动词不定式、动名词用法及介词的用法
西南财经大学天府学院地址-迎中秋庆国庆黑板报
动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解
一、作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will
take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take
good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some
time+to do
How long did it take you to
finish the work?
③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing
the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of
you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It
seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard,
important, impossible,
necessary
等；在句型④中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest,
kind, lazy, nice, right,
silly, stupid, wise等
表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式
有时相当于Sb
is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It's kind of you to help me with
my English.=You
are kind to help me with my
English.
⒉动名词作主语
Learning
without practice is no good.
动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：
①It's +no good(no
use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…
It's no good reading in dim light.
It's
no use sitting here waiting.
②It's＋形容词＋doing
It's dangerous swimming
in the sea in windy days.
这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,
necessary则不适用于这种结构，
应用不定式 代替，如：It's important
for you to keep fit.
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于结构。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主
语经常表示抽象动
作，经常不与特定的动作执行者
联系在一起。如：
It's no good
eating too much fat.
It's no good for you
to eat so much fat.
②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：
It's no
use your pretending that you didn't know the
rules.
二、作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree, ask, aim,
arrange, choose, decide, demand,
expect, fail
, help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer,plan,prepa
re,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这
些词大部分可接th
at引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my money
back.
I decided that I would ask for my
money back.
When our visit to the farm
was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected
that wewould start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不
定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语
之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to
do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to
learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it
his duty to help the poor.
③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介
词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不
定式，即带do不带to，
带to不带do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no
choice but to give in.
On Sunday
afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,
appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish,
keep, imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,s
ave,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put
off等。
如：
I suggest spending our summer
vacation in a seaside town.
You must give
up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour
health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go
to attend the birthday celebration instead of
staying at home.
What about inviting Li
Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no
trouble(in)doing, lose
no ti me(in)doing,
preventstop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。
⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：
begi
n,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等
。
在need,require,want后接-
ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，
如：Your handwr
iting needs improving(tobe improved).
hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来
事件，接动名词表示目前
正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have
a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are
starting to work on
the di fficult maths
problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I
soon began to
understand what was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接
动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补
足语。如：
Our teachers
don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未
来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经
发生。如：
Don't forget fo
post the letter for me.
Have you
forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year
ago.
We regret to tell you that all of
you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 设法尽力做某事
doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in
another way.
④stop to do
停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a
paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do
as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住……
to do不能帮助干……
They couldn't help
jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots
of work to I can't help to make up the room for
you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事
doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to
talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'll go on fighting so long as there is
oppression inthe world.
⑦leave off to do
离开某地去干什么（目的状语）
doing停下某事
It's
time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
三、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to
the people.
②My chief purpose is to point
out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③What
I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是
aim,duty,hop
e,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（
例②）时，或以
what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he
likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The
story told by is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out
work,而⑥句中
是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词
的各种特征，另外，动
名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
四、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
①The next
train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have
you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to
write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has
come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
(3)与被修
饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽
管有被动含义，却仍
用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需
用被动语态（例②）。
(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that
will arrive。
⒉动名词作定语
①This
passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold
800people.
③All moving bodies have
energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个
分词作定语常置于
被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语
作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：
The man standing at the school gate is Professor
Hua.
五、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特
征，这时意思才相
对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,be
g,cause,drive（强迫），
encourage,expect,forbid,forc
e,get,would like (love,hate), order, permit,
persuade, teach, tell, want,
warn, wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to
Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole
passage clearly.
(2)部分动词后常接to
be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to
be可省略，如：
believe,consider,discov
er,find(=consider),feel (=think), imagine, judge,
know, prove, think,
suppose,
see(=understand),understa nd等。
①We all
believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider
him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No.
1 Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We
consider him tohave been foolish.
(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
①I didn't
hear anyone say anything about it.
②They
make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudents are
made to do too much
homework every day.
(4)help,know后面的可有可无。如：
Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?
I've never known her(to)be late
before.但：He was known to have been to France
before.
(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and
practise economy.
常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care
for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long
for（渴
望）， prepare for,wish for等。
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom
for being late.
②The young university
student is considered to have great promise.
六、不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1) ①I stayed
there to see what would happen.
②Henry
has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby
the doctor.
(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so
as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number
so as(in order)not toforget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as
to不能这样用。在这
种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order
that,成为目的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that
(in order that)I could see whatwould happen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：
astonished,g
lad,happy,laugh ,pleased,
sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①We are glad
to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see
that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻
辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is
difficult to answer.
The room is really
comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：comfort
able,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,imposs
ible等。
⒉作结果状语
We came home after
our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as
to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool)
as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in
writing.
②enough…to
The speed is
high enough for us to catch up with thefirst
liner.
③only to
Jane hurried
back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up
longer.
但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the
exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to
have…，相当 于very）
②We have too much to
learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the
truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin
with（首先），to do him justice（说句对
他公道的 话），to be
sure（真的）等等。
七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,w
hether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中
作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been
decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know
whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked
Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine
needed.
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall
leave…③…how I could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用
的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,
forget, hear,
know,
learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：
I
hope to become a university student this
year.（tobecome发生在hope之后）
We often hear
Dick play the piano in the next
room.（play和hear同时发生）
②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
I'm sorry to
have kept you waiting.
We are too young
to have seen the old society.
③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：
The teacher
happened to be correcting our papers when Icame
in.
They seemed to be discussing
something important.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动
语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to
Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was
impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the
country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is
the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went
to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still
many
things to t ake care of (to be taken care
of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is
nothing to do
now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing
to be done now.(We can do
nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发
生在谓语动作之前
、之后。如：
We are interested in
collecting stamps.
I shall never forget
seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
Lmagine having
travelled on the moon.
We were praised
for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名
词的被动语态有一
般式与完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without
being noticed.
He prided himself on
having never been beaten in class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：
The bike needs
repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it
is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②—Would you like to come to a party?
—I'd love to.
③—Don't make any mistakes
in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not
to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try.
另外，be going
to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。
⒌在why引起的问句中，省略。如：
Why spend such a lot of
money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加。如：
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have
morepractice.
⒎在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：
devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward
to（盼望），object to（反对），take to
（养
成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。
常见介词的用法
介词属虚词，不能单独使用, 必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在
句中做表语，
定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法，通常可以分为：时间、地点、趋向和其他四<
br>类介词。
一、表示时间的介词
1）、时间三姐妹 at, in,
on.
① at常用于“在几点几分”如：at 7:00ampm及某些固定法如：at
noon, at night中；
②in
表“在某年、某月、某季节”及泛指“在上午／下午／晚上”如： in 2006, in
summer,
in the morningafternoonevening,
③on 表“在某天及某天的上午／下午／晚上”如：
on Sunday, on May
2
nd
, on Monday morning, on a warm
morning, on the morning of July 1
st
2）、时间的前后 after, before
Eg. Don’t say that
before you look at the picture.
After four
days, she came to a deep river.
3）、时间的期限 by,
tilluntil
Eg. By the time I arrived, she had
already gone.
I won’t be free tilluntil
Saturday afternoon
3）、时间的期限 by, till, until
Eg. By the time I arrived, she had already
gone.
I won’t be free till Saturday
afternoon.
4）、时间的期间 for, during
Eg.
Florence often worked for twenty-four hours
without rest.
During the lifetime of one man,
it often happens a lot of things.
5）、时间的起点
from, since
workers was made to work from 7
in the morning to 7 in the evening.
Since that
time, my eyes had never been very good.
6）、时间的经过 in, within
Eg. I heard that she
would be back in a month.
In this way, the
message would be sent 500kms within a few hours.
二、地点和方位的介词
1、里面上面 in和 on, over, under
上下方, at在某一地点上。
2、 in front of 前,behind 后,in
the middle of在中央。
3、 between两者, among仨,
around表示在四方。
4、来自 from ,朝向to ,从中穿过用through
,表面跨过用across,沿着----走用along.
5、到上面 onto,进里面into
,在旁边用beside,在附近用 near (by).
三、表示手段和材料等的介词
1）by
Eg. What do you mean by this word？
I prefer traveling by train.
2）with—without
Eg. There is a cup with
three legs.
You could cut it with a knife.
I went shopping with my mother.
She can’t
finish her homework without the teacher’s help.
四、 其它介词。
1. with （１）在一起;
（２）有;
（３）用某种工具
in
用什么材料或语言，或表示衣着，声调特点等
by 用…手段
２. like 象…一样
as 作为；按照，象…一样（连词）＋
句子
３．for（１）为了（表示目的或原因）
（２）（后面加一段时间）表示时间段
4. against 反对 except，
instead of
5. about 关于
6.动词＋介词副词”短语的区别
•turn onoffupdown; look
atforafteroverup; put onupawaydown;
be used
forasby; be made byinoffrom
例如：
What’s
this in English?
The girl always talks _in_ a
tired voice.
The boy in a jacket is my
brother.
We are for peace(和平) against
war.（战争）
All the boys are here except Tom.
介词用法口诀(一)
早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。
注：①
in the morning afternoon evening in the day
at dawndaybreak(黎明) at noon at night at
midnight
② in 2006, in July, in summer
③
Don't read in dim（暗淡的） light. in the
bright sunlight
the woman in white (black,
red, yellow) in brown shoes
④ They will come
back in 10 days. I'll come round in a day
or two.
We’ll be back in no time.
Come and see me in two days’ time.
⑤ in China
in Beijing at Qiaojia
介词用法口诀(二)
•in …(从现在开始) after...
(从过去开始)
有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚; 以下皆用on
•on the second
of January 或 on January the second
• on a
summer evening
• on New Year‘s Day
• on
my birthday
五、易混淆介词及词组归类
1、in
＋段时间，与将来时连用，表过一段时间之后
＋段时间，与过去时连用，表过一段时间之后
after
＋点时间，与将来时连用，表多少时间之后
Eg. He will be back
after three o’clock.
He will be back in a
few minutes.
He came back after three days.
2. in the east of （内含）（根据数学中两圆关系的判断 ）
to the east of （相离）
on the east of （外切）
3 in the tree （表示树上不能生长的东西） on the tree
（表示能在树上生长的东西）
4. in the wall（在墙的内部） on the
wall（在墙的表面）
5. be made of
由什么材料组成
(
看得出原材料)
be made from
（看不得出原材料）
be made in在哪里制造
be
made by由什么人制造
used for被用来做什么
be used
as被当作什么来使用
be used by由什么人来用
used
to过去常常做某事
on 继续
go on doing sth go
on with sth接着做相同的事
go on to do sth
继续做不同的事
{
}
六、在下列情况下，时间状语前不用介词：
1. 当时间状语是today,
tonight, yesterday, the day before yesterday,
yesterday
morningafternoonevening, tomorrow,
tomorrow morningafternoonevening等时。
She went
to the park yesterday.
I’ll be free tomorrow
morning.
2.含有this, that, these, those, last,
next, every, each等的时间状语不用介词。
We are going to
play basketball this afternoon.
I saw him in
the street last Sunday.
My mother gets up
early every morning.
We are working on the
farm these days.
3.以all开头的时间状语。如：all day, all
week, all year等前面不用介词。
He was busy all
day yesterday.
She was ill in bed all week.
4.以some, any, one等构成的时间状语前不用介词。
You will
feel sorry for it some day.
You can come and
ask me any time you like.
This happened one
winter morning.
•注意：当one变成a时，往往就要用介词on。
•This happened on a winter’s morning.