Mn
Al
2
O
3
+2Fe
2Al+Cr
2
O
3
2Al+3FeO
Al
2
O
3
+2Cr (铝热反应)
Al
2
O
3
+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl
3
+3H
2
↑
2
Al+3H
2
SO
4
===Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3H
2
↑
2Al+6H
+
=2Al
3+
+3H
2
↑
2Al+6H
+
=2Al
3+
+3H
2
↑
2Al+6H
2
SO
4
(浓)===Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3SO
2
+6H
2
O
(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H
2
SO
4
,HNO
3
中钝化)
Al+4HNO
3
(稀)===Al(NO
3
)
3
+NO↑+2H
2
O Al+4H
+
+NO
3
–
=Al
3+
+NO↑+2H
2
O
2Al+2NaOH
+2H
2
O===2NaAlO
2
+3H
2
↑ 2
Al+2OH
–
+2H
2
O=2AlO
2
–
+3H
2
↑
2Fe+3Br
2
===2FeBr
3
3Fe+2O
2
Fe+I
2
Fe+S
FeI
2
Fe
3
O
4
2Fe+O
2
2FeO (炼钢过程)
FeS
(FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)
Fe
3
O
4
+4H
2
↑
Fe+2H
+
=Fe
2+
+H
2
↑
3Fe+4H
2
O(g)
Fe+2HCl===FeCl
2
+H
2
↑
Fe+CuCl
2
===FeCl
2
+Cu
Fe+Cu
2+
=Fe
2+
+Cu↓
Fe+SnCl
4
===FeCl
2
+SnCl
2
(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡
完全还原为单质锡
Fe+SnCl
2
==FeCl
2
+Sn↓ Fe+Sn=Fe+Sn↓
2+2+
三.非金属氢化物(HF,HC
l,H
2
O,H
2
S,NH
3
) 金属氢化物(NaH)
1、还原性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO
2
4H
+
+2C
l
–
+MnO
2
4HCl(浓)+PbO
2
4H
+
+2Cl
–
+PbO
2
4HCl(g)+O
2
Mn
Cl
2
+Cl
2
↑+2H
2
O
Mn
2+
+Cl
2
↑+2H
2
O
PbCl
2
+Cl
2
↑+2H
2
O
Pb
2+
+Cl
2
↑+2H
2
O
2Cl
2
+2H
2
O
16HCl+2KMnO
4
===2KCl+2MnCl
2
+5Cl
2
↑+8H
2<
br>O
16 H
+
+10Cl
-
+2MnO
4
–
=2Mn
2+
+5Cl
2
↑+8H
2
O
6HCl+KClO
3
==KCl+3Cl
2
↑+3
H
2
O
6H
+
+5Cl
–
+ClO
3
–
=3Cl
2
↑+3H
2
O
14HCl+K
2
Cr
2
O
7
===2KCl+2
CrCl
3
+3Cl
2
↑+7H
2
O
14H
+
+6Cl
–
+Cr
2
O
7
2–<
br>=2Cr
3+
+5Cl
2
↑+7H
2
O
2H
2
O+2F
2
===4HF+O
2
2HCl+F
2
=2HF+Cl
2
(F
2
气与H
Cl、HBr、HI、H
2
S、NH
3
气体不能共存)
2HBr+Cl
2
=2HCl+Br
2
(Cl2
气与HBr、HI、H
2
S、NH
3
气体不能共存)
2H
2
S+3O
2
(足量)2SO
2
+2H
2
O 2H
2
S+O
2
(少量)
2S↓+2H
2
O
2H
2
S+SO
2
===3S↓+2H
2
O H
2
S+H
2
SO
4
(浓)===S↓+SO
2↑+2H
2
O
3H
2
S+2HNO
3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H
2
O
3H
2S+2H
+
+2NO
3
–
=3S↓+2NO↑+4H
2
O
5H
2
S+2KMnO
4
+3H
2
S
O
4
===2MnSO
4
+K
2
SO
4
+
5S↓+8H
2
O
5H
2
S+2MnO
4–
+6H
+
=2Mn
2+
+5S↓+8H
2
O
3H
2
S+K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+4
H
2
SO
4
===Cr
2
(SO
4
)3
+K
2
SO
4
+3S↓+7H
2
O
3H
2
S+Cr
2
O
7
2–
+8H
+
===2Cr
3+
+3S↓+7H
2
O
H
2
S+4Na
2
O
2
+2H
2
O===Na
2
SO
4
+6NaOH
H
2
S
+4Na
2
O
2
+2H
2
O=8Na
+
+
SO
2
+
OH
4
2NH
3<
br>+3CuO3Cu+N
2
+3H
2
O
8NH3
+3Cl
2
===N
2
+6NH
4
Cl
2NH
3
+3Cl
2
===N
2
+6HCl
NH
3
+NaNO
2
+HCl==NaCl+N
2
↑+2H
2
O
NH
3
+NO
2
–
+H
+
=N
2
↑+2H
2
O
4NH
3
+5O
2
催化剂
△
4
NH
3
+3O
2
(纯氧)2N
2
+6H
2
O 4NO+6H
2
O
4NH
3
+
6NO===5N
2
+6H
2
O (用氨清除NO)
NaH+H
2
O===NaOH+H
2
↑ (生氢剂)
NaH+H
2
O=Na
+
+OH
–
+H
2
↑
4NaH+TiCl
4
2、酸性:
Ti+4NaCl+2H
2
↑ CaH
2
+2H
2
O=Ca(OH)
2
↓+2H
2
↑
4HF+SiO
2
===SiF
4
+2H
2
O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO
2
的含量,玻璃雕刻)
4HF+Si===SiF
4
+2H
2
↑
2HF+CaCl
2
===CaF
2
+2HCl
H
2
S+Fe===FeS↓+H
2
↑
H
2
S+CuCl
2
===CuS↓+2HCl
(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)
H
2
S+Cu
2+
=CuS↓+2H
+
H
2
S+2AgNO
3
===Ag
2
S↓+2HN
O
3
H
2
S+2Ag
+
=Ag
2<
br>S↓+2H
+
H
2
S+HgCl
2
===HgS↓+2HCl
H
2
S+Hg
2+
=HgS↓+2H
+
H
2
S+Pb(NO
3
)
2
===PbS↓+2HNO3
(铅试纸检验空气中H
2
S)
H
2
S+Pb=PbS↓+2H
2++
H
2
S+2Ag===Ag
2
S+H
2
↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)
2NH
3
(液
)+2Na==2NaNH
2
+H
2
↑
(NaNH
2
+H
2
O===NaOH+NH
3
↑)
3、NH
3
的碱性:
NH
3
+HX===NH
4
X
(X:F、Cl、Br、I、S)
NH
3
+HNO
3
==
=NH
4
NO
3
NH
3
+H
+
=NH
4
+
NH
3
+H
+
=NH
4
+
2NH
3
+H
2
SO
4
===(NH
4
)
2<
br>SO
4
NH
3
+NaCl+H
2
O+
CO
2
===NaHCO
3
+NH
4
Cl(侯德榜制碱:用
于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
NH
3
+H
2
S==NH
4
HS
4、不稳定性:
NH
3
+H
2
S=NH
4
+
+HS
-
2HFH
2
+F
2
2HClH
2
+Cl
2
2H
2
O
催化剂
2H
2
+O
2
2H
2
O
2
===2H
2
O+O
2
2HIH
2
+I
2
H
2
SH
2
+S
2NH
3
N
2
+3H
2
四.非金属氧化物(S
O
3
、SO
2
、N
2
O、NO、N
2
O<
br>3
、NO
2
、N
2
O
4
、N
2O
5
、CO、CO
2
、SiO
2
、P
2
O
3
、
P
2
O
5
、Cl
2
O、
Cl
2
O
3
、Cl
2
O
5
、Cl
2
O
7
、ClO
2
)
1、低价态的还原性:(SO
2
、CO、NO)
2SO
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O===2H
2
SO
4
(
这是SO
2
在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
2SO
2
+O
2
催化剂
加热
2SO
3
SO
2
+NO
2
===SO
3
+NO
Cl
2
+SO
2
+2H
2
O=4H+SO
4
+2Cl
+2––
SO
2
+Cl
2
+2H2
O===H
2
SO
4
+2HCl
SO
2
+Br
2
+2H
2
O===H
2
SO
4
+2HBr Br
2
+SO
2
+2H
2
O=4H
+
+SO
4
2–
+2Br
–
S
O
2
+I
2
+2H
2
O===H
2
SO<
br>4
+2HI I
2
+SO
2
+2H
2
O=4H
+
+SO
4
2–
+2I
–
2NO+O
2
===2NO
2
NO+NO
2<
br>+2NaOH===2NaNO
2
(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO
2
)
NO+NO
2
+2OH
–
=2NO
2
–
2CO+O
2
3CO+Fe
2
O
3
2CO
2
CO+CuO
催化剂
加热
Cu+CO
2
CO
2
+H
2
2Fe+3CO
2
CO+H
2
O
2、氧化性:
SO
2
+2H
2
S===3S+2H
2
O
SO
3
+2KIK
2
SO
3
+I
2
NO
2
+2KI+H
2
O===NO+I
2
+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO
2
)
4NO
2
+H
2
S===4NO+SO
3
+H
2
O
2NO
2
+Cu
CO
2
+2Mg
4Cu
O+N
2
N
2
O+ZnZnO+N
2
2MgO+C
(CO
2
不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)
SiO
2
+2H
2
Si+2H
2
O
SiO
2
+2Mg2MgO+Si
3、与水的作用:
SO
2
+H
2
O===H
2
SO
3
SO
3
+H
2
O===H
2
SO
4
SO
3
+H
2
O=2H
+
+SO
4
2–<
br>
3NO
2
+H
2
O===2HNO
3
+NO
(NO
2
不是硝酸的酸酐)
N
2
O
5
+H
2
O===2HNO
3
N
2
O
5
+H<
br>2
O=2H
+
+2NO
3
–
P
2
O
5
+H
2
O(冷水)===2HPO
3
P
2
O
5
+3H
2
O(热水)===2H
3<
br>PO
4
(P
2
O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂)
P
2
O
5
+3H
2
SO
4
(浓)===2H
3
PO
4
+3SO
3
CO
2
+H
2
O===H
2
CO
3
Cl
2
O+H
2
O==2HClO
Cl
2
O
7
+H
2
O==2HClO
4
Cl
2
O
7
+H
2
O=2H
+
+
2ClO
4
–
4、与碱性物质的作用:
SO
2
+2NH
3
+H
2
O===(NH
4
)
2
SO
3
SO
2
+
(NH
4
)
2
SO
3
+H
2
O===2N
H
4
HSO
3
2NH
4
HSO
3+H
2
SO
4
===(NH
4
)
2
S
O
4
+2H
2
O+2SO
2
↑(硫酸工业尾气处理)
p>
SO
2
+Ca(OH)
2
===CaSO
3↓+H
2
O
(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO
2
和CO
2
.可用品红鉴别)
SO
3
+MgO===MgSO
4
SO
3
+Ca(OH)
2
===CaSO
4
↓+H
2
O
CO
2
+NH
3
+H
2
O===NH
4
HCO
3
CO
2
+2NH
3
(过量
)+H
2
O===(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
CO
2
+2NH3
(NH
2
)
2
CO+H
2
O
(工业制取尿素)
(NH
2
)
2
CO+2H
2
O
CO
2
+2NaOH(过量)==Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O 2OH
-
+CO
2
=CO
3
2–
+H
2
O
CO
2
(过量)+NaOH==NaHCO
3
OH
-
+CO
2
=HCO
3
–
C
O
2
+Ca(OH)
2
(过量)==CaCO
3
+H
2
O Ca
2+
+2
OH
+CO
2
=CaCO
3
↓+H
2
O
2CO
2
(过量)+Ca(OH)
2
==Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CO
2
+CaCO
3
+H
2
O==Ca(
HCO
3
)
2
OH
―
+CO
2
=HCO
3
–
CO
2
+CaCO
3
+H
2
O=Ca
2
+
+2HCO
3
–
CO
2
(不足)+2NaAl
O
2
+3H
2
O===2Al(OH)
3
↓+Na
2
CO
3
CO
2
+3H
2
O+AlO
2
–
=Al(OH)
3
↓+CO
3
2–
CO
2
(足)+NaAlO
2
+2H
2
O===Al(OH)
3
↓+NaHCO
3
CO2
+2H
2
O+AlO
2
–
=Al(OH)
3
↓+HCO
3
–
CO
2
+C
6
H
5
ONa+H
2
O===C
6
H
5
OH
↓+NaHCO
3
CO
2
+C
6
H
5
O+H
2
O=C
6
H
5
O
H↓+HCO
3
SiO
2
+CaOCaSiO
3
(炼钢造渣)
―–
SiO
2
+2NaOH===Na
2<
br>SiO
3
+H
2
O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)
SiO<
br>2
+Na
2
CO
3
SiO
2
+CaCO3
Na
2
SiO
3
+CO
2
(制取玻璃)
CaSiO
3
+CO
2
(制取玻璃)
2NO
2
+2NaOH==NaNO
2
+N
aNO
3
+H
2
O
2NO
2
+2
OH
―
=NO
3
–
+NO
2
―
+H
2
O
NO+NO
2
+2NaOH==2NaNO
2<
br>+H
2
O (制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)
NO+NO
2+2OH
―
=2NO
3
–
+H
2
O
五.金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
6FeO+O
2
===2Fe
3
O
4
FeO+4HNO
3
===Fe(NO
3
)
3
+N
O
2
+2H
2
O
FeO+4H
+
+NO
3
―
=Fe
3+
+NO
2
↑+2H
2
O
2、氧化性:
Na
2
O
2
+2Na2N
a
2
O(此反应用于制备Na
2
O)
MgO,A
l
2
O
3
几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和
Al.
Fe
2
O
3
+3H
2
2Fe+3H2
O(制还原铁粉)
Fe
3
O
4
+4H2
3Fe+4H
2
O
CuO+H
2
Cu+H
2
O
2Fe
3
O
4
+16HI==6FeI
2
+8H
2
O+2I
2
2Fe
3
O
―
4
+16H<
br>+
+4I=6Fe
2+
+8H
2
O+2I
2
Fe
2
O
3
+Fe 3FeO
(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)
FeO+CFe+CO (高温炼钢调节C含量)
2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO
2
(高温炼钢调节Si含量)
3、与水的作用:
Na
2
O+H
2
O==2NaOH
Na
2
O+H
2
O=2Na
+
+2OH
–
2Na
2
O
2
+2H
2
O=
==4NaOH+O
2
↑
2Na
+
2
O<
br>2
+2H
2
O=4Na+4OH
–
+O
2
↑
(此反应分两步:Na
2
O
2
+2H
2
O===2
NaOH+H
2
O
2
;2H
2
O
2
===
2H
2
O+O
2
H
似的反应:BaO
2
+H<
br>2
SO
4
(稀)===BaSO
4
+H
2
O
2
)
MgO+H
2
O===Mg(OH)
2
(缓慢反应)
2
O
2
的制备可利用类
4、与酸性物质的作用:
Na
2
O+SO
3
==Na
2
SO
4
Na
2
O+CO
2
==Na
2
CO
3
MgO+SO
3
===MgSO
4
Na
2
O+2HCl==2NaCl+H
2
O
Na
2
O+2H
+
=2Na
+
+H
2
O
2Na
2
O
2
+2CO
2
==2Na
2
CO
3
+O
2
↑
Na
2
O
2
+H
2
SO
4
(冷,稀)===Na
2
SO4
+H
2
O
2
MgO+H
2
SO
4
===MgSO
4
+H
2
O
MgO+2H
+
=Mg
2+
+H
2
O
A
l
2
O
3
+3H
2
SO
4
===Al2
(SO
4
)
3
+3H
2
O Al
+
2
O
3
+6H=2Al
3+
+3H2
O
Al
2
O
3
+2NaOH===2N
aAlO
2
+H
2
O
Al
2
O
―3
+2OH
―
=2AlO
2
+H
2
O
FeO+2HCl===FeCl
2
+H
2
O
FeO+2H
+
=Fe
2+
+H
2
O
<
br>Fe
2
O
3
+6HCl===2FeCl
3
+3H<
br>2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+6H
+
=
2Fe
3+
+3H
2
O
2
O
3
两性氧化物)
(Al
Fe
3
O
4
+8HCl===FeCl
2
+2FeCl
3
+4H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+8H=2Fe+Fe+4H
2
O
六.含氧酸
1、氧化性:
4HClO
3
+3H
2<
br>S===3H
2
SO
4
+4HCl
ClO
3–
+3H
2
S=6H
+
+SO
4
2–
+Cl
–
HClO
3
+HI===HIO
3
+HCl
ClO<
br>3
–
+I
–
=IO
3
–
+Cl
–<
br>
3HClO+HI===HIO
3
+3HCl
3HClO+I-
=IO
3
–
+3H
+
+Cl
–
<
br>HClO+H
2
SO
3
===H
2
SO
4<
br>+HCl
+3+2+
HClO+H
2
SO
3
=3H
+
+SO
4
2–
+Cl
–
HCl
O+H
2
O
2
===HCl+H
2
O+O
2
↑
HClO+H
2
O
2
=H
+
+Cl
–
+H
2
O+O
2
↑
(氧化性:HClO>H
ClO
2
>HClO
3
>HClO
4
,但浓,热的HClO
4
氧化性很强)
2H
2
SO
4
(浓)+CCO
2
↑+2SO
2
↑+2H
2
O
2H
2
SO
4
(浓)+S3SO
2
↑+2H
2
O
Fe
2
(SO
4
)<
br>3
+3SO
2
↑+6H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+Fe(Al)室温下钝化 6H
2
SO
4
(浓)+2Fe
2H
2
SO
4
(浓)+Cu
CuSO
4
+SO
2
↑+2H
2
O
H<
br>2
SO
4
(浓)+2HBr===SO
2
↑+Br
2
+2H
2
O (不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)
H
2SO
4
(浓)+2HI===SO
2
↑+I
2
+2H<
br>2
O (不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI)
H
2
SO
4
(稀)+Fe===FeSO
4
+H
2
↑
2H
+
+Fe=Fe
2+
+H
2
↑ <
br>H
2
SO
3
+2H
2
S===3S↓+3H
2
O
4HNO
3
(浓)+C
6HNO
3
(浓)+S
5HNO
3
(浓)+P
CO
2
↑+4NO2
↑+2H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+6
NO
2
↑+2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+5NO
2
↑+H
2
O
3H
3
PO
4
+5NO↑
5HNO
3
(稀)+3P+2H
2
O
5H
++5NO
3
-
+3P+2H
2
O3H
3
PO<
br>4
+5NO↑
6HNO
3
(浓足)+Fe===Fe(NO
3
)
3
+3NO
2
↑+3H
2
O
4HNO
3
(浓)+Fe(足)===Fe(NO
3
)
2
+NO
2
↑+2H
2
O(先得Fe
3+
,在Fe过量时再
生成Fe
2+
的盐)
4HNO
3
(稀足)+Fe===F
e(NO
3
)
3
+NO↑+2H
2
O
4H+NO
3
+Fe=Fe+NO↑+2H
2
O
30HNO
3
+8Fe===8Fe(NO
3
)
3
+3N
2
O↑+15H
2
O
30 H
+
+6NO
3
–
+8Fe=8Fe
3+
+3N
2
O
↑+15H
2
O
36HNO
3
+10Fe===10Fe
(NO
3
)
3
+3N
2
↑+18H
2
O
36H
+
+6NO
3
–
+10Fe=8Fe3+
+3N
2
↑+18H
2
O
30HNO
3
+8Fe===8Fe(NO
3
)
3
+3NH
4
N
O
3
+9H
2
O
30 H
+
+3N
O
3
–
+8Fe=8Fe
3+
+3NH
4
+
+9H
2
O
4Zn+10HNO
3
(稀)==4Zn(
NO
3
)
2
+N
2
O↑+5H
2
O
4Zn+10H
+
+2NO
3
–
=4Zn
2+
+N
2
O↑+5H
2
O
4Zn+10H
NO
3
(稀)==4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+NH
4<
br>NO
3
+3H
2
O
4Zn+10H
+<
br>+NO
3
–
=4Zn
2+
+NH
4
+
+5H
2
O
2、还原性:
H
2
SO
3+X
2
+H
2
O===H
2
SO
4
+
2HX (X表示Cl
2
,Br
2
,I
2
)
<
br>H
2
SO
3
+X
2
+H
2
O=4H
+
+SO
4
2-
+X
–
2H
2
SO
3
+O
2
==2H
2
SO
4
+2-
+-3+
2H
2
SO
3
+O
2
=4H+SO
4
H
2
S
O
3
+H
2
O
2
===H
2
SO
4
+H
2
O
H
2
SO
3
+H
2
O
2
=2H+SO
4
+H
2
O<
br>
5H
2
SO
3
+2KMnO
4
===2M
nSO
4
+K
2
SO
4
+2H
2
SO4
+3H
2
O
5H
2
SO
3+2MnO
4
–
=2Mn
2+
+4H
+
+3S
O
4
2–
+3H
2
O
H
2
SO
3
+2FeCl
3
+H
2
O===H
2
SO
4
+2FeCl
2
+2HCl
H
2
SO3
+2Fe
3+
+H
2
O=4H
+
+2Fe<
br>2+
+SO
4
2–
3、酸性:
H
2
SO
4
(浓)+CaF
2
H
2SO
4
(浓)+NaCl
H
2
SO
4
(浓)+
2NaCl
H
2
SO
4
(浓)+NaNO
3
CaS
O
4
+2HF↑
(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)
+2–
NaHSO
4
+HCl↑
Na
2
SO
4
+2HCl↑
NaHSO
4
+HNO
3
↑
(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)
(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)
(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)
3H
2
SO
4
(浓)+Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
2H
2
SO
4<
br>(浓)+Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
3CaSO
4
+2H
3
PO
4
(强酸制弱酸酸)
2CaSO
4
+Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
(工业制磷肥)
3HNO
3
+Ag
3
PO
4<
br>==H
3
PO
4
+3AgNO
3
3H
+
+Ag
3
PO
4
=H
3
PO<
br>4
+3Ag
+
2HNO
3
+CaCO
3
==Ca(NO
3
)
2
+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
2H+CaCO
3
=Ca+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
(用HNO
3
和浓H
2
SO
4
不能制备H
2
S,HI,HBr,
SO
2
等还原性气体)
4H
3
PO
4
+Ca<
br>3
(PO
4
)
2
H
3
PO
4
(浓)+NaBr
酸)
H
3
PO
4
(浓)+NaI
4、不稳定性:
NaH
2
PO
4
+HI↑
3Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
(重钙)
NaH
2
PO
4
+HBr↑ (不挥发性酸
制取挥发性酸,磷酸是非氧化性
+2+
2HClO
4HNO
3
H2
SO
3
H
2
CO
3
H
4
S
iO
4
H
2
S
2
O
3
2HCl+O
2
↑(保存在棕色瓶中)
4NO
2
↑+O
2
↑+2H
2
O
(保存在棕色瓶中)
H
2
O+SO
2
↑
(在加热或酸性条件下分解)
H
2
O+CO
2
↑
(在加热或酸性条件下分解)
H
2
SiO
3
+H
2
O
H
2
SiO
3
SiO
2
↓+H
2
O
H
2
O+S↓+SO
2
↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)
七.碱
1、低价态的还原性:
4Fe(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O===4Fe(OH)
3
2、与酸性物质的作用:
2NaOH+SO
2
(
少量)==Na
2
SO
3
+H
2
O
OH
–
+SO
2
=SO
3
2–
+H
2<
br>O
NaOH+SO
2
(足)==NaHSO
3
OH
-
+SO
2
(足)=HSO
3
–
<
br>2NaOH+SiO
2
==Na
2
SiO
3
+H2
O
OH
-
+SiO
2
=SiO
32–
+H
2
O
2NaOH+Al
2
O
3
==2NaAlO
2
+H
2
O
2OH
-
+Al
2
O
3
=2AlO
2
–
+H<
br>2
O
2KOH+Cl
2
==KCl+KClO+H
2
O Cl
2
+2OH
–
=Cl
–
+ClO
–
+H
2
O
NaOH+HCl==NaCl+H
2
O
H
+
+OH
=H
2
O
NaOH+H
2
S(足)==NaHS+H
2
O
OH
–
+H
2
S=HS
–
+H
2
O
2NaOH+H
2
S(少量)==Na
2
S
+2H
2
O
2OH+H
2
S=S+2H
2
O
3NaOH+AlCl
3
==Al(OH)
3
↓+3NaCl
3OH
–
+Al
3+
=Al(OH)
3
↓
NaOH+Al(OH)
3
==NaAlO
2
+2H
2O (AlCl
3
和Al(OH)
3
哪个酸性强?)
OH
–
+Al(OH)
3
=AlO
2
–
+2H
2
O
2CaCl
2
+2NH
3
↑+2H
2
O
(实验室制NH
3
)
–2–
Ca(OH)
2<
br>+2NH
4
Cl
NaOH+NH
4
ClNaCl+NH
3
↑+H
2
O
Mg(OH)
2
+2NH
4<
br>Cl==MgCl
2
+2NH
3
·H
2
O
(Al(OH)
3
+NH
4
Cl不溶解)
Ba(OH)<
br>2
+H
2
SO
4
==BaSO
4
↓+2H<
br>2
O
2H
+
+2OH
–
+B
a
2+
+SO
4
2–
=BaSO
4
↓2H
2
O
3、不稳定性:
Mg(OH)
2
2Fe(OH)
3
八.盐
1、氧化性:(在水溶液中)
2FeCl
3
+Fe==3FeCl
2
2Fe+Fe=3Fe
3+2+
MgO+H
2
O 2Al(OH)<
br>3
Al
2
O
3
+3H
2
O
2AgOH==Ag
2
O+H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+3H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
CuO+H
2
O
2F
eCl
3
+Cu===2FeCl
2
+CuCl
2
(用于雕刻铜线路版) 2Fe+Cu=2Fe+Cu
2FeCl
3
+Zn(少量
)===2FeCl
2
+ZnCl
2
FeCl
3
+Ag===FeCl
2
+AgCl↓
2Fe+Zn=2Fe+Zn
3+2+2+
3+2+2+
2Fe
3+
+Cl
-
+2Ag=2Fe
2+
+2AgCl↓
Fe
2
(SO4
)
3
+2Ag===FeSO
4
+Ag
2
S
O
4
↓
(较难反应)
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+Ag不反应
2FeCl
3
+H
2
S===2FeCl
2
+2HCl+S↓
2FeCl<
br>3
+2KI===2FeCl
2
+2KCl+I
2
FeCl
2
+Mg===Fe+MgCl
2
2F
e
3+
+H
2
S=2Fe
2+
+2H
+
+
S↓
2Fe
3+
+2I
-
=2Fe
2+
+I
2
Fe
2+
+Mg=Fe+Mg
2+
NaNO
2<
br>+NH
4
Cl==NaCl+N
2
↑+2H
2
O
(实验室制氮气) NH
4
+
+NO
2
-
=N
2<
br>↑+2H
2
O
2、还原性:
2FeCl
2
+3Cl
2
===2FeCl
3
(在水溶液中不需加热)
2Fe
2+
+3Cl
2
=2
Fe
3+
+6Cl
-
3Na
2
S+8HNO3
(稀)===6NaNO
3
+2NO↑+3S+4H
2
O
3S
2-
+8H
+
+2NO
3
-
=2NO↑+3S+4H
2
O
3Na
2
SO
3
+2HNO
3
(稀)===3Na
2
SO
4
+2NO↑+H
2
O
3SO
3
2-
+2H
+
+2NO
3
-
=3SO
4
2-
+2NO↑+H
2<
br>O
2Na
2
SO
3
+O
2
===
2Na
2
SO
4
(Na
2
SO
3
在空气中易变质)
Na<
br>2
SO
3
+SNa
2
S
2
O
3
2--
Na
2
S+Cl
2
==2NaCl
+S↓(在水溶液中) S+Cl
2
=2Cl+S↓
3、与碱性物质的作用:
Ca(OH)
2
+CuSO
4
==Cu(OH)
2
↓+CaSO
4
↓ (波尔多液)
MgCl
2
+2NH
3
·H
2
O===Mg(OH)
2
↓+2NH
4<
br>Cl
Mg
2+
+2NH
3
·H
2O=Mg(OH)
2
↓+2NH
4
+
AlCl
3
+3NH
3
·H
2
O===Al(OH)
3
↓
+3NH
4
Cl
Al
3+
+3NH
3
·H
2
O=Al(OH)
2
↓+3NH
4
+
FeCl
3
+3NH
3
·H
2
O===Fe(OH)<
br>3
↓+3NH
4
Cl
Fe
3+
+3NH
3
·H
2
O=Fe(OH)
3
↓+3NH
4
+
CuSO
4
+2NH
3
·H
2O(不足)==Cu(OH)
2
↓+(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Cu
2+
+2NH
3
·H
2
O=Cu(OH)
2
↓+2NH
4
+
Cu(
OH)
2
+4NH
3
·H
2
O=Cu(NH
3)
4
(OH)
2
+4H
2
O
Cu(
OH)
2
+4NH
3
·H
2
O=[Cu(NH
3<
br>)
4
]
2+
+2OH
-
+4H
2
O
铜氨溶液
CuSO
4
+4NH
3
·H
2
O(足)
==Cu(NH
3
)
4
SO
4
+4H
2
O
Cu+4NH
3
·H
2
O=[Cu(NH
3
)4
]+4H
2
O
2+2+
总方程式
铜氨溶液
AgNO
3
+NH
3
·H
2
O==AgOH↓+NH
4
NO
3
2AgOH=Ag
2
O(灰黑色)+H
2
O
Ag
2
O+4NH
3
·H
2
O=2[Ag(NH
3)
2
]+2OH+3H
2
O 银氨溶液
AgNO
3
+2NH
3
·H
2
O==Ag(NH
3
)
2
NO
3
+2H
2
O
Ag
+
+2NH
3
·H
2
O=[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
+2H
2
O 总方程式
<
br>ZnSO
4
+2NH
3
·H
2
O(不足)==Zn(
OH)
2
↓+(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Zn
2+
+2NH
3
·H
2
O=Zn(OH)
2
↓+2NH
4
+
Zn(OH)
2
+4NH3
·H
2
O=Zn(NH
3
)
4
(OH)2
+4H
2
O
ZnSO
4
+4NH
3
·H
2
O(足)==Zn(NH
3
)
4
SO4
+4H
2
O
Zn
2+
+4NH
3
·H
2
O=[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+4H
2
O 总方程式
+-
4、与酸性物质的作用:强酸制弱酸,或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸
Na
3
PO
4
+2HCl===Na
2
HPO
4
+2Na
Cl PO
4
3-
+2H
+
=H
2
PO<
br>4
-
Na
2
HPO
4
+HCl===Na
H
2
PO
4
+NaCl
NaH
2
PO
4
+HCl===H
3
PO
4
+NaCl
HPO<
br>4
2-
+H
+
=H
2
PO
4
-
H
2
PO
4
-
+H
+
=H
3
PO
4
CO
3
2-
+H
+
=HCO
3
-
HCO
3
-
+H
+
=CO
2
↑+H
2<
br>O
Na
2
CO
3
+HCl===NaHCO
3
+NaCl
NaHCO
3
+HCl===NaCl+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
3Na
2
CO
3
+2
AlCl
3
+3H
2
O==2Al(OH)
3
↓+3CO<
br>2
↑+6NaCl (物质之间的双水解反应)
3CO3
+2Al+3H
2
O=2Al(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑
3Na
2
CO
3
+2FeCl
3
+
3H
2
O===2Fe(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
+6NaC
l (物质之间的双水解反应)
3CO
3
2-
+2Fe
3+
+3H
2
O=2Fe(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑
3NaHCO
3
+AlCl
3
===Al(OH)
3<
br>↓+3CO
2
↑
3HCO
3
-
+Al
3
+
=2Al(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑
3NaH
CO
3
+FeCl
3
===Fe(OH)
3
↓+3CO2
↑
3HCO
3
-
+Fe
3+
=2Fe(
OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑
3Na
2
S+Al2
(SO
4
)
3
+6H
2
O===2Al(O
H)
3
↓+3H
2
S↑
3S
2-
+2Al3+
+3H
2
O=2Al(OH)
3
↓+3H
2
S↑
3NaAlO
2
+AlCl
3
+6H
2<
br>O==4Al(OH)
3
↓+3NaCl
3AlO
2
-
+Al
3+
+6H
2
O=4Al(OH)
3
↓<
br>
(物质之间的双水解反应)
(物质之间的双水解反应)
(物质之间的双水解反应)
(物质之间的双水解反应)
2-3+
3NaAlO
2
+FeCl
3
+6H
2
O
==3Al(OH)
3
↓+Fe(OH)
3
↓+3NaCl
3AlO
2
-
+Fe
3+
+6H
2
O=3Al(OH)
3
↓+Fe(OH)
3
↓
NaAl
O
2
+NH
4
Cl+2H
2
O==Al(OH)
3
↓+NH
3
·H
2
O+NaCl
AlO
2
-
+NH
4
+
+2H
2
O=Al(OH)3
↓+NH
3
·H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O+CO
2
===2NaHCO
3
CO
3
+H
2
O+CO
2
=2HCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O+2SO
2
==2NaHSO
3
+CO<
br>2
↑ (1:2)
CO
3
2-
+H
2O+2SO
2
=2HSO
3
-
+CO
2
↑
2Na
2
CO
3
(足)+H
2
O+SO2
==Na
2
SO
3
+2NaHCO
3
(C
O
2
中的SO
2
不能用Na
2
CO
3
洗气
)
2CO
3
2-
+H
2
O+SO
2
=SO
3
2-
+2HCO
3
-
(2:1)
Na
2
CO
3
+SO
2
==
Na
2
SO
3
+CO
2
CO
3
2-
+SO
2
=SO
3
2-
+CO
2
NaHCO
3
+SO
2
===NaHSO
3
+CO
2
(CO
2
中的SO
2
可能用NaHCO
3
洗气)
2HCO
3
-
+SO
2
=2HSO
3-
+CO
2
2NaHCO
3
+SO
2
==Na
2
SO
3
+2CO
2
+H
2
O
2HCO
3
-
+SO
2
=SO
3
2-+2CO
2
+H
2
O
Na
2
SiO
3
+2HCl===H
2
SiO
3
↓+NaCl 或Na
2
SiO
3
+2HCl+H
2
O===H
4
SiO
4
↓+2NaCl
SiO
3
2-
+2
H
+
=H
2
SiO
3
↓ 或SiO
3
2-
+2H
+
+H
2
O=H
4
SiO
4
↓
Na
2
SiO
3
+CO
2
+
2H
2
O===H
2
SiO
3
↓+Na
2
CO
3
SiO
3
2-
+CO
2<
br>+2H
2
O=H
4
SiO
4
↓+CO
32-
5、盐与盐复分解反应
(1:1)
2--
Na
2
SO
4
+BaCl
2
==BaSO
4
↓+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸)
SO
3
+Ba=BaSO
4
↓
Na
2<
br>SO
3
+BaCl
2
==BaSO
3
↓+2NaCl
(沉淀溶于盐酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失)
SO
3
2-
+Ba
2+
=BaSO
3
↓
2-2+
Na
2
CO
3
+BaCl
2
==
BaCO
3
↓+2NaCl(沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失)
CO
3
2-
+Ba
2+
=BaCO
3
↓
Na
2
CO
3
+CaCl
2
==CaCO
3
↓+2NaCl (NaHCO
3
不反应)
CO
3<
br>2-
+Ca
2+
=CaCO
3
↓
AgNO
3
+NaCl==AgCl↓+NaNO
3
AgNO
3
+NaBr==AgBr↓+NaNO
3
AgNO
3
+KI==AgCl↓+KNO
3
Ag
+
+Cl
-
=AgCl↓
Ag
+
+Br
-
=AgBr↓
Ag
+
+I
-
=AgI↓
3AgNO
3
+Na
3
PO
4
==Ag
3
PO
4
↓+3
NaNO
3
3Ag
+
+PO
4
3-
=Ag3
PO
4
↓
CuSO
4
+Na
2<
br>S==CuS↓+Na
2
SO
4
FeCl
3
+3KSCN==Fe(SCN)
3
+3KCl
Fe
3+
+3SCN
-
=Fe(SCN)
3
(血红色,用于Fe
3+
的特性检验)
6、不稳定性:
Cu
2+
+S
2-
=CuS↓
Na
2S
2
O
3
+H
2
SO
4
===Na<
br>2
SO
4
+S↓+SO
2
↑+H
2
O
S
2
O
3
+2H=S↓+SO
2
↑+H
2
O
NH
4
Cl
NH
4
INH
4
I
NH
3
↑+HCl↑
NH
3
↑+HI↑
2HI
NH
3
↑+H
2
↑+I
2
↑
NH
3
↑+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
2KNO
2
+O
2
↑
2CuO+4NO
2
↑+O
2
↑
H
2
+I
2
2-+
NH
4
HC
O
3
2KNO
3
2Cu(NO
3
)
3
2A
gNO
3
5NH
4
NO
3
10NH
4
NO
3
2KMnO
4
2KClO
3
2NaHCO
3Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
2Ag+2NO
2
↑+O
2
↑(保存在棕色瓶中)
4N
2
↑+2HNO
3
+9H
2
O
8N
2
↑+4NO
2
↑+O
2
↑+20H
2<
br>O↑(硝酸铵爆炸反应)
K
2
MnO
4
+MnO<
br>2
+O
2
↑
2KCl+3O
2
↑
<
br>Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
CaCO
3
+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
MgCO
3
MgO+CO
2
↑
CaO+CO
2
↑
九、电离方程式
1、酸的电离(H
2
SO
4
、HNO
3
、HCl、HBr、
HI、H
3
PO
4
、HF、H
2
SO
3
、
CH
3
COOH、H
2
CO
3
、H
2
S、
HNO
2
、C
6
H
5
OH、HCN、HClO)<
br>
H
2
SO
4
==2H
+
+SO
4
2-
或:H
2
SO
4
+2H
2
O==
2H
3
O
+
+SO
4
2-
HNO
3
==H
+
+NO
3
-
或:
HNO
3
+H
2
O==H
3
O
+
+NO<
br>3
-
(以下雷同)
HCl==H
+
+Cl
HBr==H
+
+Br
HI==H
+
+I
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+H
2
PO
4
H
2
PO
4
2
H
+
+HPO
2
4
HPO
4
H
+
+PO
3
4
HF
H
2
SO
3
H+
+F
H
+
+HSO
3
HSO
3
2
H
+
+SO
3
CH
3
COOH
H
2
CO
3
H
+
+CH3
COO
H
+
+
HCO
3
HCO
3
2
H
+
+
CO
3
<
br>H
2
S
HNO
2
H
+
+
HS
HS
H
+
+NO
2
H
+
+
S
2
C
6
H
5
OHH
+
+C
6
H
5
O
-
(苯酚不是酸,显酸性)
HCNH
+
+CN
HClO
H
2
O
2H
2
O
+
H+ClO
H+OH
H
3
O
+
+OH
+
2、碱的电离(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)
2
、Mg(O
H)
2
、Al(OH)
3
、NH
3
·H
2
O)
NaOH==Na
+
+OH
Mg(OH
)
2
Al(OH)
3
NH
3
·H
2
OKOH==K
+
+OH
Ba(OH)
2
==Ba
2+
+2OH
Mg
2+
+2OH
Al
3+
+3OH
酸式电离:Al(OH)
3
+2OH
NH
4
H
+
+
AlO
+H
2
O
2
Ca(OH)
2
==Ca
2+
+2OH
(澄清石灰水)
Ca(OH)
2
Ca
2+
+2OH
(石灰悬浊液)
3、盐的电离(NaCl、Na
2
SO
4
、NaHSO
4
、Na
2
SO
3
、NaHSO
3<
br>、MgSO
4
、CaSO
4
、Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
、CuSO
4
、
AlCl
3
、Ag
NO
3
、CH
3
COONa、NH
4
NO
3
、FeCl
3
、Na
2
CO
3
、NaHCO
3<
br>、Na
2
S、NaHS、NaH
2
PO
4
、Na2
HPO
4
、
Na
3
PO
4
、KI、
NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO
3
)
NaCl==Na
+
+Cl
Na
2
SO
4
==2Na
+
+
SO
2
4
NaHSO
4
==H
+
+Na
+
+<
br>SO
2
4
Na
2
SO<
br>3
==2Na+
SO
2
4
+
NaHSO
3
==Na+HSO
3
(错误书写:NaHSO
3
==Na+H+SO
4
)
MgSO
4
==Mg+
SO
2
4+-++2-
2+
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
==2Al
3+
+3
SO
2
4
CuSO
4
==Cu+
SO
2
4
2+
AlCl
3
==Al
3+
+3Cl
<
br>
AgNO
3
==Ag
+
+NO
3
CH
3
COONa==CH
3
COO
+Na
+
NH
4
NO
3
==NH
4
+
+
NO
3
-
FeCl
3
==Fe
3+
+3Cl
2
Na
2
CO
3
==2Na
+
+
CO3
2
NaHCO
3
==Na
+
+
HCO
3
(错误书写:NaHCO
3
==Na
+<
br>+H
+
+
CO
3
)
Na
2
S==2Na
+
+
S
2
NaHS==Na
+
+HS
(错误书写:NaHS==Na
+
+H+
S
2
)
NaH
2
PO
4
==Na
+
+H
2
PO
4
3
Na
2
HPO
4<
br>==2Na+HPO
2
4
(错误书写:Na
2
HPO
4
==2Na+H+PO
4
)
+++
Na
3
PO
4
==3Na+PO
3
4
+
KI==K+I
AgCl
CaCO
3
+―
NaBr==Na+Br
+―
NaClO==Na+ClO
+―
Ag
+
+
Cl
(难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离)
2
2
Ca
2+
+
CO
3
(错误书写:CaCO
3
==Ca
2+
+CO
3
)
CaSO
4
2
Ca+SO
2
4
(错误书写:C
aSO
4
==Ca+SO
4
)
2+2+
3、熔融电离
NaCl
Na
2
O
Na
+
+
Cl
2Na
+
+O
2―
MgCl
2
Al
2
O
3
Mg
2+
+2
Cl
2Al
3+
+3O
2―
十、水解反应
1、单水解---可逆水解
NH
4
Cl+H
2
O
FeCl
3
+3H
2
O
AlCl
3
+3H
2
O
CuSO
4
+2H
2
O
NaHCO<
br>3
+H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+H2
O
NH
3
·H
2
O+HCl NH
4+
+H
2
O
Fe(OH)
3
+3HCl
Fe
3+
+3H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+3HCl
Al
3+
+3H
2
O
H
+
+NH
3
·H
2
O
Fe(OH)
3
+3H
+
Al(OH)
3
+3H
+
Cu(OH)
2
+H
2
SO
4
(金属活动顺序表中Mg
2+
以后的阳离子均水解)
H
2
CO
3
+NaOH
(NaHSO
4
不水解,NaHSO
3
电离大于水解)
NaHCO
3
+NaOH CO
3
+H
2
O<
br>2-
HCO
3
+OH
-–
NaHC
O
3
+H
2
O
Na
2
SO
3
+H
2
O
NaHSO
3
+H
2
O
H
2
CO
3
+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加)
NaHSO
3
+NaOH SO
3
+H
2
O<
br>2-
HSO
3
+OH
-–
H
2
S
O
3
+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加)
HSO
3
-
+H
2
O
S
2-
+H
2O
H
2
SO
3
+OH
-
HS
-
+OH
–
Na
2
S+H
2
O
NaHS+H
2
O
NaHS+NaOH
H
2
S+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加)
HS
-
+H
2
O
PO
4
3-
+H
2
O
H
2
S+OH
-
HPO
4
2-
+OH
–
H
2
PO
4
-
+OH
–
H
3
PO
4
+OH
–
CH
3
COOH+OH
–
C
6
H
5
OH+OH
–
Na
3
PO
4
+H
2
O
Na
2
HPO
4
+H
2
O
NaH
2
PO
4
+H
2
O
CH
3
COONa+H
2
O
C
6
H
5
ONa+H
2
O
2、双水解
CH
3
COONH
4
+H
2
O
NH
4
F+H<
br>2
O
Na
2
HPO
4
+NaOH
NaH
2
PO
4
+NaOH HPO
4
2-<
br>+H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+NaOH
H
2
PO
4
-
+H
2
O
CH
3<
br>COOH+NaOH CH
3
COO
-
+H
2
O<
br>C
6
H
5
OH+NaOH C
6
H
5O
-
+H
2
O
CH
3
COOH+NH
3
·H
2
O
HF+NH
3
·H
2
O
Al
2
S
3
+6H
2
O==Al(OH)
3
↓+H
2S↑ (隔绝空气,密封保存)
Mg
3
N
2<
br>+6H
2
O==Mg(OH)
2
↓+NH
3
↑(隔绝
空气,密封保存)
Na
3
P+3H
2
O==3NaOH+
PH
3
↑(隔绝空气,密封保存)
Zn
3
P
2<
br>+6H
2
O==Zn(OH)
2
↓+PH
3
↑(Zn
3
P
2
一种老鼠药,PH
3
剧毒神经毒剂)
CaC
2
+2H
2
O==Ca(OH)
3
↓+C
2
H
2
↑(隔绝空气,密封保存)
C
2
H5
ONa+H
2
O==C
2
H
5
OH+NaO
H
十一、电解及电极方程式
1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下,或阴
极是较活泼金属电极,阳极是惰性电极条件
下的电解
2NaCl+2H
2<
br>O2NaOH+H
2
↑+Cl
2
↑
(-)2H
2
O+2e-==H
2
↑+2OH
-
或
2H
+
+2e
-
==H
2
↑
(+)2Cl
-
-2e-==Cl
2
↑
2Cl
-
+2H
2
O
CuCl
2
2OH
-
+H
2
↑+Cl
2
↑
Cu+Cl
2
↑
(-)Cu
2+
+2e-==Cu↓
(+)2Cl
-
-2e-==Cl
2
↑
Cu
2+
+2Cl
-
Cu↓+Cl
2
↑
2CuSO
4
+2H
2
O
2+
2Cu↓+O
2
↑+2H
2
SO
4
(-)2Cu+ 4e-==2Cu↓
(+)2H
2
O -
4e-==O
2
↑+4H
+
或:4OH
-
-4e-==O
2
↑+2H
2
O
4H
2
O4H
+
+4OH
-
2Cu
2+
+2H
2
O
2Cu↓+O
2
↑+4H
+
2H
2
O2H
2
↑+O
2
↑
(-) 4H
+
+4e-==2H
2
↑
(+)4OH
-
-4e-==O
2
↑+2H
2
O
中性电解 4H
2
O4H
+
+4OH
-
2H
2
O
酸性水解:
H
2
↑+O
2
↑
(-)
4H
+
+4e
-
==2H
2
↑
(+)2H
2
O-4e
-
==O
2
↑+4H
+ 4OH
-
-4e-==O
2
↑+2H
2
O
2H
2
O
碱性水解:
H
2
↑+O
2
↑
(-)
4H
2
O+4e-==2H
2
↑+4OH
-
或:4H
+
+4e
-
==2H
2
↑
(+)4OH-4e-==O
2
↑+2H
2
O
-
2H
2
OH
2
↑+O
2
↑
2、电镀:镀件作阴极,被镀金属作阳极,被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液
镀铜:CuSO
4
电镀液
镀件(-)
Cu
2+
+2e
-
==Cu↓
纯铜(+)
Cu–2e
-
==Cu
2+
镀锌:ZnSO
4
电镀液
镀件(-)
Zn
2+
+2e
-
==Zn↓
纯锌(+)
Zn–2e
-
==Zn
2+
镀银:AgNO
3
电镀液
镀件(-)
Ag
+
+e
-
==Ag↓
纯银(+)
Ag–e
-
==Ag
+
镀镍:NiSO
4
电镀液
镀件(-)
Ni
2+
+2e
-
==Ni↓
纯镍(+)
Ni–2e
-
==Ni
2+
3、熔融状态下的电解:
2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl
2
↑
(-)2Na+2e-==2Na
(+)2Cl-4e==Cl
2
↑
--
+
2N
a
+
+2Cl
-
(熔融)
2Al
2
O
3<
br>(熔融)
2Na+Cl
2
↑
4Al+2O
2
↑
(-)4Al
3+
+12e
–
==4Al
(+)6O
2-
-12e-==3O
2
↑
4Al
3+
+6O
2-
4Al+3O
2
↑
NaHF
2
(熔融)H
2
↑+F
2
↑
(-)2H
+
+2e
–
==H
2
↑
(+)2F
-
-2e-==F
2
↑
2HFH
2
↑+F
2
↑
十二、原电池反应 X—Y(电解质溶液) 或 X电解质溶液Y
(1)不可逆电池
苏打电池:Zn—Cu(H
2
SO
4
)
Zn极(-) Zn–2e
-
==Zn
2+
(氧化反应)
Cu极(+) 2H+2e==H
2
↑ (还原反应)
+-
离子方程式
Zn+2H==H
2
↑+Zn
化学方程式 Zn+H
2SO
4
=ZnSO
4
+H
2
↑
铁碳电池:Fe—C(H
2
CO
3
)
Fe极(-) Fe–2e
-
==Fe
2+
(氧化反应)
C极 (+) 2H
+
+2e
-
==H
2
↑
(还原反应)
离子方程式
Fe+2H
+
==H
2
↑+Fe
2+
(析氢腐蚀)
铁碳电池:Fe—C(H
2
O、O
2
)
Fe极(-) 2Fe–4e
-
==2Fe
2+
(氧化反应)
C极 (+) O
2
+2H
2
O+4e
-
==4<
br>OH
(还原反应)
化学方程式
2Fe+O
2
+2H
2
O==2Fe(OH)
2
(吸氧腐蚀)
4Fe(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O==4Fe(OH)
3
2Fe(OH)
3
==Fe2
O
3
·nH
2
O+(3-n)H
2
O
(铁锈的生成过程)
铝镍电池:Al—Ni(NaCl溶液、O
2
)
Al极(-) 4Al–12e
-
==4Al
3+
(氧化反应)
+2+
Ni极(+)3O
2
+6H
2
O+12e
-
==12
OH
(还原反应)
化学方程式
4Al+3O
2
+6H
2
O==4Al(OH)
3
(海洋灯标电池)
干电池:Zn—MnO
2
(NH
4
Cl糊状物) N
H
4
Cl+H
2
O==NH
3
·H
2
O+
HCl
Zn极(-) Zn–2e==Zn
-2+
(氧化反应)
Cu极(+) 2MnO
2
+2H
+
+2e
-
==Mn
2
O
3
+H
2
O
(还原反应)
化学方程式 Zn+2NH
4
Cl+2MnO
2
=ZnCl
2
+Mn
2
O
3
+2NH
3
↑
(2)可逆电池
铅蓄电池:Pb—PbO
2
(浓硫酸)放电
Pb极 (-) Pb+H
2
SO
4
–2e
-
==Pb
SO
4
+2H
+
(氧化反应)
PbO
2
极 (+)PbO
2
+H
2
SO
4
+2H
+
+2e
-
==PbSO
4
+2H
2
O (还原反应)
化学方程式 Pb+PbO
2
+2
H
2
SO
4
==2PbSO
4
+2H
2
O
Pb—PbO
2
(浓硫酸)充电
Pb极 (-) PbSO
4
+2H
+
–2e
-
==
Pb+H
2
SO
4
(还原反应)
PbO
2
极 (+)PbSO
4
+2H
2
O+2e
-
==PbO
2
+H
2
SO
4
+2H+
(氧化反应)
化学方程式 2PbSO
4
+2H
2
O==Pb+PbO
2
+2H
2
SO
4
锂电池:Li—LiMnO
2
(固体介质)
(-) Li–e
-
==Li
+
+-
(氧化反应)
(+)
MnO
2
+Li+e==LiMnO
2
+H
2
O
(还原反应)
化学方程式
Li+MnO
2
==LiMnO
2
银锌电池:Zn—Ag
2
O(NaOH)
Zn极(-)
Zn+2OH
–
–2e
-
==ZnO+H
2
O
(氧化反应)
Cu极(+) Ag
2
O+H
2
O+2e<
br>-
==2Ag+2
OH
(还原反应)
化学方程式 Zn+Ag
2
O ==ZnO+2Ag
(3)高能燃料电池:
H
2
—O
2
(NaOH)
Pt极(-) 2H
2
+4
OH
–4e
-
==4
H
2
O
Pt极(+)
O
-
2
+2H
2
O+4e==4
OH
化学方程式
2H
2
+O
2
==2H
2
O
CH
4
—O
2
(NaOH)
Pt极(-) CH
4
+10
OH
–8e
-
==
CO
2
3
+7H
2
O
Pt极(+)
2O
-
2
+4H
2
O+8e==8
OH
化学方程式 CH
4
+2O
2
+2NaOH==Na
2
CO
3
+3H
2
O
十三、热化学方程式
C(s)+12O
2
(g)==CO(g);
△H=-393.5kJmol
(氧化反应)
还原反应)
(氧化反应)
(还原反应)
(
C(s)+O
2
(g)==CO
2
(g);
△H=-110.5kJmol
CO(g)+12O
2
(g)==CO2
(g);△H=-283.0kJmol
H
2
(g)+12
O
2
(g)==H
2
O(g);△H=-241.8kJmol
<
br>H
2
(g)+12O
2
(g)==H
2
O(l);△
H=-285.8kJmol
2H
2
(g)+O
2
(g)
==2H
2
O(g);△H=-483.6kJmol
2H
2(g)+O
2
(g)==2H
2
O(l);△H=-571.6kJmo
l
CH
4
(g)+2O
2
(g)==CO
2(g)+2H
2
O(l);△H=-890.3kJmol
C
8
H
18
(l)+12.5O
2
(g)==8CO
2
(g)+9H
2
O(l);△H=-5518kJmol
C
6<
br>H
12
O
6
(s)+6O
2
(g)==6CO
2
(g)+6H
2
O(l);△H=-2800kJmol
N<
br>2
H
4
(g)+O
2
(g)==N
2
(g)
+2H
2
O(g);△H=-534kJmol
S(s)+O
2
(g)==SO
2
(g);
△H=-297kJmol
FeS
2
(s)+114O
2
(g)==12Fe
2
O
3
(s)+2SO
2
(g);△H
=-853kJmol
SO
2
(s)+12O
2
(g)=
=SO
3
(g);△H=-98.3kJmol
SO
3
(
g)+H
2
O(l)==H
2
SO
4
(l);△H=-13
0.8kJmol
H
2
(g)+Cl
2
(g)==2HC
l(g);△H=-184.6kJmol
C(s)+H
2
O(g)==H
2
(g)+CO
2
(g);△H=+131.5kJmol
3H
2
(g)+N
2
(g)==2NH
3
(g);△H=-92.2kJmol
2O
2
(g)+N
2
(g)==2NO
2
(g);△H=+68kJmol
O
2
(g)+N
2
(g)==2NO(g);△H=
O
2
(g)+2NO(g)==2NO
2
(g);△H=
2NO
2
(g)==N
2
O
4
(g);△H=
-kJmol
-kJmol
-kJmol
Cu(s)+12O
2
(g)==CuO(s);△H=-157kJmol
CaCO
3
(s)+==CaO(s)+CO
2
(g);△H=+1
777kJmol
C(石墨) + O
2
(g) ===
CO
2
(g); △H = -393.51kJ
·
mol
1
C(金刚石) + O
2
(g) ===
CO
2
(g); △H = -395.41kJ
·
mol
1
C(石墨) ===C(金刚石); △H =
+1.9kJ
·
mol
1
NaOH(aq)+HCl
(aq)=NaCl(aq)+H
2
O(l);△H=-57.3kJmol
KOH(aq)+HNO
3
(aq)=NaNO
3
(aq)+H
2
O(l);△H=-57.3kJmol
NaOH(aq)+12H
2SO
4
(aq)=12Na
2
SO
4
(aq)+H2
O(l);△H=-57.3kJmol
-
-
-