中国文化英语教程复习课件综合版
幼儿园毕业寄语-入党转正总结
Review Outline for Introduction to Chinese
Culture Course
Overview & Introduction:
See the picture on the right, and describe
them in English.
Video: This is China
BBC: Wild China
Full Name of China:
PRC-People's Republic of China
National Flag:
the red five-star flag
Party in power:
CPC-Communist Party of
China
CPPCC-Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference
National Emblem
Key words:
Forbidden City Imperial Palace;
Temple of Heaven;
Summer Palace;
Ming
Tombs;
The world-renowned Badaling section of
the Great Wall;
to be added more...
Enjoy
videos:
NBC北京奥运会片头
《北京欢迎你》
Geography
Location
Southeast Asia ,
the Pacific Ocean, the world‘s third largest
country.
9.6 million square kilometers,
18,000 kilometers, a rooster.
northern end:
Mohe, Heilongjiang Province,
south: Zengmu
Ansha
west: Pamirs
east: the conjunction
of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River and the Wusuli
(Ussuri) River.
Boundary
East: Korea
North: Mongalia
Northeast: Russia
Northwest: Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan
West & Southwest: Afghanistan,
Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan
South: Myanmar,
Laos, Vietnam
Marine-side neighbors include
eight countries -- North Korea, Korea, Japan,
Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and
Vietnam.
Topography
Terrain
--The
vast land expanses of China include plateaus,
plains, basins,
foothills, and
mountains.
Ladder topography ( 4 steps of a
staircase)
---First Step: Qinghai-Tibet
Plateau, with an average elevation of about
4,000 metres. The highest peak：Mt. Everest
(Mt. Qomolangma)
The second step: large basins
and plateaus, most of which are 1,000 - 2,000
meters high.
--the Inner Mongolia Plateau;
the Loess Plateau; the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau;
the Tarim Basin; the Junggar Basin; the
Sichuan Basin. Enjoy the following
pictures.
The third step: the foothills and lower
mountains, with altitudes of over
500 meters.
The fourth step: along the sea; a continental
shelf.
Rivers and Lakes
More than 50,000
rivers have drainage areas that exceed 100 square
kilometers; more than 1,500 exceed 1,000
square kilometers.
Famous rivers
The
Yangtze, the longest in China and even in Asia, is
the third-longest
in the world.
The
Yellow River, 'Mother River of the Chinese
People', is just behind the
Yangtze, both
flowing into the Pacific Ocean.
Lakes
Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain and Qinghai-Tibet
Plateau ——most Lakes here
---In
southeast China, most lakes are fresh water.
Poyang Lake,Dongting
Lake, Taihu Lake and
Hongze Lake are all fresh water lakes.
---Qinghai Lake, the largest ,a beautiful natural
salt-water lake.
Nam Co Lake, saltwater lake
Man-made Canals: the Grand Canal between
Beijing and Hangzhou.
Climate
Temperature
(from south to north):
Equatorial--
tropical--subtropical--warm-temperate--
temperate--cold-temperate zones.
Precipitation: gradully declines from the
southestern to the northestern
inland area.
An Outline History
Chinese people: the
descendants of Yan and Huang.
Three
Sovereigns:
Fuxi (伏羲)
Nüwa (女娲)
Shennong (神农)
Yao: Lunar calendar
Shun: a man with great virtues
Yu the
Great: conquering the floods; founder of
Xia Dynasty
Qin Shi Huang: the first emperor
of China
Administrative Divisions
A
three-tier system: provinces, counties, townships.
23 provinces; 5 autonomous regions;
4
municipalities directly under the control of the
Central Government;
2 special administrative
regions (SARs）
Population
Huge; No.1 in
the world;
Unevenly distributed; populations
density;
The policy of “ family planning” or
“one child policy”
Birth rate; mortality rate
Ethnic Groups
56 ethnic groups: Han
nationality and other
55 minority ethnic
groups;
Political System
Fundamental law:
The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China
Highest organ of state power: the NPC
(National People’s Congress); NPC
and its
Standing Committee have the rights of legislation,
decision,
supervision, election and removal
Parties: Communist party; eight democratic
parties.
Executive body: the State Council
Chinese Philosophy
a collective
designation for various schools of thoughts, among
which the
Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism
are the most influential in Chinese
culture.
One of the three
philosophy systems in the world. (the other two:
Western
and Indian philosophy)
Origin:
Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Yi Jing
(
prosperity: the Spring and Autumn Period; the
Warring States Period.
hundred schools of
thought contend百家争鸣）
The Development of
Ancient Chinese Philosophy
The Philosophy in
Pre-Qin times（先秦子学）
The orthodox Philosophy
during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学）
Metaphysics
during the Wei and Jin Dynasties (魏晋玄学）
The
Buddhist Philosophy during the Sui and Tang
Dynasties (隋唐佛学）
Neo-Confucianism in Song and
Ming Dynasties (宋明理学）
Application Philosophy
in the Ming and Qing Dunasties (明清实学）
The
Philosophy in Pre-Qin times
Hundred schools of
thoughts (诸子百家）
Main representations:
Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家);
Legalism (法家); School
of Yin-yang(阴阳家);
Logicians（名家); School of Agriculture (农家); School
of Diplomacy (纵横家); The Miscellaneous School
(杂家); School of
小说家); School of the Military
(兵家）
Most influential: Confucianism(儒家);
Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家);
Legalism (法家)
Confucianism：Confucius Mencius
Confucianism：The Analects (Lun Yu）
Some
well known Confucian quotes:
“知
错能改，善莫大焉”）
（“己所不欲，
勿施于人”）
（“知之为
知之，不知为不知，是知也”）
the day's lessons. Isn't it joyful? Friends
come from far. Isn't
it delightful? One has
never been angry at other's misunderstanding.
Isn't
he a respectable man?
（“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋
自远方来，不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠，不亦君子
乎？”）
Confucian
Thoughts on Heaven and Humanity
does not speak
in words. It speaks through the rotation of the
four
seasons and the growth of all living
things. (天何言哉？四时行焉，百物
生焉，天何言哉？“）
Confucian
to it being the source of life. Thus Confucius
required people to hold Heaven
in awe.
---天人合一的哲学基础。
Confucian
the
world of ever-generating life. Thus human should
take to heart the
purpose of Heaven by
cherishing life.
不知天命而不畏）
-- “He who
offends against Heaven has none to whom he can
pray获罪
于天，无所祷也”）
Question: What's the
significance and enlightenment of this belief to
our
modern society?
(Respect other
creature's life; protect out nature)
Confucius
on People: ren (仁） and li （礼）
ren: Love of
people. (仁者爱人); Universal love (“泛爱众，而亲仁”）Some
translate it as
To love all should begin
with loving one's parents. （孝）
and fraternal
duty (悌）are the essence of ren. The Doctrine of
the Mean
(《中庸》） quotes:
仁者，人
也，亲亲为大）
“Children should not travel far while their
parents are alive. If they
have no choice but
to do so, they must retain some
restraint父母在，
不远游，游必有方）
Li: rituals,
traditions and norms in social life.
Confucius
placed emphasis on li with the aim of preserving
social order,
stability and harmony.
The Analects says,
harmony among
people.“礼之用，和为贵”）
Confucius on the State of
Life:
the first one in Chinese history to
initiate private education.
3000 disciples.
72 of them excelled in the arts“,i.e.,ritual（礼）,
music（乐）, archery（射）, (carriage) driving（御）,
calligraphy（书）,
and mathematics（数）.
Goal
of education: cultivate
General principles of
education: lofty ideals, great virtue, love of
people,
and the
The highest state of life:
harmony among people and harmony between people
and nature.
Taoism
Dao de jing quotes:
? 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。
无名天地之始；有名万物之母。
? 宠辱若惊，贵大患若身。
何谓宠辱若惊？宠为下，得之若惊，失之若惊，
是谓宠辱若惊。
?
上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。
居善地，心
善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。
? 有
物混成，先天地生。寂兮寥兮，独立而不改，周行而不殆，可以为天地母。
吾不知其名，强字之曰道，强
为之名曰大。大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反。
故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。域中有四大，而人居其一焉。
人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。
Laozi's philosophy:
? Naturalness and
Non-action(自然,无为):
stupidity大智若愚）;
?
Non-contention(不争）：“overcoming the strong by being
weak以柔弱胜
刚强); 上善若水); ”Water nourishes
everything but contends for nothing（水善万物而不争）
? Returning to a newborn state (回到婴儿状态）
The orthodox Philosophy during the Han Dynasty
Emperor Wudi Dong Zhong
Shu
The campaign of “
(罢黜百家，独尊儒术）
The power of the emperors are authorized by
Heaven (君权神授）
Heaven affects human affairs and
human behavior finds response in Heaven
(天人感应）
Human moral conduct, and the political and
social upheaval, in turn, will
effect changes
in Heaven.
Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin
Dynasties
三玄)：The Book of Changes (《易经》）；Lao
Zi
(《老子》); Zhuang Zi (《庄子》）
Neo-
Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties
the School of Principle （理学）: Zhou
Dunyi (周敦颐), Zhu Xi (朱熹）；
the School of Mind
(心学): Lu Jiuyuan (陆九渊), Wang Shouren (王守仁）
Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing
Dynasties
Focus on
Stick to the
application of philosophy on the state affairs.
The Basic Features of Ancient Chinese
Philosophy
Five stresses:
Spiritual
existence; Practice; Morality; Harmony; Intuition
Characteristics of Chinese Ethics and Morality
Seeking harmony and maintaining equilibrium
(平衡)
Collectivism over individualism
Spiritual life over material life
Chinese
Religions:
Indigenous Taoist religion;
Religions of foreign origins: Buddhism, Islam
and Christianity.
The Taoist Religion
“The
Chinese roots are deep in Taoism. If one tries to
comprehend Chinese
history and culture, he
must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist
religion.” ----Lu Xun
Highest belief: Dao
Bible: Dao De Jing by Laozi
Founder: Zhang
Daoling in the Eastern Han dynasty.
“Religion of Five Dou of Rice” (五斗米教）
The Eight Taoist Immortals
“When the Eight
Immortals cross the sea, each demonstrates hisher
divine
power （八仙过海，各显神通）
Buddhism
Originated in India in the 6 century BC.
Introduced into China in the first
century and
flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Together with Confucianism and Taoism, it
constituted the foundation of
Chinese culture.
Great founder: Sakyamuni (释迦牟尼）and his story.
The theory of samsara around the six spheres
of heaven, hell and earth.
(六道轮回）
The
cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy: all life is
suffering.
The doctrine of Four Noble Truths
(四谛): life is suffering (苦); the cause
is
desire (集); the answer is to quench desire (灭);
the way to its end
is to follow the Eight-Fold
Path(八正道）: right knowledge(正见), right
thought(正思维), right speech(正语), right
behavior(正业), right
livelihood(正命), right
effort(正精进), right mindfulness(正念） and right
concentration(正定）.
Buddhist Temples
Buddhist architecture: Pagoda(塔),temples,
grotto(石窟)
Four statues in front of the
temple: the Four Heavenly Kings; the Statue
of Maitreya (Laughing Buddha 弥勒佛）
The Great Buddha Hall(大雄宝殿)
The Eighteen
Arhats(十八罗汉)
The first Buddhist temple
The
famous Buddhist mountains
Chinese Literature
Chinese Classical Poetry
? Two orthodox
genres of Chinese literature:
Verse and prose
?The two peaks of Chinese earliest poetry
(verse):
The Book of Songs 《诗经》Poetry of
the South 《楚辞》
The Book of Songs (诗经)
? a
collection of 305 oldest poems from the early
Western Zhou Dynasty
to the middle Spring and
Autumn Period.
? the earliest realistic
literature in China.
? four-character (四言)
lines.
? Three sections according to the
rhythms: Feng (folk ballads; Ya (dynamic
hymns); Song (sacrificial songs).
?
Writing techniques: fu (narration), bi (metaphor),
xing (evocation)
Cu Ci (Poetry of the South)
Sorrow after Departure 《离骚》
Ask Heaven
《天问》
Nine Elegies 《九章》
Nine Songs
《九歌》
(路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索）
To see my
people bowed by griefs and
fears.
(长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰)
，
I’d not
regret a thousand times to
die
(亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。)
Han Dynasty
Literature
(Hanfu and Yuefu folk songs)
Hanfu: elaboration & description; poem & prose
long essays (大赋）& short essays （小赋）
Most
outstanding hanfu writer:
Jia Yi
《过秦论》Lamenting Qu Yuan 《吊屈原赋》Master
Void
Rhapsody 《子虚赋》Rhapsody on Great Man 《上林赋》
Yuefu folk songs:
in five-character lines;
the reality and life of lower-class working
people;
Figurative speech and personification.
《孔雀东南飞》《木
兰诗》
The Literature in
the Wei, Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties
Two main genres:
Literary criticism;
Stories recording spirits & anecdotes (志人志怪小说）
Several masters:
The Caos（三曹）：Cao cao--
Sea《观沧海》 short Song《短
歌行》
The 建安七子）
Tao
Yuanming : Master of the five-character-a-line
poetry and description
of nature. 《桃花源记》
Liu Xie: 《文心雕龙》; in
parallel prose (骈文）.
The Tang Poems （《全唐诗》）
Early Tang period:
The Four Literary Eminences:
Wang Bo; Yang
Jiong; Luo Bingwang; Lu Zhaolin
(Wang Bo:
Friendships across the world make near neighbours
of far horizons
(海内存知己，天涯若比邻）
High Tang
period: Twin master poets--- prosperity and
stability of the
society.
Li Bai, the
is the Road to Shuof Sightseeing in the Tianmu
Mountains
Du Fu, the
Frontier poets:
Gao shi & Cen Shen
Pastoral poets: Meng
Haoran & Wangwei
Middle Tang Period: Social
corruption of the time.
Bai Juyi: Satirical
and allegorical poems. The Old Charcoal
Seller
of Eternal Sorrow
Late Tang Period:
Nostalgia feeling. Hopeless and helpless
feeling of the people.
Ci in the Song Dynasty
A kind of poetry, but express more refined and
delicate feelings with
irregular meter.
---Xiaoling (小令short, less than 59 characters）
Zhongdiao (中调 medium, 59--90 characters)
Changdiao (长调 long, more than 90 characters)
Masters: Northern Song: Su Shi---the Powerful
and Free School (豪放派）
Southern Song: Lu
You; Xin Qiji; Li Qingzhao
Yuanqu in the Yuan
Dynasty
Fictions in the Ming and Qing
Dynasties
Four Famous Chinese Classics of
literature:
Other masterpieces:
a Scholar's Studio
Fictions
details:
A. One theme is brotherhood;
B.
Basic expressive technique is realism;
C. The
earliest full-length Chinese novel; the author is
Luo Guanzhong;
D. The main characters are Liu
Bei, Zhuge Liang, Zhangfei and Guanyu;
E. The
plot centers on the rise and fall of the three
kingdoms of Wei, Shu
and Wu.
A. It
reached the pinnacle of Chinese novels; the
greatest novel in Chinese
literature.
B.
The novel is really a panorama of feudal society
and has been considered
an encyclopedia of
Chinese literature.
C. The author was born
into a noble and powerful family, which was later
reduced to poverty from extreme prosperity.
D. The novel describes the prosperity and
decline of a large feudal family.
E. The
central thread of the novel is the tragic love
story between Jia
Baoyu and Lin Daiyu.
A. It contains many descriptions of daily
life of townspeople, so called
the
B. It
is composed of two anthologies of vernacular
novelettes from Ming
Dynasty.
C.
The author are Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu.
D. One part is
A. A masterpiece about
deities and spirits.
B. The author exposed the
darkness and corruption of feudal society,
criticized social realities and implicitly
expressed people's different
forms of
resistance.
C. The author is Wu Cheng'en。
D. Main characters are the Tang Dynasty monk,
Xuan Zang, and his disciples
Sun Wukong, the
monkey king, Zhu Bajie, the piggy, and Sha Wujing,
the sandy.
A . The first novel to deal
with the subject of peasant revolts in China.
B. The end of the story is that the rebels are
defeated and accepted amnesty
and surrendered
to the government.
C. It tells the story of
the rebellion of the 108 heroes at the end of the
Northern Song Dynasty.
D. The author is
Shi Nai'an.
A. A collection of about 490
short stories.
B. It inherits the tradition of
the mystery tales in the Wei and Jin
dynasties
and the tales of marvels in the Tang and Song
dynasties.
C. The stories are mostly
about love affairs between men and foxes, ghosts
or demons.
D. The author is Pu Songling.
A. China's first colloquial and satirical
novel.
B. The first openly challenge the idea
of making academic studies only for
the sake
of taking official position.
C. The novel
portrays a group of feudal scholars and directs
criticism at
the eight-part essay and imperial
examination system.
Chinese Arts
Calligraphy-the Art of Lines or Strokes
Chinese Characters: Poetic Symbols
English
-Phonetic (语音的） language
Chinese-Pictographic
(象形文字的) language
The evolution of Chinese
calligraphy
The square-shaped pictographic
characters
Symbols of Sentiment
---Some
pictograpic symbols of Chinese characters express
people's keen
observation and experience of
the world. Some European poets have found
Chinese charaters inspring to their
imagination and creativity.
-- The earliest
written languages in the world with a history of
6,000 years.
-- The prototype and development
of Chinese characters can be traced back
from the inscriptions on primitive
painted pottery.
-- During the Shang Dynasty,
the inscriptions on turtle shells and animal
bones (oracle) are similar to present day
Chinese characters.
-Chinese calligraphy as a
fine art has many styles, such as zuanshu (seal
scriptform), lishu (official or clerical
script), xingshu
(running-script), kaishu
(standard or regular script), caoshu (cursive
script)
Pictographic Characters Examples
the sun rising on the horizon: 旦
The sun
rising from a forest: 东
Supplementary
knowledge:
The calligraphic symbols for the
Beijing Olympics were designed to
represent
the
Two types of seal characters: the dazhuan,
or the greater seal, and the
xiaozhuan, or
lesser seal.
The greater seal often known as
bronze inscription (金文）, because it was
often
used for carving inscriptions on bronzeware in
ancient times.
The lesser seal was the script
the First Emperor of Qin adopted for the
whole
country, when he united China in 221 BC.
Wang
Xizhi and his Calligraphy
The Preface of the
Lanting Collection of Calligraphy
Four Treasures of the Study: Hu
Brush, Hui Ink Stick, Xuan Paper, Duan Ink
Stone.
Tradional Chinese Painting-- Ink
Wash Painting
Since similar tools and lines
were used for the earliest painting and
writing, painting is said to have the same
origin as calligraohy. (书画
同源）
Chinese
painters dip their brushes in ink or paint to
creat classic pictures
with lines and dots.
Human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds,
andpavilions are common
subjects of Chinese
inn wash paintings.
Popular objects of
traditional Chinese painting: flowers,birds,
mountains,
bamboos, pine trees, houses, etc.
Prominent Modern Painters: Xu Beihong; Qi
Beishi
Xu Beihong's
Mountain
Qi
Baishi's
Other Types of Chinese paintings:
Mural Paintings advocating Buddhism,
Wood-cut
block print for illustrations in novels and
dramas, Chinese Lunar
New Year Pictures show
folk people's joy, happiness and best wishes for
the New Year.
Chinese philosophy and
Chinese people's views towards life and natutre
are
deeply embedded in Chinese Calligraphy &
Paintings.
Artistry of Performers--
Beijing Opera
An overal introduction of
Beijing Opera
Perform story by dancing and
singing-- -- Wang Guowei
Beijing Opera
combines：
Music音乐 Mime哑剧 Dance舞蹈 Acrobatics杂技
Martial arts武术 Poetry
诗词
Mythology神话
History 历史and so on
History of Beijing Opera:
Kunqu opera--1790 (Qing Dynasty) Hui Ju
(徽剧）came to Beijing---1828, Han
Ju (汉剧） came
to Beijing too---combined together and evolved to
Beijing
Opera
At the beginning of 20th
century Beijing Opera became the most popular
opera
form of China. Many famous and
outstanding actors appeared at that time.
Four
Artistic Means and Four Basic Skills: Sing, Speak,
Act and Fight. (唱，
念，坐，打）
The Beauty of a
express actions such as riding a horse, rowing
a boat, opening a door, going
up stairs,
climbing a hill or traveling, Each action by the
performer is
highly symbolic.
Roles in
Beijing opera
Sheng(生)：The main male role in
Beijing opera.
laosheng （Elderly men) 老生
xiaosheng (Young men) 小生
wusheng
(Military men) 武生 wawasheng (Children) 娃娃生
Dan（旦）refers to any female role in Beijing
opera.
laodan (elderly women)老旦 qingyi
(young or middle-aged women) 青衣
huadan (agile
young women with a frank and open personality) 花旦
wudan (women skilled in martial arts) 武旦
caidan (clowns in farces and
comedies) 彩旦
Four examples of famous Dans are Mei
Lanfang(梅兰芳）, Cheng Yanqiu（程
砚秋）, Shang
Xiaoyun（尚小云）, and Xun Huisheng（荀慧生).
Jing（净）is
a painted- face male role, also known as hualian
(花脸）.This
type of role will entail a forceful
character, so a Jing must have a strong
voice
and be able to exaggerate gestures.
Zhengjing
(正净, 大花脸: primary face-painted role) ：roles that
mainly
sings. Most zhengjing characters are
serious, loyal officials and generals
who
firmly uphold justice.
Fujing ( 副净: secondary
face-painted role)：roles that mainly move about,
speaking and striking postures.
Wujing
(武净：martial and acrobatic roles with minimal
singing and speaking,
usually brave and strong
men. Some are immortals while others are demons.)
White: slyness (狡猾） --Caocao曹操, Yansong严嵩
Black: justice, roughness
--Baozheng包拯，Zhangfei张飞
Red--courage, loyalty:
Guanyu关羽
Green--wildness: Chengyaojin程咬金
Blue--staunchness（坚定可靠）, ：Xiahouyuan夏侯渊
Yellow--fierceness, ambition: Dianwei典韦
Chou（丑） is a male clown role. Also called
xiaohualian. Which a only small
patch of white
painting oils around the nose. Chou often perform
as a small
and funny role, made whole play
more interesting and comic.
wenchou文丑（Comic
civilian roles)
wuchou武丑 (acrobatic-fighting
comic roles)
Beijing Opera Costumes:
There
are 20 major kinds of costumes, including the
ceremonial robe(Mang
蟒袍); the informal
robe(Pei 帔) and the armor(Kao 靠) for soldiers, and
so on.
Pei
Kao
Ten
colors are used, half of which are the five
primary.
five primary colors (上五色: red,
green, yellow, white, black)
Another five
colors are labeled secondary colors.
five
secondary colors (下五色: pink, purple, bronze-
coloured 古铜色,
nattierblue淡青色, blue)
Rules
of Costume Tradition：
(1)
A performer's
costume primarily designates his or her role on
the stage
no matter when or where the action
takes place.
Mang
(2)
Beijing Opera
costumes must enable the audience to distinguish a
character's sex and status at first
glance. The “Mang” for men has dragon;
The
“Mang” for women has phoenix.
(3)
Opera
costumes often give expression to sharp
distinctions between good
and evil or loyal
and wicked which gauze hat (纱帽) is
for the
loyal official?
Oblong（长方形） Wings attached to
a gauze hat indicate a loyal official.
A
corrupt official is made to wear a gauze hat with
rhomboidal(菱形) wings.
Some headdress may bring
about more dramatic effects on the stage. For
instance, the plumes (lingzi 翎子) pinned to a
helmet.
Example: Mang
Mang is the general
costume for the emperor and nobles, but there are
differences between these costumes. The Mang
with an opening mouth dragon
on it is for the
emperor. The dragon on the Mang for the ministers
has its
mouth closed.
There are clear
distinctions between the use of colors, for
example,
the red Mang stands for majestic and
noble
the green Mang indicates mighty and bold
the white one fits the handsome young people
And the yellow is for the emperor.
Introduction to some well-known Beijing Operas
Drunken Beauty 《贵妃醉酒》
Brief plot:
The story of Tang emperor Li Longji and
his concubine, Yang Yuhuan. Lady
Yang prepared
a banquet in imperial garden and waited for the
emperor.
Unexpectedly, the emperor went to the
palace of his another concubine. Lady
Yang got
disappointed deeply and drank a lot to divert
herself from sorrow.
Mei Lanfang’s most
representative role
Mei Lanfang performed in
this opera in the United States in the 1930s.
His portrayal of the gestures and attitudes of
the drunken concubine was
so stunning.
It
literally surpassed description, and was widely
acclaimed by American
audiences and theater
critics.
Farewell My Concubine 《霸王别姬》
Brief plot
The play tells the story of
Xiang Yu and his concubine, Yu Ji. Xiang Yu
is
surrounded by Liu Bang's forces and is on the
verge of total defeat.
He then calls for the
company of Yu Ji. She begs to die alongside her
master,
but he strongly refuses this wish.
Afterwards, as he is distracted, Yu Ji
commits
suicide with Xiang Yu's own sword.
Other Major
Traditional Chinese Operas (for your self-study)
Yuju Opera, Kunqu Opera, Sichuan Opera, Yueju
Opera, Guangdong Opera, Hunan
Flower-drum
Opera, Huangmei Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Heibei
Bangzi Opera,
other operas.
Chinese
Handicraft: Porcelain 瓷器, cloisonne 景泰蓝，Tri-
colored glazed
pottery of the Tang
Dynasty唐三彩，Paper Cutting剪纸，Paper
Folding折
纸，Chinese Knots中国结，Embroidery
刺绣，Silk，Chinese Fans中国扇，Guizhou Batik贵州蜡染（a
traditional Chinese
folk art which combines
painting and dyeing），Hubei Wood carved boats
湖
北木雕船，Kernel Carving 榄核雕， Qingdao Shell
Carving青岛贝壳雕. Etc.
Chinese Quyi (Performing
Arts): Acrobatics杂技, Puppetry木偶戏, Shadow
Play皮影戏, Face Changing变脸, Cross-talk相声--
monologue comic talk (单
口相声）; comic cross-
talk（对口相声）; multilogue cross-talk（群口相声);
Clapper Talk快板, Storytelling评书, Xiaopin--
Short, light comedies in the
huaju(spoken
drama) style. Popular since 1983 on Chinese
Television's New
Year Gala Show); Shuang Huang
---A kind of two-person folk art,w ith one
acting in pantomime and the other hiding
behind him or her doing all the
speaking andor
singing.
Chinese Instruments
Instrument
family
The eight souds (八音）：
Silk（丝）--Plucked(弦), Bowed( 弓),
Struck (敲击）
Bamboo( 竹）--Flutes (笛), oboes(管)
Wood (木);
Stone(石);
Metal (金);
Clay (土);
Gourd (葫芦，瓢);
Hide
(革): DaguDrum
Pipa (琵琶)
- pear-shaped
fretted lute with 4 or 5 strings
Zither(古筝）
-16-26 stringed zither with movable bridges
Erhu (二胡)
-two-stringed fiddle
《百鸟朝凤》）
（《二泉映月》）
《高山流水》）
“Ambush on
All SIdes《十面埋伏》）
Spring Moonlight on the
Flowers by the River《春江花月夜》)
Chinese Education
Oral Topics:
1. Summarize the development
of Chinese education through history and main
charateristics of Chinese education.
2.
What do you think of the philosophical basis of
Chinese education, which
means, why Chinese
education is so different with the western way?
3. What do you think is the most important in
education?
4. What's your expectations and
comments of nowadays College English
Education?
Chinese Science &
Technology
The Great inventions--for your
self-study
TCM:
1.
History of
Traditional Chinese Medicine
2.
Principles
and Methods of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a system
of diagnosis and healthcare
approaches that
has evolved over the last 3,000 years.
Traditional Chinese Medicine is based on the
holistic concept of the
universe outlined in
the spiritual insights of Taoism.
黄帝：《黄帝内经》
Between 100BC and 200AD；
the laws of Yin-
Yang; the Five elements; the nature of Qi (or
vital energy).
扁鹊：Four Diagnostic Methods
The earliest founder of Traditional Chinese
Medicine.
秦越人; Spring and Autumn and the
Warring States Period.
Invention of the four
diagnostic methods: inspecting the complexion,
smelling the breath, inquiring about symptoms,
and feeling the pulse. (望
闻问切）
华佗：Anaesthetics; Five-Animal Exercises
He
was proficient in internal medicine, surgery,
gynecology(妇科) and
pediatrics（小儿科）.
He is
credited with being the first surgeon in the world
to use the
technique of general anesthesia（麻醉）
called Mafeisan （麻沸散）.
A system of
therapeutical exercises called
---tiger, deer,
bear, monkey and bird.
张仲景: He gathered folk
remedies, and compiled a work titled Febrile
(发
热的） and other Diseases in 16 volumes
(《伤寒杂病论》十六卷，c.150-219
AD).
孙思邈：药王
Sui
and Tang dynasty;
China's ；
Beiji Qian Jin
Yao Fang（备急千金要方 ）, Qian Jin Yao Fang
(千金要方
“Supplement to the Formulas of a Thousand
Gold Worth” ) .
李时珍: Ming Dynasty；
Compendium of Materia Medica(本草纲目)is the most
complete and
comprehensive pre-modern herbal
book, completed in 1578 by Li Shizheng.
TCM
has been shown to be effective in the treatment of
chronical, functional
disorders, such as
migraines （周期性偏头痛）and osteoarthritis（骨关节
炎）,
and is traditionally used for a wide range of
functional disorders.
TCM provides an
alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom
many can
not afford, or which is not covered
by insurance.
There are also many people who
turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects
of
pharmaceuticals (药物的毒副作用）.
Principles of TCM:
Complete theoretical system
Understanding Chinese philosophical
ideas is key to understanding TCM.
Basic
philosophies
- Yin-Yang
-Five Elements
Yin-Yang
-a wider range of opposite
properties in the universe
-yin and yang are
in conflict and mutually dependent
TCM holds
that human life is a physiological (生理的） process
in constant
motion and change.
Under
normal conditions, the waxing and waning of yin
and yang are kept
within certain bounds,
reflecting a dynamic equilibrium (balance) of the
physiological processes.
Harmony of this
union means health
The strategy of Chinese
medicine is to restore harmony. Unbalance
Disease
The Theory of Five Elements
Basic composition of the universe
Explain
the composition and phenomena of the physical
universe.
Wood Produces Fire; Fire produces
Soil; Soil produces Metal； Metal produces
Water; Water produces wood.--Mutual Production
(比邻相生）
Wood overcomes Soil; Soil overcomes
Water; Water overcomes
Fire; Fire overcomes
Metal and Metal overcomes Wood.---Mutual
overcoming .(间相胜）
The aspects
involved
in each of the five
elements
Fire: draught, heat,
flaring, ascendance,
In TCM, organs and tissues have similar
properties to the five elements;
they interact
physiologically and pathologically（病例上地）as the
five
elements do.
the theory is used to
interpret the relationship between the physiology
and pathology of the human body and the
natural environment.
Yin-Yang & Five Element
Theory:
Establishes complementary and
oppositional ends in nature
Illustrate the
mutual relationship of things in nature
When
Yin and Yang are out of balance, disease and
disorder result.
Diagnosis relies on
inspecting the complexion(面色), smelling the
breath,
inquiring about symptoms, and feeling
the pulse in order to determine the
overall
condition of the body.
Four Diagnostic Methods
Diagnostic methods in traditional Chinese
medicine include four basic
methods:
inspection（视）, auscultation（听） and olfaction（嗅）,
inquiry
（问） and palpation（触）. The case
history（病史）, symptoms（症状）,
and signs（表征）
gained through those four diagnostic methods are
analyzed
and generalized to find the causes,
nature, and interrelations of the
disease, and
to provide evidence for the further
differentiation of
syndromes. The four
diagnostic methods are therefore indispensable and
important steps in the differentiation and
treatment of syndromes.
Roughly speaking,
there are two common ways of TCM curing diseases:
drug
therapy and non-drug therapy.
As for
drug therapy, traditional medicines are used such
as herbs, mineral,
animals, etc.
As for
non-drug therapy, there are acupuncture（针灸) and
moxibustion（艾
灸）, massage, cupping（拔火罐），guasha
(skin scrapping)
Chinese Sports
1. 武: 止戈为武
--stop martial arts
术: strategies
2.
Beijing Olympics 2008 features three themes:
Green Olympics
Hi-tech Olympics
Humanistic Olympics
3. National Physical
Fitness & China's Outstanding Competitive Sports:
Hurdles, Gymnastics, etc.
Dragon & Lion
Dance, Tug-of-war 拔河，Dragon Boat racing 赛龙舟，etc.
Early History of Chinese Martial Arts:
1.
Chinese martial arts can be
traced back to prehistory times; for
subsistence and self-defence.
2.
Forms
of fighting sports combining kicking, hitting,
wrestling, seizing,
tumbling (摔倒）， striking,
chopping, barehanded and with weapons.
Philosophical Bases:
TaoismYin Yang----
Taiji; Qigong
Confucianism The Chou Rituals--
arts(Archery, charioteering, rites,
music,
calligraphy & Mathematics)
Sunzi:
fighting
it不战而屈人之兵)
Morality--the ultimate principle
unjustified fightings with martial skills and
method; pursue martial
accomplishments with
moral standards.尚武崇德）
The connotation of
武
Nowadays we practise martial arts mainly with
the purpose of keeping fit
and defending
ourselves in danger.
Major schools, styles &
characteristics:
Divided by different training
focuses:
1. Internal styles (内家拳): Tai Chi
Quan太极拳; Ba Guazhang 八卦掌
(Eight Trigrams
Palm); Xing Yiquan 形意拳 (Form-Intent Fist )
2.
External Styles (外家拳): Shaolin Kungfu and all its
derived styles,
like Hung GaHung KuenHung Ga
Kuen (洪拳）--Wong Fei Hung （黄飞鸿）（叶
问2中洪震南）
-----Some critics think this is an absolute
division.
Divided by locations:
Northern
Styles (fast,powerful kicks, high jumps &
fluid,movement):
changquanlong boxing (长拳),
Xing Yi Quan (Form-Intent Fist形意拳）
Southern
Styles (strong arm&hand techniques; stable
immovable stances&fast
footwork): Wing chun
(咏春), Jeet Kune Do The Way of Intersecting fist
(截拳道）
Training of Chinese Martial Arts
Basics (基本功)：stances, stretching, meditation,
striking, throwing, or
jumping.
内外相合，外重手眼身法步，内修心神意气力
(Train both Internal
and External. External training includes the
hands,
the eyes, the body and stances.
Internal training includes the heart, the
spirit, the mind, breathing and strength. )
Stances: The horse-riding stance (马步); The bow
stance （弓步）
Meditation: develop focus, mental
clarity; a basis for qigong training.
Use of
qi (life forcevital energyvitality) etc.
Eighteen ArmsWeapons of Wushu
Dao (sabre,
刀) Qiang (spear, 枪) Jian (straight sword, 剑)
Gun (棍)
also known as Staff
Halberd
(halberd, 戟) Axe (斧) Battle axe (钺 --音同月)
Hook sword
(钩-音同勾)
Fork (叉)
steel whip (鞭) Mace (鐧) Hammer (锤) Talon
(抓)
Ranseur (Trident-halberd) (樘) Long-
handled spear (槊) also known as
Lance
Short cudgel (棒) Stick (拐) also known as
Crutches, or Tonfa. Meteor
hammer (流星锤)
Shaolin Boxing
History---1500 years;
Bodhidharma(菩提达摩); Ch'an Buddhism (Zen); weak
monks, meditations, in-place exercises;
易
筋经）“The Marrow Washing洗髓经）“The Eighteen Lo
Han Shou”(十八罗汉
手); 13 martial monks rescued
Emperor Li Shimin; well-known since then.
Divisions: Northern Shaolin,emphasizing on
kicking, long range, acrobatic
and ground-
fighting techniques; Southern Shaolin emphasizing
on higher
stances and hand techniques. (南拳北腿）
Shaolin Boxing：Zen
Zen: meditation. All
schools of Zen today are issued from the Shaolin
Monastery. Shaolin Kungfu started as a result
of Zen.
Sitting Zen (坐禅） Standing Zen（立禅)
Flowing Zen （动禅) One-finger
Zen（一指禅）
Wu
Dang Taiji (Shadow Boxing)
Most popular
styles: the Yang family and the Chen family.
(杨式太极拳；
陈式太极拳）
History: Chen family
village, Chenjiagou (陈家沟), Wenxian county, Henan
Province.
Yin Yang theroy: the idea of
balance between the two forces and movements.
Qi GongChi Kung
Qi Gong: develop internal
force; kungfu training with chi kung enhances
harmonious chi flow, thus promotes health,
vitality and longevity.
Divisions: The
Quiescent Type (静功）The MobileDynamic type (动功）
Other Popular Kungfu Styles: Wing Chun, Jeet
Kune Do, and so on.
Notable practitioners of
Chinese Martial Arts (modern times)
Wong Fei
Hung Huo Yuanjia Yip Man Bruce Lee Jackie
Chan Jet Li
Traditional Chinese
Festival
: Refer to the text book.
Chinese
Culinary Culture
---refer to the text book
based on the following
major points:
Five
features of Chinese food.
Eight Regional
Cuisines. You can list at least one or two of
their
representative dishes in English.
Table Manners: arrangement of seats, toasts,
the courses, taboos of using
chopsticks.
Chinese tea: five types; the etiquette.
Chinese wine: wine feasts. Wine culture--
urging; hospitality.
Chinese Dress
:
Typical Han Chinese Costumes
Chinese tunic suit---
Zhongshanzhuang；Zhongshan suit; Mao suit
Revolutionary and patriotic implications of
the Zhongshan suit
Four pockets: four virtues
of Confucianism- 礼 Li (Ritual), 义 Yi
(
Justice), 廉 Lian （rightness）, 耻 Chi (humiliation)
The five center-front buttons: Five powers:
Powers of administration,
legislation,
jurisdiction, examination and supervision.
three cuff-buttons: Three Principles of the
People--Nationalism (民
族）,Democracy (民权） and
the people's welfare or socialism (民生）
Chinese
Cheongsam--refer to the text book about its
history and design
features.
The Tang
Costume
The Silk Road:
Time and Areas
Its significances
Some tourist attractions
on the road
Architecture in ancient China
Chracteristics of Chinese Ancient Architecture
Timber Framework
Plain, flexible and
beautiful layout
The building materials:
timber, bricks and tiles
The artistic roof
design
The colorful decoration
Famous
Styles of Ancient Chinese Architecture
Imperial Architecture
---Efang
Palace
---Forbidden City
Civilian
Residential Housing
---Beijing Quardrangles
(北京四合院）
---Shanxi Cave Dwellings （陕西窑洞）
---Huizhou residential houses （徽州民居）
---Hakka castle-like dwellings （客家土楼）
Typical Chinese Structure and Ornaments
Stone Lions; Huabiao-Ceremonial Columns;
Pavilions-Cooling Pavilion;
Stele Pavilions;
Pagodas-Tower-style pagoda, Lamaist pagoda;
Paifang; Pailou
Tourism & Heritage
---for
your self-study.