北京发型师-留学资讯

当代研究生英语读写教程(下)的close的翻译
第一单元
There are two factors that determine an individual’s intelligence . The first is the sort of
brain he is born (1)with. Human brains differ considerably, (2)some being more capable than
others. (3)But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low
order of intelligence (4)unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what
(5)happens to the individual — the sort of environment in which he is brought (6)up. If an
individual is handicapped (7)environmentally, it is likely that his brain will(8) fail to develop
and he will (9)never obtain the level of intelligence of which he is (10)capable. 影响一个人智
商的因素一共有两个。第一个因素就是他与生俱来的那部分大脑。人类的大脑结构是不
同的，有 的人比其他的人更加有能力。但是不管他生来智商多高，只有他有了学习的机
会他才能拥有高智商，所以 ，第二个因素就是与这个个体有关的因素——他成长中的生
活环境，如果一个人的生活环境及其恶劣，他 的大脑就很有可能发育不良，并且永远不
能得到她应有的智商。
The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be
(11)demonstrate by the case history of the identical twins .Peter and John .When the twins were
three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in (12)separate foster homes. Peter
was reared by parents of low intelligence in a (13) isolated community with poor educational
(14)opportunities. John ,(15)however was educated in the home of well-to- do parents who had
been to college. This environmental (16)difference continued until the twins were (17)in their
late teens, (18)when they were given tests to (19)measure their intelligence. Mark’s I.Q. was
125, twenty-five points higher than the (20)average and fully forty points higher than his
identical brother.
环境影响人的智商的重要性可以通过双胞胎这个例子来证实。Peter 和 John当这对双
胞胎三 个月大的时候，他们的父母去世了，他们被各自带到不同的家庭抚养。peter的养

父 母智商不高，并且被隔离在教育质量不高的地方。然而，John的养父母都是大学毕业
的。这种环境差 异一直持续着知道两个双胞胎都长成青少年了，当他们被测试智商的时
候，John的智商是125，比 正常人高出25点，并比的他孪生兄弟高出了40点。
第二单元
Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientist
s believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible. 最近对人类大脑
研究的结果中有一些有趣的发现：科学家认为一 种改善大脑力量的方式可能很快就将成
为可能。
Scientists have (1)discovered that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a
protein (2)substance which can act directly (3)on the brain to change aspects of mental activity.
Some may change or improve, for example, (4)creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good
memory. 科学家们发现大脑可以产生自己的药物。大脑中含有一种蛋白物质，它可以直接
作用于大脑以改变心理活动的各个方面。有些可能会改变或改善，例如，创造力，智力，
想象力和良好 的记忆力。
Chemicals found in the brain (5)carry messages .In recent years scientists have found chemicals
that (6)affect mood, memory and other happenings of the(7) mind .About 25 have been found
(8)so far .

在大脑中发现的化学物质携带 着消息。近年来科学家们已发现影响情绪，记忆
和头脑的其它事情的化学物质。目前约25种已被发现。 Today the role of (9)chemicals
and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much (10)interest .Research seems to
show that they may help (11)control insomnia, pain, and mental illness .They have a great cap
acity to (12)stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. (13)They also improve the qualities of
memory and (14)learning already in the brain .They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Some
day there may be a chemical way to create a better more (15)efficient brain.


今天，化学物质和蛋白质物质在人类 行为的作用创造了很大的兴趣。研究似乎表明，它
们可能有助于控制失眠，疼痛，和精神病。它们有一个 巨大的能力来刺激大脑克服不足。

它们还提高记忆和已经在大脑中的学习的质量。他们保 持情绪和情感的秘密。有一天，
有可能会有一种化学方法来创造一个更好、更有效率的大脑。
第三单元
By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material in various representative tissue samples
from infected people, and extrapolating from these (sample) to the entire body, Haase estimates
that at most 1 in 2,500cells, maybe fewer ,is infected with HIV .This is nowhere near enough
for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers that (leads to) AIDS.
Haase says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cells are becoming
(trapped) in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also (disrupts) the production of new cells.
In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the (loss)
of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide, or apoptosis—a
separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s.
Taken together , these (findings) clearly suggest that HIV keeps the (immune) system in
state of constant activation, and unbalances it in four (ways) :by trapping mature cells, by
killing a small but significant (number) of cells directly. Their combined impact leaves the
immune system depleted and unable to (cope with) opportunistic infections.
How will any of this affect treatments ? Would better knowledge of the ways in (which) the
virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to (rebuild) it, broadening the depleted
repertoire of CD4 cells? Roederer , at least, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune
system will be needed.
Others go (further). Jay Levy at the University of California, San Francisco, worries that
(prolonged) treatment with cocktails of antiviral (drugs) might even fool the immune system
and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body (that) they fail to trigger any
immune responses (at all) .This night make individuals who stop (taking) the durgs even
more vulnerable. He (argues) that immune-restoring treatments should be given (alongside)

antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are working on novel approaches such as developing
genetically engineered T cells to replace lost CD4 cells.

第四单元What is Globalization?
Economic is a historical process, the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It (1)refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term
sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) (2)across
international borders. There are also broader cultural, political, and environmental dimensions
of globalization that are not (3) covered here.

经济“全球化”是一个历史过程，是 人类创新
和技术进步的结果。它指的是世界各地的经济日益一体化，特别是通过贸易和资金流动。
这个术语有时也指人（劳动力）和知识（技术）跨越国际边界的运动。也有更广泛的文
化，政治和环境 的全球化，这里没有涉及到的范围。
At its most basic, there is (4)nothing mysterious about globalization. The term
has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological
advances that (6) made it easier and quicker to complete international (7)transactions—both
trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market
forces that have operated for centuries (8)at all levels of human economic activity—village
markets, urban industries, or financial centers.

关于 全球化，其最基本的，没有什么神秘的了。
这个术语从20世纪80年代就已成为常见的用法，它反映了 使国际交易双方的贸易和资
金流动更容易和更快地完成的技术的进步。它指的是超越国界同一市场力量、 在人类经
济活动的乡村市场，城市工业和金融中心的各级经营的几个世纪的延伸。
Markets promote efficiency (9)through competition and the division of labor—the
specialization that allows people and economies to (10)focus on what they do best. Global
markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more diversified and larger markets

around the world. It means that they can have (11)access to more capital, technology, cheaper
imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not (12)necessarily ensure that the benefits
of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must (13)be prepared to embrace the
policies needed, and, (14)in the case of the poorest countries, may need the support of the
international (15)community as they do so.

市场通过竞争和劳动分工——允许人民和经济
集中在他们所 做的最好的的专业化，来促进效率。全球市场为人们提供更多的机会来开
发世界各地的更多，更大的市场 。这意味着他们可以有机会获得更多的资本流动，技术，
廉价进口和更大的出口市场。但市场并不一定确 保所有共享的、提高效率的好处。国家
必须准备接受必要的政策，以及最贫穷国家可能需要国际社会支持 的情况，就像他们做
的如此。

第五单元Spinal cords

Agricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the
government’s (1)handling of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited 18 months after
discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a “notifiable” (2)disease, requiring that all cases
be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to (3)forbid use of cattle brains
and spinal cords in food for (4)humans. The government offered to compensate farmers for
(5)any suspected BSE cases they destroyed --- but at far less than the animal’s (6)normal value,
a rate that (7)discouraged farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics.
“It could all have been over in a month,” says Millstone. “It might have cost a few million
pounds. But that’s a fraction of what it’s going to cost now.” 英国的农业和公共 卫生专家发
现许多其他政府处理疯牛症疫情的严重缺陷。官员在发现第一例疯牛病后用了18个月来宣称它是一种“需要向官方汇报”的疾病：要求所有事例都向当局报告。他们等待了近
三年来禁止牛 脑和脊髓在人类食品中使用。政府为农民提供补偿，因为他们销毁了任何
疑似疯牛病病例，但根据评论家 所称，补偿远少于动物的正常价值，劝阻农民报告自家

牛群疾病的费用。“这可能在一个 月内” Millstone说：“这可能要花费数百万英镑，但
这是现在要花费的一部分。”
Currie argues that the government (8)likewise fumbled when it disclosed the possible link
between CJD and mad-cow disease. “If you are going to announce a health scare,” She says ,”
you have to (9)announce at the same time what you are going to do about it .”The government
has yet to announce any(10) preventive measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as
the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to
start a public health (11)panic; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare
in the winter of 1988-1989 over the safety of British eggs and other farm (12)products.”

柯里
认为，政府在披露克雅氏病和疯牛病之间可能存在的联系时同样是在摸索 。“如果你要< br>宣布一个健康恐慌，”她说，“你需要同时宣布你要做些什么。”政府还没有宣布任何超出
了一些 限制的预防措施，比如禁止在牛饲料中放哺乳动物的肉。柯里自己太清楚地知道
它是多么容易造成公共健 康的恐慌；在帮助掀起了1988至1989年冬季对英国的鸡蛋和
其他农产品的安全性恐慌后，她辞去 了她卫生部长的职位。

第六单元
Almost every American (1)wears a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home,
there's a clock. on time.(3)waits for no
of these familiar (4)sayings reflect the American obsession with promptness and
efficiency. Students and employees (5)disappoint their teachers and bosses when they (6)arrive
late. 几乎每一个美国人都戴手表，并且在几乎每一 个美国家庭的房里间都有一个钟表。
“准时”，“不要浪费时间”，“时间不等人”。所有这些耳熟能详 的谚语反映的是美国人对
守时和效率的痴迷。学生和员工在他们的老师和老板迟到时会对他们感到失望。
This desire to get the most out of every (7)minute often affects behavior, making Americans
(8)impatient when they have to wait. The pressure to make every moment count sometimes

makes (9)it difficult for Americans to relax and do (10)nothing.
The desire to save time and handle work efficiently (11)often leads Americans to buy many
kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as
calculators, photocopy machines and computers. One （12)such machine is the video cassette
recorder(VCR), which gives Americans a new kind of control (13)over time. Fans of
professional football don't have to(14) miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a
birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game (15)occurs
on Sunday evening.

想要利 用每一分钟的压力有时让美国人难以放松，什么也不做。节省
时间和更有效地处理工作的愿望，经常导致 美国人购买多种机器。从家用电器到办公室
设备，比如计算器，复印机和电脑。一个这样的机器是录像机 （VCR），为美国人提供了
一种对时间新的控制。棒球球迷不用因为一个家庭生日派对而错过电视上周 日下午的比
赛。他们简单地把它录下来。然后对他们来说，周日下午的比赛周日晚上发生。
第七单元
develop grant since biotechnician on
inch cost before actually implement
right species suppress concern prohibit
further control breeding insufficient protect
Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third
world economies. Agricultural research has 1[developed] much faster on plants than animals.
And there is 2[insufficient] reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the
practice of 3[granting] such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so
far that the blitzkrieg is 4[inching] its way to higher life forms. 知识产权与贸易制度 对第三
世界经济造成严重影响。关于植物的农业研究发展的比动物要快得多。并且没有足够的
理 由期待，如果支持物种专利植物，对于他们批准专利的习惯将被限制。似乎从发展到
目前为止，闪击战在 通向更高的生命形式的路上缓慢前行

Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are 5[implement]through
four different forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection
certificates and trade secrets. 6[since] patenting provides a broader range of protection and
7[cost] less, this has potential to be preferred means of 8[protecting] plant-based inventions by
private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than
ever existed in biological material 9[before]. 对以植物为基础的技术的保护和执法战略通过
四种不同形式的知识产权：实用植物，植物专利，植物新品 种保护证书和商业秘密来实
施。由于专利提供了一个更广泛的保护并且成本低，这有可能成为在美国的私 人公司保
护以植物为基础的发明的首选方法。实用新型专利比之前存在于生物材料的任何形式具
有更激进的产权。
Utility patents can establish property 10[right] in broad classes of organisms in radically
different 11[species] as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties.
The Harvard oncomouse patent is 12[actually] an onco（肿瘤） mammal patent. Harvard thus
owns any mammal with any recombinant cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of
them known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic（胚胎的） stage. This
allows 13[biotechnicians] to patent organisms they have never actually produced. 只要生物具
有相同的特征 和功能特性，实用专利就可以在完全不同的物种广泛的生物上建立产权。
哈佛肿瘤鼠的专利实际上是一个 肿瘤哺乳动物专利。哈佛大学因此拥有带有任何重组致
癌基因的任何哺乳动物（其中约四十种已知）插入 到任何哺乳动物它或处于胚胎阶段的
祖先。这允许生物技术人员他们申请从来没有实际制造的生物的专利 。
Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cotton or soybean), or the taking out of a
large number of patents effectively 14[supprss] competition through the threat of infringement
suits . 15[on]a global scale this allows patent holders to exert 16[control] on the production of
a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The
enormity of this possibility has led to 17[concerns] in the developing world.

Utility patents also18[prohibit] farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds
from previous crops or from 19[breeding] animals, as well as restricting research exemptions.
This could create a barrier to 20[further] innovation . Most nations have in place a research
exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.
措辞广泛的专利权（例如棉花或大豆），或其中拿出来的大量专利通过侵权诉讼的威
胁有效地抑制竞争。 在全球范围内，这允许专利持有人对导致了前所未有的竞争优势的
各种农产品生产施加控制。这种巨大的 可能性已经导致了发展中世界对“biocolonial”的
关注。
实用新型专 利也禁止农民保存和使用从以前作物的种子或动物繁育的种子的普遍做
法，以及限制研究豁免。这可能对 进一步创新造成的障碍。类似于在版权法中对公平使
用原则的豁免，大多数国家的研究豁免已经到位。

第八单元
Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are
anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are(1) excessively concerned with their own
appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly (2)occurring in their minds: what
kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I (3)wearing
unattractive clothes?
害羞对大多数人来说是很多不幸的源头。害羞 的人通常精神上很紧张而且行为上很
敏感。他们十分关注自己的外貌和行为。脑袋里总是担心这担心那。 我到底想让你们得
到什么印象呢？他们是否就像我呢？我听起来很愚蠢吗？我正穿着很“怂”的衣服吗？
It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must (4) affect people. A person's
self-concept is (5)reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects
other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a (6)profound
effect on all areas of their lives.

显然地，这些令人不舒服的感觉肯定会给人们带来负面的影响。一个人对自身的看
法反映在他她做事的 方法， 而一个人做事的行为方式又影响着其它人的反映。总的来说，
人们对自身的看法对其自身生活的 很多方面有着深远的影响
Shy people, having low (7)self- esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced
by others. They need (8)reassurance that they are doing
sensitive to (9)criticism; they feel it confirms their feelings of inferiority.
害羞的人，缺乏自尊心，他们往往消极，容易受别人影响。做事又需要再 三确认他
们做的是正确的。他们对批评很敏感，他们认为批评证实了他们自身能力的低下。
They also find it difficult to be pleased by (10)compliment because they believe they are
unworthy of praise .A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one,
just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not is clear that while
self-awareness is a healthy (11)quality, overdoing it is harmful.
同时很难被赞美之词所取悦并会回复说：“你这样说只是为了让我觉得好受点，我知
道这不是真 的。”我们都知道有自知之明，是个好的品质，但是太过于自知之明就有害了。
Can shyness be completely (12)eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people
can overcome shyness (13)with determined and patient efforts in building self-confidence.
Since shyness goes (14)hand in hand with a lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to
accept their weaknesses (15)as well as strengths.
可以完全去除害羞 感，或至少减少它吗？幸运地是，人们可以通过坚决耐心地努力
建立自信心来克服害羞。因为害羞是伴随 着缺乏自信心。接受弱点也看到优点，这是至
关重要的。
For example ,most people would like to be “A” students in every subject .It is not
fair for them to label themselves(16) inferior because they have in difficulty in
some(17)areas .People’s expectations of themselves must be(18)realistic .Living on the
impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.

例如，大部分人都想成为优等生，只是因为他们在一些领域 内有困难，就冠以他们
很差的标签是不公平的。依赖这种不可能性将导致信心不足。
Each one of us is a (19)unique, worthwhile individual, interested in our own personal
ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to(20) live up to our full
potential. Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.
每个人都是独特的，有价值的个体，以自身的 方式吸引着别人。越了解自己，越能
充分发挥自己的潜能。不要让害羞阻挡我们追求丰富圆满的生活。