高中化学反应方程式 金属_Na_Al_Fe_Cu
山东英才学院分数线-感动中国十大人物2017
碱金属元素
4Na+O
2
==2Na
2
O
(表面变暗) 2Na
2
O+ O
2
Na
2
O
2
(生成浅黄色粉末)
4Na+2O
2
2Na
2
O
2
2Na+S==Na
2
S(易爆炸) Cl
2
+2Na
2NaCl (白烟)
2Na+2H
2
O===2NaOH+H
2
↑
2Na +2H
2
O+CuSO
4
===Na
2
SO
4
+Cu(OH)
2
↓+H
2
↑
2Na+2NH
4
Cl=2NaCl+H
2
↑+2NH
3
↑
2Na+2HCl=2NaCl+H
2
↑
Na
2
O+H
2
O==2NaOH
2Na
2
O
2
+2H
2
O===4NaOH+O
2
↑
(此反应实质为:Na
2
O
2
+2H
2
O===2NaOH+H
2
O
2
;2H
2
O
2<
br>===2H
2
O+O
2
)
Na
2
O+CO
2
===Na
2
CO
3
2Na
2
O
2
+2CO
2
===2Na
2
CO
3
+O
2
2Na
2
O
2
+2H2
SO
4
=2Na
2
SO
4
+2H
2
O+O
2
↑ 2Na
2
O
2
+2H<
br>2
SO
3
=2Na
2
SO
4
+2H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+HCl(少)==NaHCO
3
+NaCl
NaHCO
3
+HCl===NaCl+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
Na
2
CO
3
+2HCl(多)==2NaCl+
H
2
O+ CO
2
↑ 2NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
↑
Na
2
CO
3
+Ca(OH)
2
==2NaOH+
CaCO
3
↓ NaHCO
3
+NaOH==Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O
2NaHCO
3
+
Ca(OH)
2
(少量)==Na
2
CO
3
+CaCO3
↓+2 H
2
O
NaHCO
3
+Ca(OH)2
(过量)==NaOH+CaCO
3
↓+H
2
O
N
a
2
CO
3
+CaCl
2
====CaCO
3↓+2NaCl
+
H或 H
2
O +
CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
-
△ 或 OH
正盐与酸式盐间的转化
2NaOH+ CO
2
(少)==
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
NaOH+ CO
2
(多)== NaHCO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH== Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O Na
2
CO
3
+
H
2
O+ CO
2
= 2NaHCO
3
(N
aOH可换为Ca(OH)
2
,NH
3
·H
2
O等;CO<
br>2
可换为SO
2
,H
2
S)
3Mg+N
2
点燃
Mg
3
N
2
2Mg+CO
2
点燃
2MgO+C
CaCO
3
CaO+CO
2
↑
MgCO
3
MgO+CO
2
↑
2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+
3H
2
O Mg(OH)
2
Mg O+
H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
Cu O+
H
2
O 2Al(OH)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
CaCO
3
+H
2
O
+CO
2
=Ca(HCO
3
)
2
2NaOH + CuSO
4
==Cu(OH)
2
↓+
Na
2
SO
4
3NaOH + FeCl
3
====
Fe(OH)
3
↓ + 3NaCl 2NaCl
通电
2Na+Cl
2
↑
铝及其化合物
4Al+3O
2
点燃
2Al
2
O
3
2Al+3S
△
Al
2
S
3
2Al+3Cl
2
高温
△
2AlCl
3
4Al+3MnO
2
高温
2Al
2
O
3
+3Mn
2Al+Cr
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+2Cr
Al
2
O
3
+3Fe (铝热反应)
通电
4Al+3O
2
↑ (制备铝)
2Al+Fe
2
O
3
高温
Al
2
O
3
+2Fe
2Al+3FeO
高温
2Al+6H
2
SO
4
(浓)
△
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3SO
2
↑+6
H
2
O 2Al
2
O
3
Al+4HNO
3<
br>(稀)=Al(NO
3
)
3
+NO↑+2H
2
O
(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H
2
SO
4
、HNO
3
中钝化)
2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
↑
2Al+2NaOH+2H
2
O=2NaAlO
2
+3H
2
↑
Al
2
O
3
+3H
2
SO
4
=Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+2NaOH=2NaAlO
2
+H
2
O (两性氧化物)
Al(OH)
3
+
3HCl==AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH==NaAlO
2
+
2H
2
O(两性氢氧化物)
2Al(OH)
3
△
Al
2
O
3
+3H
2
O(Fe(OH)
3
、Cu(OH)
2
类似)
AlCl
3
+3NaOH(少)=Al(OH)
3
↓+3NaCl
AlCl
3
+4NaOH(多)=NaAlO
2
+2H
2
O
+3NaCl
AlCl
3
+3NH
3
·H
2
O=Al(OH)
3
↓+3NH
4
Cl (制备氢氧化铝) <
br>NaAlO
2
+HCl(少)+H
2
O=NaCl+Al(OH)3
↓ NaAlO
2
+4HCl(多)
=NaCl+AlCl
3
↓+2H
2
O
2NaAlO
2<
br>+CO
2
(少)+3H
2
O=2Al(OH)
3
↓+
Na
2
CO
3
(制备氢氧化铝)
NaAlO
2
+
CO
2
(多)+2H
2
O=Al(OH)
3
↓+NaHCO
3
(制备氢氧化铝)
AlCl
3
+3NaAlO
2
+
6H
2
O=4Al(OH)
3
↓(双水解,制备氢氧化铝)
2Al
Cl
3
+3Na
2
CO
3
+3H
2
O=2
Al(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑+6NaCl (双水解)
AlC
l
3
+3NaHCO
3
=Al(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑(双水解)
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3Na
2
S+
6H
2
O=2Al(OH)
3
↓+3H
2
S↑(双水解)
NaAlO
2
+NaHCO
3
+H
2
O=Al(O
H)
3
↓+Na
2
CO
3
(强酸制弱酸)
铁及其化合物
2Fe +
3Cl
2
Fe+S
2FeCl
3
2Fe+3Br
2
FeS 3Fe+4H
2
O(g)
2FeBr
3
Fe+I
2
FeI
2
Fe
3
O
4
+4H
2
Fe+2HCl=FeCl
2
+H
2
↑
Fe+CuCl
2
=FeCl
2
+Cu 3Fe +
2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
8HNO
3
(稀) + 3Fe(过量)=3Fe(NO
3
)
2
+2NO↑+4H
2
O
4HNO
3
(稀) +
Fe(不足)=Fe(NO
3
)
3
+NO↑+2H
2
O
2Fe(不足) +6H
2
SO
4
(浓) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3SO
2
↑+6H
2
O
Fe(过量) +2H
2
SO
4
(浓)
FeSO
4
+SO
2
↑+2H
2
O
Fe +H<
br>2
SO
4
(稀)=FeSO
4
+H
2
↑
Fe(Al) +H
2
SO
4
(浓)或HNO
3
(
浓)室温下钝化,加热时反应。
3FeO +
2AlAl
2
O
3
+3Fe 6FeO+O
2
FeO
+4HNO
3
(浓)=Fe(NO
3
)
3
+NO
2
↑+2H
2
O
3FeO+10HNO
3
(稀)=3Fe
(NO
3
)
3
+NO↑+5H
2
O
2Fe
3
O
4
FeO+2HCl=FeCl
2
+H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+2AlAl
2
O
3
+2Fe
Fe
2
O
3
+3CO2Fe+3CO
2
<
br>Fe
2
O
3
+3H
2
=2Fe+3H
2O (制还原铁粉) Fe
2
O
3
+6HCl=2FeCl
3
+3H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+6
HNO
3
=2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+3H
2
O Fe
3
O
4
+8HClFeCl
2
+2FeCl
3
+4H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+10HNO
3
(浓)3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+NO
2
↑+5H
2
O
3Fe
3
O
4
+28HNO
3
(稀)9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+NO↑+14
H
2
O
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+
2H
2
O == 4 Fe(OH)
3
(白→灰绿→红褐色)
2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+3H
2
O
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
=2FeCl
3
2FeCl
3
+Fe=3FeCl
2
2FeCl
3
+Cu=2FeCl
2
+CuCl
2
(雕刻铜线路版)
2FeCl
3
+H
2
SO
3
+H
2
O=H
2
SO
4
+2FeCl
2
+2HCl
2FeCl
3
+H
2
S=2FeCl
2
+2HCl+S↓
2FeCl
3
+2KI=2FeCl
2
+2KCl+I
2
FeCl
3
+3NH
3
·H
2
O=Fe(OH)<
br>3
↓+3NH
4
Cl
2FeCl
3
+3Na
2
CO
3
+3H
2
O=2Fe(OH)
3
↓+3
CO
2
↑+6NaCl (双水解)
FeCl
3
+3NaHCO<
br>3
=Fe(OH)
3
↓+3CO
2
↑(双水解)
FeCl
3
+ 3KSCN =Fe(SCN)
3
+ 3KCl
FeS + 2HCl == FeCl
2
+ H
2
S↑
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
FeCl
3
+3H
2
O Fe(OH)
3
(胶体)
+3HCl (胶体制备)
2NaCl+2H
2
O
H
2
+Cl
2
↑+2NaOH
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
铜及其化合物
2Cu +O
2
△
△
CuS
2
Cu+ Cl
2
CuCl
2
(棕黄色烟)
2H
2
SO
4
(浓)+CuCuSO
4
+2H
2<
br>O +SO
2
↑
3Cu+8HNO
3
(稀)=3C
u(NO
3
)
2
+2NO↑+4H
2
O Cu+4HNO
3
(浓)=Cu(NO
3
)
2
+2NO
2
↑+2H
2
O
2FeCl
3
+Cu===2FeCl
2<
br>+CuCl
2
(腐蚀铜线路板)
2AgNO
3
+Cu===2Ag+Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO+2HCl=CuCl
2
+H
2
O
CuO+H
2
CuO+CO
△
2CuO
(红色变为黑色) 2Cu +S
△
Cu+H
2
O(Cu的冶炼)
△
Cu+ CO
2
3CuO+2NH
3
3Cu + N
2
+
3H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
+2HCl
=CuCl
2
+2H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
CuO + H
2
O
CuCl
2
+H
2
S=CuS↓+2HCl
CuCl
2
+2NaOH=Cu(OH)
2
↓+2NaCl
CuS
O
4
+H
2
S=CuS↓+H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+Ba(OH)
2
=Cu(OH)
2
↓+BaS
O
4
↓
CuSO
4
·5H
2
OCuSO
4
+5H
2
O↑ CuSO
4
+
5H
2
O=CuSO
4
·5H
2
O
2Cu + O
2
+ H
2
O
+CO
2
=Cu
2
(OH)
2
CO
3
(铜绿的形成)
△
Cu
2
(OH)
2
CO
3
△
2CuO+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
Cu
2
(OH)
2
CO
3
+
4HCl=2CuCl
2
+ 3H
2
O + CO
2
↑
Cu 紫红色
CuSO
4
·5H
2
O白色
Cu
2
O 红色
Cu
2
(OH)
2
CO
3
绿色
CuO 黑色
Cu(OH)
2
蓝色
CuSO
4
蓝色