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词汇（一）

这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。


一、名词
关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。

单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，如：an apple,
an hour而不是a

1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。

(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如： bus-buses box—boxes watch—watches dish—dishes

(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es， 如：country—countries baby--babies

请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。 如：monkey--monkeys。

(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复 数。

(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es， 如：knife—knives leaf--leaves

2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish--fish Chinese --Chinese，Japanese--Japanese

3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth

(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen, Frenchman--Frenchmen

请区别：German(德国人)—Germans (3)child—children

4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些
名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。
如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.

5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。
如 ：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) No news is good news.

6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。
How many (knife) are there in your pencil-box? (knives )

不可数名词
：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，r ice，fish，meat，等。应特别记
medicine,news,work,homewor k,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.

2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread_ _______(be) over there. (is )

3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词。

4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来 表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，
bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而pi ece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread

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请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示， 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples

例： 1、These two pieces of bread _________(be) over there. (are )

2、Could I have three ___________,please？ ( C )

of bread of breads of bread of breads


名词的格
名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's译为“…的”，
若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday，
而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day

关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：

1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。

2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's 如：Lucy and Lily's room露西和莉莉的房间

3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友

The white shirt is and blue one is . （B）
A、Kate, my B. Kate's, mine C. Kate , mine D. Kate's, my


二、冠词

冠词是词汇中 的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，
同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和 定冠词the

2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful
machine

3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the

4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun, the moon, the earth

5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
如：the first , the best ,in the south

6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。

如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.

7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair

8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：

(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August

请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)

(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football

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(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.

9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：

in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在医院里

in the front of 在…范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院

练习:There's _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital. ( C)

A. an, an B. a, a C. an, the D .a, the

三、数词

同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟 点表达法。对数词的
考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出 错的地
方。

1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：

1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起 (first, second, third, fourth)

8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth, ninth) 逢5逢12，ve 变f (fifth, twelfth)

20到90，y要变ie (twentieth, ninetieth) 若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety- first)
d,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people.
只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。

hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的

millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用具体数字。

3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。

练习:①Henry has learned eight _________ French words this year. ( A)

A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundred of D. hundreds of

②The _________(twenty) lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twentieth)

另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。

顺读法(钟点＋分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five

4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟＋to／past＋钟点) 如：4:30 half past four

4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five

练习题 :

1. At the beginning of the_____(twenty) century, the world's population was about 1700 million.
(twentieth)

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these_____(watch)yours? Yes. (watches)

don't look well. You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once. (doctor’s)

you give me________, please? ( C )

papers piece of paper pieces of paper pieces of papers

are three_____ and seven____ in the picture. (B)

A. monkeys, sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps

6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.

A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen
s,Frenchmen (D)

1 is __. A. the Children's Day B. the Childrens' Day
C. Children's Day D. Childrens' Day (A)

8.__________people went out to see what had happened. (A )

A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of nd of thousands

have been in the school for______. (B)

A. three and a half month B. three and a half months

C. three month and a half D. three months and half

10.__________English is___________ useful language. A. A, an B., a , an
D. A, (B)

was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now.

A. an, a B. a, the C .the ,a D. an, the (D)

's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a, an , the C.a, the ,a
(B)

is ________ 800-metre-long road behind _________ hospital.
A. an, an B. a, a C .an ,the D .a, the (C)

四.代词

①人称代词: 主格: 单数I 、you 、he 、she 、it 复数 we 、you 、they

宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、it 复数us 、you 、them

⑵物主代词: 形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their

名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs

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③反身代词: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表
语、主 语和宾语，相当于一个名词。

2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。

如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)

⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)

3.名词性物主代词表示所属 如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一
个朋友

4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。

如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.

5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：

enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)

help oneself to… (随便吃喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth.
(自学)

练习题

1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I think. (C )

A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them

2. Nobody taught___ English. He taught____. ( C)
A. him, himself B. his, himself C. him, by himself D. his, his

（二） 修饰可数名词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义

修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义
few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.
如:There are quite a few new books in the library.

用little, a little, few, a few填空:

1. I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.

2. Jim, don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.

3. Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.

4. Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.

（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.

当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something new

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There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考题 (D)

A. important anything B. important something C. anything important D. something important

(四)另外，还要注意代词some, every, all, both, either, another

（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。

any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句

① Will you give me some water? ② Would you like some meat?

③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?

＋单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语, 形式上为单数。

each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语， 常与of连用。

如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.

Every child likes playing games.

“(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为
动词之前。

none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of

如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.

None of us isare afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）

“（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。

either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。

neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。

如：①They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.

②There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.

③Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.

④Neither answer is right.

5. another +单数名词, “另一个”

one … the other “一个……，另一个……”

the other +复数名词 = the others “其他的人或物”（指确定范围内剩下的全部） others “别
人”

(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which

这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实 ，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，
常用which.

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例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like ? (Which shirt)

练习:

一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整

6．Can you come with (we)? (us)

7．These skirts are . (she)Yours are over there. (hers)

8．Please take care of, (you)boys and girls.(yourselves)

9．I don't think this is my frisby, though it looks like .(I) (mine)

10．Look at ( that) books. Are they yours? ( those)

二、根据首字母填空

11．Is there anything interesting in the newspaper?

12．She asked us to help each other.

13．The old man can neither read nor write.

14．Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.

15．Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.

三、同义句转换

16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.

B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday.

17、A: He doesn't like mutton, and she doesn't, either.

B: Neither he nor she likes mutton.

18、A: All the American people don't like sandwiches.

B: Not all the American people like sandwiches.

19、A: They don't often hear the twins sing the song in the school.

B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the song in the
school.[ZK)]

四、单项选择

(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .

A. little B. few C. a little D. a few

(A)21、-Do you like Jane's new skirt?

-Yes, very much. I'll ask mum to buy for me.

A. one B. it C. the other D. a

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(B)22、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.

A. one B. that C. it D. this

(B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like
swimming. like ball games.

A. the others B. others C. the other D. other

(A)24、-I'll give the boys to eat.

-Oh, I know, fish and chips.

A. something English B. English something
anything

(D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box?

-No, thanks, I can do it .

A. me B. my C. mine D. myself

(D)26、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00?

-I don't mind. time is OK.

A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either

(C)27、-My bag is full, what about ?

- is full, too.

A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She

(D)28、-I've had enough bread, Would you like ?

-No, thanks.

A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more

(A)29、There are many trees on sides of the river.

A. both B. either C. neither D. each

(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.

A. the other B. other C. the others D. others

(C)2、Without the sun, could grow in the world.

A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything

(B)3、 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.

A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both

(B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?

C. anything English D. English

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-Look! This is a picture of .

A. it B. one C. two D. some

(B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.

A. few B. a few C. a little D. little

二、形容词 副词

大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级： 原级：比较级： 比较...，更...一些 最高级： 最...

（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情况 变 化 方 法 例 词

单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer- cleverest

以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer- nicest

重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest

以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i 加er, est early-earlier-earliest

部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly

2.不规则变化，须熟记： goodwell-better-best manymuch-more-most
far-farther-farthest

badbadlyill-worse-worst little-less-least

(B)常见的使用情况

… as … 和...一样（中间用原级）

as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）

3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）

4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的

.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year. ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .

5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越…. wetter and wetter more and more beautiful

6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越…...就越…... The more, the better. 越多越好

(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。

2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。

3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提
到过的名词。

The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.

(D)掌握三种同义句转换：

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is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.

film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.

=That film is more interesting than this one.

3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.

Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs? , or , or C. best, and
,and (B)

此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：

1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。

2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 enough属例外词：形副+enough to do enough+
名词

例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。

3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也 too用于肯定、疑问句 also 较为正式书面语 either 用于
否定句 已经 already 常用于肯定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句

不再 no (not any) longer 从时间上讲 no (not any) more 从动作上讲

如此这样 such 修饰名词such a big box

so 修饰形容词、副词so big 单独、独自 alone 作表语 =by oneself 孤独的 lonely
可作表语、定语 A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)

练习题

students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing
the hill.

A. Others B. Other C. Another D. The other

isn't _____ in today's newspaper.

A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important

3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?

-No, Mum. It's not ______. It's ______. , my B. her, my C. Mine, hers , mine

4..The Changjiang River is the third __ river in the world. t
longest

5. An elephant is _____ than a horse.

strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong

6. Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water? C. Better D. Best

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一、 介词


1．与形容词搭配的词组有： be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的气）

be away from （不在某地） be different from （与…不同）

be good at （善于） be good bad for (对…有益有害) be interested in （对…感兴趣）
be late for （迟到） beget ready for （为作好准备） be sure of (对…有把握)

be worried about （为…感到担忧）

2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式

1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well.

3．几组易混淆的介词

A． “在...之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）

after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时） after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）

如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.

The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday.

B． for +一段时间 since +过去的一点时间

这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。

C． be made of 用……制成 be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人
制成”

D． in, on, at表时间 in “在某月(季节、年)等” in 1996, in January, in summer

固定词组：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end

on 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等

on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16

at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”

固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this
time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表时间
里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every,
all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in
tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天

E. except +宾格doing something 除…之外” （不包括本身）

Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.

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F． “用” 通过交通工具 by plane

用语言 in English 通过媒介 on over the telephone, on over the radio, on TV

用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands

G． between “在~和~（两者）之间”

between...and..., between the two... among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)

Sue spent over two hours ___ her homework yesterday evening.

二、 连词


1．并列连词 both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词

neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定
单复数。 either…or… “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”

and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。

but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。

or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。 Eg: I have brothers and
sisters.(否) I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.

2．引导宾语从句的连词

陈述句：that 可省略 一般疑问句：if whether “是否” 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词

3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)

4．引导时间状语从句的连词：

A. when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until （直到…才），after（在…之后），
引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时 来代替一般将来时。 Eg: I won't
leave until he comes back.

B. since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Eg：
We haven't met each other since she left here last year.

C. while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。

My father came in while I was doing my homework.

5．引导条件状语从句的连词： if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从
句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确
定

1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿ (rain) tomorrow.

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2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.

3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____ they left school five years ago.

A. as B. before C. after D. since

三、 构词法

构词有法记无定法

一、利用构词法记忆：

1．合成法：not e＋book→notebook，school＋yard→schoolyard，book＋mark→b ookmark

2．派生法（即在词根上加前、后缀记忆）：

en－（使……有）＋courage→encourage；inter－（one with another；face to face）＋view→
interview；foreign＋e r（人）→foreigner，play＋er（执行动作的人）→player，sharpen＋er（执行动作的物）→sharpener；library＋（y→i）an（人）→librarian； miss（v．）＋ing
→missing（adj．），probable（adj．）＋（l）y →probably（adv．），sad（adj．）＋ly→sadly
（adv．）；compo se（v．）＋（e→i）tion→composition（n．），inform（v．）＋（a）tio n
→information（n．）

3．转化法： know（v．）→knowledge（n．）

二、意义关联帮你记忆：
< br>dictionary—words，umbrella—rain，library—book—she lf，kitchen—cook

三、英英解释，温故知新：

abroad—in or to another country，overseas；interview—meeting with sb．

说说记忆单词的方法

词是构成句子的重要元素，词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要 地位。今天我们讲讲怎样记
忆单词。

一、把单词放入句子中，在一定的语言环境中 记忆单词。如果一旦忘记词义，就回忆它所在
的句子。很多成绩较好的同学都有一个体会，抓住对句子的 理解和背诵这样一个关键，记忆
单词一般来说是毫不费力的。

二、将单词按归类的方法进行记忆。把同义词归成一类，如 learn－－study，between－－
among；反义词归成一类，如 left－－ri ght，high－－low，strong－－weak；或根据含义和
用途把同一类型的词归成一类 ，如交通工具类：car，bus，ship，plane，truck，…学科类：
maths，sc ience，art，geography，…频度副词类：always，usually，often，so metimes，never，…

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等等。这样当遇到其中一个词时，头脑中出现的就是一组词，这样记忆单 词的效率就会大大
提高。同时，还可以掌握词与词之间的区别和各自特殊的用法，将平时极易混淆的单词 清楚
地区别开来。

三、利用构词法记忆单词。比如 happy（幸福的），加前缀“un”成为 unhappy（不幸福的），
改“y”为“i”加后缀 “ness”则变成了名词：happiness（幸福）；“pea（豌豆）”与“nut
（坚果）” 可合成为“peanut（花生）”；when（何时）＋ever（在任何时候）＝whenever
（无论什么时候）等等。

四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词，即应及时在第二天、第三 天甚至以后再读第一天记
忆的单词，定期作阶级性的复习，同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复，重 复也是记忆
的一种好方法。

五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是 根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要
你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对，那么就可根据其读音基本拼 写出该单词。首先这要
掌握一定的拼读规则。比如“dirty”，根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir－ t－y（在非重读音节
中发［i］）。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效，如“contrib ution”，根据音标
我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：con－tri－bu－tion，这样就能较 快地记住单词。

以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一 定要留心观察，
寻找词与词之间的关系，这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之，只要我们掌握一些科学的方 法，
并用心去记忆，就一定能记住英语单词。

合成形容词

英语中 有许多种形式的合成形容词，仅在初中阶段需要学习使用的就达九种。现分述
如下：

1．数词＋单数名词。

如：20－minute 20分钟的 It＇s 20－minute walk．步行20分钟的路程。 second
－class 二等的 That＇s the second－class room． 那是个二等房间。 500－word 五百字
的

This is a 500－word composition． 这是一篇五百字的文章。

2．数词＋单数名词＋形容词。

如：8－year－old 八岁的 Mr Green has an 8－year－old child． 格林先生有个八岁
的孩子。

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3．数词＋名词的ed形式。如：three－legged 三条腿的 Tom bought a three－legged table
yesterday． 昨天汤姆买了一张三条腿的桌子。

4．形容词＋名词。如：

round－trip来回的；往返的 Do you need a round－trip ticket﹖ 你想要一张往返的车票
吗？

part－time 非全部工作时间的；兼职的He found a part－time job． 他找到了一份额外的
工作。

5．形容词＋名词的ed形式。

如：kind－hearted 好心的 Father Christmas is very kind－hearted． 圣诞老人的心肠非
常好。

6．名词＋过去分词。如：man－made人造的

China has sent up many man－made satellites． 中国已发射了许多人造卫星。

7．名词＋名词的ed形式。如：glass－topped带有玻璃罩的

I want to own a glass－topped table． 我想要一张带有玻璃罩的桌子。

8．副词＋过去分词。如：so－called所谓的

I don＇t like those so－called singers． 我不喜欢那些所谓的歌星。

9．副词＋副词。

如：so－so马马虎虎；不好不坏的 My English is just so－so． 我的英语很一般。．

Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a ______. (foreign) 前缀 例词 派生词

un-“不” happy unhappy like unlike usual unusual friendly unfriendly

im-“不” possible impossible 后缀 例词 派生词 -er“人” teachplayclean
teacherplayercleaner drive driver（以e结尾，-r） run runner（重读闭音节，双写-er)

win winner travel traveller -or“人” invent inventor visit visitor

-ly（副词后缀）

bad badly quick quickly careful carefully happy happily

deep deeply lucky luckily usual usually noisy noisily

slow slowly angry angrily strong strongly quiet quietly

特例： true - truly terrible - terribly possible - possibly

-ful（形容词后缀） care careful help helpful use useful forget forgetful

-y （形容词后缀）

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rain rainy luck lucky cloud cloudy noise noisy（以e结尾，去e，加-y）

snow snowy sun sunny （双写，加-y） wind windy

-ion（名词后缀） invent invention operate operation

-ness（名词后缀） busy business good goodness

一些特例：

动词 形容词 动词 现在分词转化为名词

sleep asleep boat boating die dead build building

enjoy enjoyable begin beginning cross crossing

名词 形容词 meet meeting friend friendly turn turning

south southern shop shopping wool woolen

danger dangerous 动词 过去分词转为形容词 difference different fry

fried worry worried

动词 名词 break broken know knowledge lose lost

fly flight please pleased please pleasure colour coloured

名词 名词 动词 现在分词、过去分词转为形容词

farm farmer 农夫 follow following interest interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语，仅用
于be interested in develop interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语 developed “发达
的” developing “发展中的”

练习题 1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.

A. from B. to C. in D. with

2、They will have an English test___two days. A. for B. at C. in D. after

3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975. A. at B. in C. on D. to

4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.

A. from, since B. from, after C. of, when D. of , as

5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.

A. how B. weather C. whether D. what

6、His parents were _________ (happy) because he had failed the exam again.

7、Mrs. Green liked to stay _____ (safe) at the same place.

8、The_______ (visit) from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.

思考题 1、The farmer was___tired___he couldn't fall asleep.

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A. very…to B. too…to C. so…that r…nor

2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others. A. but B. and C. if D. or

3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it. A. interesting, interesting B. interested,
interested

C. interested, interesting D. interesting, interested

重要的短语、句型和惯用法（一）

1. get onoff(the bus) 上下车 get up 起床 get ready for 为...作准备

get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服 get well (better) 身体好 get in 进入，收集

get .=get sb. 为某人买某物

get on well with sbsth. 与某人相处很好，...进展顺利

2. have an accident 出事故 have a good time =enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴

have a cold wet day 天气又冷又湿 have a cough 咳嗽 have a drink(of)... 喝一杯...

have a talk 听报告 have lunch 吃午饭 have...for lunch 午饭吃...

have a meeting 开会have no idea 不知道 have a rest 休息一下

3. make a mistake 犯错误 mistake A for B 把A错认为B

take sth. by mistake 错拿某物

4. make friends with 与...交朋友

make faces 做鬼脸make a fire 生火 make an excuse 找籍口

make a...sound 发...音 make tea 沏茶 make room for... 为...找出空间

make it 如期赴约 make a team 组成一个队

's make it half past one. 注意：时间前不用介词at

5. turn sth. onoff 打开关掉... turn sth. updown 把...音量开大小

注意：当sth 是代词时，常放中间

6. try sth. on 试穿（衣、鞋、帽） 注意：当 sth 为it或them, 常放中间try out 试验、
尝试

try one's best to do sth. 尽力干某事=do one's best to do sth.

7. send sb. away 开除、解雇某人 send for sb. 派人去请某人 send up 发射

8. hear from sb 收到...的来信 hear of 听说

9. hurry off 匆匆离去，赶快去 hurry up 赶快

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10. get to +名词 get +副词(不用to) reach+名词副词 arrive inat +大小地点 （后接副词，
不用atin）

eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到达上海

eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家

11. teach sb. English 教某人英语 teach oneself=learn oneself 自学

12.到...末为止 by the end of +过去时间 （用于过去完成时）

by the end of +将来时间 （用于一般将来时）

at the end of+地点 在...尽头 in the end= at last 最后，终于

13. hundreds of 成百上千 thousands of 成千上万的 millions of 成百万的

14. be pleased to do sth 很高兴地干某事 be pleased with sth. 为某事而高兴

15. be used for 被用来 be used as 被当作 be used by 被...所使用

16. so far 到目前为止， 用于现在完成时

17. on a Tuesday morning 一个星期二的早上

on the morning of June 15th.1998 在1998年6月15日早上

18. keep sth. 让某人一直干某事 keep doing sth. 继续做某事

keep on doing sth. 持续不断地做某事

19. much too+形容词／副词原级 实在太...

too much+不可数名词 相当多的... eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy it.

There's ___________ rain this year.

20. thanks to...由于，多亏

thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的帮忙 thanks for one's help 谢谢某人
的帮助

21. be far away from＋a placesb 远离某地

22. wear out 穿坏、穿旧、用尽 常用于被动语态。其P.P为worn

sell out 售完 卖完

23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二个月的假期

24. fall asleep 入睡（进入状态） get to sleep 入睡（还没睡着）

25. stop doing sth. 阻止某人干某事 eg. She stopped the child from listening. stop
doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事 stop to do sth. 停止下来干另一件事。

26. hardly any +n. 几乎没有...

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27. quite aan+形容词＋名词 一个相当...eg. Two months is quite a long time.

a very ＋形容词+名词eg. English is a very useful language.

28. be afraid of+名词 害怕... be afraid to+动词 担心、害怕... be afraid that+从句 恐怕...

29. so+形容词 so strong so beautiful such+形容词+名词(复数或不可数)

such beautiful pictures such nice smell such + aan+形容词+名词（单数）

such an interesting story

30. feel like doing 想干某事

31. be madegrownproduced

三个词的被动语态都可解释为“生产”

归类: 机器一类→make(制造)

盐.糖.丝绸→produce (经机器加工生产) 农作物、水果→grow (人工种出来的)

32. finish doing sth. 做完某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事

go on doing sth. 继续干某事 be always doing 老是干某事

33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事 ...hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用hope do sth.

34. in surprise 惊奇地（作状语） be surprised at sb. 对某人的举动感到诧异

be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶

35. no space(room) to stand in 没有站的地方、空间

36. be angry with sb. 生某人的气 agree with sb. 同意某人的观点 with one's help 在某人的
帮助下

选择题：

arrived ___ London___ a cold winter night.

, in , on , on , at

's rather cold 'd better ___ more clothes before you go out.

on put on wear

must be very tired. Why not ___ a rest?

taking to take stop taking stop to take

4.___, I've caught up with my classmates in my English studies.

his help his help the help of him the help of him

told me ____ in the sun. read 't read not to read

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ng TV ___ is bad for your eyes. too too much
many

foreign visitors ___ our city the day before yesterday.

d d d to in

asked me to help her ___ her Chinese.

___ the words in the dictionary when you don't know ___ they mean.

, what , that , that , what

after another, three of them ___.

asleep to asleep to asleep sleeping

完成句子：

1.你想不想喝杯桔子汁？ Do you ______ ______drinking a glass of orange?

2.小杨毕业离校以来，我们从未收到他的来信。

We have never ______ ______ Xiao Yang since he _______ school for the last time.

3.人们兴建绿色长城是为了阻止风将土刮走。

People started to build the Great Green Wall ___ ___ it could stop the wind from ___ the earth
away.

4.魏华把你错当成他的兄弟，是吗？

Wei Hua ________ you ______ his brother,didn't she?

思考题：

1.人造卫星能用来向国外发送电视和广播节目

Man-made satellites can be ___ for ___ TV and radio programmes to foreign countries.

2.多亏有了绿色长城，现在他们种的棉花比以前多得多了。

____ to the Great Green Wall, they can grow a lot ___ cotton than before.

3.学生们相互交朋友，通常相处得很好。

The students make friends ___ one another and usually ___ ___ well.

4.店主说你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。

The shopkeeper said the woolen sweaters ___ your size were ____.

重要的短语、句型和惯用法（二）

be 结构

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a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。

are twenty girls in our 也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是
“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。eg.I have a nice watch.

be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。

is a river near our school.否：There is not a river near our school.

问：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn't.

划⑴How many rivers are there near our school? ⑵What's near our school?

be 结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be

e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there?

①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon.

②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest. on

,neither引导的倒装句,为了避免和 前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so,neither引导的
倒装句。

+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。

has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.

r+be(助动词，情态动词)＋主语，表示某人也不。

has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan,
either.

＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同), 请同学们与a.区别。

eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room.

's+时间+since动词过去式。自从...起已有...时间了。

⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了)

⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了

4.祈使句+and (那么)... straight on and you'll see a school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a
school. 5.祈使句+or...否则... hard, or you will fall behind the other
students. =If you don't work hard, you'll fall behind the other

6. The+比较级...，the+比较级... 越...越...

eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。

⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)

do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？)

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...do with...?怎样对付...?怎样处理...?

虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how.

eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:I've just returned it to the library.

9.I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？ I don't know how to do. ×

...be like?...是什么样的？

eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天气如何？⑵What's your school like? 你们学校是什么样的？

...for?为何目的？为什么？ do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a
science lab?

of +最高级＋复数 最...之一 Zhao is one of the most popular teachers.

it +形容词+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我发觉学好英语是很有用的)

find +宾语 +名词eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个好男孩.)

find +宾语 +形容词

eg.I find the door openclosed. (我发现门开关着) I find our bags filled withfull of presents.
(我发现我们的包装满了礼物)

14.I don't think+肯定句 我想...不 eg.I don't think I'll take it. (我想我不买它了)

请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。

A to B=like A better than B 更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B.

eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken

better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.

特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉'd better catch a train.

You'd better not talk in 'd better not be late for the class.

is good (nice)of+宾格+to do sth.

is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英语真是太好了)

takes sb. some time to do sth.(干某事化费某人多少时间)

= some time on sth. (in) doing took me half an hour to do the work.

=I spent half anhourin doing the work.

钱 for 物 某物化费了某人多少钱= 钱 on 物 =物 cost sb.钱 , pay的过
去式为paid 而不是payed. eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat. =I spent thirty yuan on the
coat.

=The coat cost me thirty yuan. been to 某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿

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been in +地点 某人呆在某地(一段时间) have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在这
儿

21.⑴ too…形容词(副词)+to…太…而不能太…以致于不

eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重我拿不动。 ②This colour TV is too
expensive for us to buy. 这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。

⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to结构的句子，可以换成so...that 引导的句子转换。
①The basket is so heavy that I can't carry it. ②This colour TV is so expensive that we
can't afford it.

's the population of ...? ...人口有多少？ 不说How much population in...?形容人口
数量的大用large population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA

23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑来是还你锅的) →Why have you come? 而不用What

...until (连词)方才，才

says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他说他需到明天方才有空。 肯定句＋
until 到

'd better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)

r...nor... 既不...也不... either...or... 或者...或者...

r Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word

Either you or she is right. (谓语动词就近原则)

both...and... 两者都... Jim and I are in Grade One (主语看作复数)

练习题：

1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory.

gone to to been to gone to

knew little about the film ____ he saw it yesterday evening.

e

3.I____ change his mind. Don't worry, He'll surely come to get it.

he won't he will 't think he won't 't think he will

4.- _____do you_____ the TV play? - Not bad, I think.

think of like like ;think

5. I _____ have a good time _____ the party.

you will;at you; on you to in you that; from

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完成句子：

1.中国有多少人口，中国的人口大约是世界人口的四分之一。 _____ the population of
China?

It's about _____ ______ of the world's population.

2.门铃一直响着，直到门被林涛打开才停。

The doorbell ______ _____until the door was opened by Lin Tao.

3.午饭后他休息了一会儿，我也休息了一会儿。

He had a short rest after lunch, and ______ ______ I.

4.史密斯夫妇离开他们的家乡已有十多年时间了。

______ more than ten years ____ Mr and Mrs Smith left their home town.

5.公共汽车里挤得几乎连站的地方都没有.

The bus was_____ crowded that there was hardly ______ standing room in it.

思考题：

1、做饭花了她半个小时。 It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking.

=I ______ half an hour _______ some cooking.

2、你真好，经常在数学上帮助我。 It’s really nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______.

3、Lily跑得不快，赢不了比赛。

Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______ _____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____the race.

4、在美术课上做一张教师节卡片怎样？

_____ ____ _____ a Teachers’ Day card ____ the art lesson?

5、足球是我校最受欢迎的运动项目之一。

Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ games in our school.

Have 的两种特殊句型

have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have
a meeting（开会），have a rest（休息），have a class（上课）等。你可知道have构成的两
种特殊句型吗？不看不知道，一看就明了。

1．have＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式

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该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物 ”去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to的不
定式（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike． 我
想让你买辆新自行车。We can＇t have the car stop． 我们无法让汽车停下来。

2．have＋宾语＋过去分词

该句型中作主语 的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”被……。此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语
补足语）之间有逻辑上的动宾 关系。如： I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．

我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired．他们刚找人把车修理了一下。

注意：大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如：

1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．

2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．

练习：根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词。

1．你应该找人建一座房子。

You should have someone＿＿＿＿＿a house． You should have a house＿＿＿＿＿．

2．现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来。 Now we＇ll have the next speaker＿＿＿＿＿to the
front．

3．你必须让人把这些书送到教室去。

You must have these books＿＿＿＿＿ to the classroom

情景交际英语（一）

1.问候： ⑴A:Good morningafternoonevening. HelloHi. How do you do ?

Nice to meet you. B:回答相同 ⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you?
Very well,thank you.

2.介绍： ⑴This is MrMrsMiss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a
student.

3.告别 A: you latertomorrow. Good night.

B:回答相同4.感谢和应答 表示感谢 通常回答

Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.

Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.

5.祝愿、祝贺和应答

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⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nicegood timejourney. Congratulations!
B:Thank you.

⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you.

⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.

6.道歉和应答 A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you. B:It doesn't matter.

It's not important. That's nothing.

7.遗憾和同情 What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.

8.邀请和应答 A:Would you like to … ? B:Yes, I'd love to.

9.提供帮助和应答

A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take thismy bike.

Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks.

That's very kind of you.

10.请求允许 ⑴A:May I...? Can ICould I...? B:YesCertainlyOf course. Yes, do please.
OKAll right. ⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.

11.表示同意和不同意

(1):CertainlySureOf , please. Yes, I think so. All rightOK.

That's a good idea. I agree with you.

(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.

12.表示肯定和不肯定 1: I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure
whetherif... Maybe.

13.喜欢和厌恶 1: I like love...(very much) I like love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...

14. 问时间、日期的应答 A:What day is it?

B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.

A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clockhalf past five... It's time to ...

15.请求 (1): Cancould you...for me? Willwould you please do sth.? May I have...?

(2): Please givepass me... Please wait (herea moment). Please wait for your turn.
Please stand in line.

(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.

16.劝告和建议 1:You'd better... You should... You need to...

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2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . WhatHow about doing sth. ? 回答: OK.
Good idea.

17.禁止和警告 1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...

2:Take care.=Be careful.

18.表示感情 A:喜悦 Great!That's nice.

I'm gladpleasedhappy to...B:焦虑 What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'mHe'sShe's
worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?

19.约会 A:Are you free this afternoon? WhatHow about tomorrow morning?

Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?

B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All you then.

20.语言困难 Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.

What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.

21.表示称赞： A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank
you.

22.常见的标志和说明

BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP OPEN
CLOSED PULL PUSH EXIT ENTRANCE 营业时间 禁止拍照 办公时间 这
边向上 开 关

1.-Would you like to go to the zoo with us? ____.

, please. 's true. , I'd love to. well.

2.-I've done quite well in the exam this term. -___ __.

A.I don't know. tulations. do I. on, please.

your friend tells you that he is ill, you may say __

me. B.I'm sorry to hear that. doesn't matter. D.I don't think so.

4.-Have a good journey, Alice. right a lot. good
better

sign

a box the street a cinema a park

思考题：

1.-Thank you for your help. -__ ___

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right. 's all right. 's right. 's very kind of you.

2.-Do you mind if I close the window? -____ __

, I mind. , I don't mind. C. No, not at all. , I'm afraid not.

3.-Help yourself to some apples.-__ A.I don't like it. , I can't help it.

mind. you very much.

4.-Tom will take care of our cat while we're away. -____

A．Fine, thank you. B.I'll do it myself. 's very kind of him. doesn't
matter.

5.-You speak English quite well. -__ __

A.I don't think so. don't say so. , I don't speak well. you.

动词的时态与语态的综合运用

确定正确的时态

1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切的关系.

a. I ________ (write) now. b. I ______(lose) my pen yesterday.

c. We ___________ (study) English for two years.

2.根据上下文来确定时态

有些句子没有明显的时间状语,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容
来判断时间关系,确定正确时态. are the twins? ______ (go) to visit Uncle
Wang.

3.根据主从句的关系来确定时态. 4.根据语言习惯来确定时态

*,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动作.

*2.永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时.

*3.祈使句中,或在情态动词,助动词后,谓语动词用原形

Don't _____ (read)in the sun , will you? You'd better _____ (stay)at home since it's raining
outside.

注意所填动词的语态

Today both basketball and volleyball _________(play) in many countries.

确定动词的形式

1. be busy,what about等后用动词的-ing 形式. 2.在介词后一般应用动词的-ing 形式.

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3.在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的--ing 形式.

4.在动词 decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell,want,teach
之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即 “ask sb. to do sth.”的形式

5.在see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词 不定式符号“ to”,
但在被动句中, 应添上

6.在 It‘s time(for sb.)to do sth. It's kindnicegood of sb. to do sth.

It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语.

7.疑问代词副词 (why 除外) + to do sth. 结构,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语.

练习题：

Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ________(blow) the earth away.

Smith kept on _____ (ask) the players to remember-----TEAMWORK

didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how ____ (do) the problem.

policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him ______ (carry) it for
her.

5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave ,look的适当形式填空:

(1).WangHai is a good always does his best ________others.

(2).Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can’t ___________well .

(3).It's time for 's stop _______to the teacher.

(4).Her face turned red when she _______ to sing a song for all of us.

(5).She is older than Mary but ________much younger.

(6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe you ___________ them at home.

(7).We waited in the next room while they ____________a meeting.

(8).Hurry __________the train if you don't.

思考题：

用 send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop, see,do,hear,go 的适当形式填空

1.____ you ___ each other since you left school ten years ago?

___they ___at 8:00 yesterday evening.

Smiths are getting ready ___to Australia for their holdiay.

beautiful jacket___too much , doesn't it?

and Lily were playing cards when they ___ a loud knock at the door.

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radio says the rain ___later on.

boy ___to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened.

films___in English everywhere in the world.

's summer days___longer and the nights shorter.

___ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or so.

动词的时态（上）

A:一般现在时棗通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构 ：1）be动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。

有一顺口溜体现了它的用法： 我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复数都用are

肯定式:主语+ am isare +其他 否定式:主语+ amisare +not + 其他

疑问式:Am Is Are + 主语+ 其他?简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语 + am is are

(否) No,主语 + am isare not缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is

We're ==We are What's== What is You're == You are Who's == Who is

They're ==They are Where's ==Where is He's ==He is isn't==is not

She's ==She is aren't==are not It's == It is

2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词 词
尾加-s或-es 肯定式:主语+动词原形动词的第三人称单数 ， 否定式:主语+助动词
don'tdoesn't +动词原形+其他 疑问式:DoDoes+主语+动词原形+其他 简
略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+dodoes (否)No,主语+dodoes not 缩写形式: don't ==
do not doesn't ==does not

注意：have的第三人称单数为has

用法： 1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes,
today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用, eg. He has a
brother. 2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun.

3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作 . eg. Here comes the train.

4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 . eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.

B:一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。

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结构： 1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。 2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是
在动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。

肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 + 其他 eg. I got up at six this morning.

否定式:主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他 didn't live here last year. 疑问
式:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 you see him a moment ago?

简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语 +did (否)No , 主语 + didn't.

用法 ：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. father was at work yesterday.

2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用.

always went to work by bus last summer.

3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用. she reached home, she had a short rest.

4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five
years old, in 1995 等连用. began the work two months ago.

Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.

C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态

结构： 助动词shallwill + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人
称 时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will 肯定式:主语+shallwill+动词原形+其他

否定式:主语+shallwill+not+动词原形+其他.

疑问式:ShallWill+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shallwill .

(否)No,主语+shallwill+not … 缩写形式: 'll ==shallwill

shan't== shall not won't == will not

用法: 1.表示将要发生的动 作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time,
from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year.

Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.

2.表示某种必然的趋势 eg. Fish will die without water.

解析： 1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主
语的问句中,用will 表示请求. eg. Where shall we have the meeting?

Will you please lend me your pen?

2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等.

eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.

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3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时. eg. Tom will write to me
when he gets there. going to +动词原形也可表示将来时.

(1).表示主观意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English next term.

(2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况 eg. Look at the black clouds! ----It is going to rain.

D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。

结构： amisare + 动词的-ing形式

用法： 1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常
出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look, listen连用.

eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next
room.

2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days.
3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see
等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.
注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行
时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science.

练习题：

and Joe go to the Shopping Center ___ . a week b. in a week c. next week
d. for a week quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in the next room.

will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he ______ (meet) her in her office
tomorrow.

bell for the class rang while they ___________ (play) on the playground.

said it ___________ (rain) later on.

思考题:

Chinese people ____(work) hard to make their country stronger and more beautiful.

'll write to you as soon as he _____ (arrive ) in Hainan. students of Class One
___(have)a meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon.

sky is black. It ____ (rain), I'm afraid. it ___(not snow)tomorrow,we'll go skating

and Mrs Green____(travel)to the south of China next week,aren't they? 7.I___(not see)the
film with you because I've seen it already. told us that he_____(stay)here till the next week.
9.I_____(lose)my pen this morning. I haven't found it yet.

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动词的时态（下）

G:现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。

结构：助动词havehas + 动词的过去分词

用法:

1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever,
never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these
days,today,this year,so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)

2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从 过去
某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点从句, in the last ten
years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.

解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也
可称 为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, com e等,表示动作的发
生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状 语连用,
即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点从句连用,也不能用在how long引
导的特殊疑问句中.

eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).

I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )

2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join,
become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:

⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.

eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.

⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为
相应的状态动词或延续性动词

常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下

comegoarrivegetreachmove------be inat open -----be open

die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep beginstart----- be on put
on----wear

leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep

endfinish-----be over catch a cold -----have a cold

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
join the army----be in the army be a soldier join the Party----be in the Party be a Party
member

→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two
years.

3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been inat been to去过某地, 表示某人的一种经历,可以和
once,twice,already,ever,never等连用. eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这
里)

gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,

eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里)

been inat 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用.

eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.

4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的 影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过
去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用一般过去时表明的是
过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系.

5.现在完成时中的 for 与 since

for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点从句

I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.

6. It is has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is has
been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意: 引导的从句中动词用过去时

引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.

got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has

练习题: 's a long time since we ____ (meet) last,isn't it?

2.--I know you _______ (choose) a picture book among these. --Yes,Have a look at it, please.

far,spaceships without people _______ (reach) the moon and some other partsof the universe.

father____ home for nearly three weeks.

gone away from left been away from away

and Mrs Green have_____in China for a week. d d

6.--Where's Mary? --Oh,she _____the library.

gone to to been to gone to

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
H:过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作

结构： 助动词had + 动词的过去分词

用法： 1.表示 在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过
去的过去“.表示过去某一 时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从
句或通过上下文表示. eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words.

He had finished his homework before his father came back last night.

2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去.
eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式 had not ==
hadn't

时态的呼应

1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态,
he wants to speak to the headmaster. He said that he won't be free tomorrow. he came last
night.

2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用过去时态的某种
形式. He said that he was working hard on his Chinese.

he had a very good journey home. he hadn't bought the present yet.

he would stop in Moscow on the way. 3.如果从句所述内容是客观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般
现在时,而不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响.

eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound.

4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时.

talking when the headteacher ______(walk)into the classroom.

Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish) his homework every time.

练习题： were so pleased to see each other that they almost ____ (forget) everything
else around. 2. The girl put on her dress and then _______ (go) to the mirror to look at
herself.

思考题： 1.I____(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours?

's Jack London? I ___ never ____ (hear) of that man before.

3.I'm afraid I ___ (keep) you waiting for such a long time.

4.--Where ___ you___ (be)? --I'm looking for you all the time.

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
5.____they____ (know) each other when they were young?

baby will cry if she ___ (not see) her mother

动词的语态

动词的语态--- 表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者

一、被动语态

结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.

be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.

一般现在时 amisare+及物动词的过去分词 一般过去时 waswere +及物动词的过去
分词

一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词 现在完成时 havehas+been+及物动词的过去
分词

2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词

否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成

疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.

用法: 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者.

eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.强调
或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来表示.

red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.

注 意点： 1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.

2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这 时应
把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut
down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 ine always takes care of the little girl.→The little
girl is always taken care of by Carherine.

3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有

be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made offrom be
known to

4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思. eg. This dictionary sells well.

This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $$ 88.

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系

主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者)

被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者 (动作承受者)

1）主动句如何变为被动句

a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的主语.b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的
结构.

c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作 by 的宾语.若不必指出动作的执行者,可省去 by
短语. d.确定be动词的时态.数. 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.

The beautiful kites are made by her. (被动句)

2）被动句如何变为主动句. a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语.

b.找到be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形.

c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语.

d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意)在以上转换中,代词作主语用主格, 代词作宾语用宾格.

6.主动语态中有些动词如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足
语,变为被动语态要带上to

He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.

7.主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时, 通常把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语.
His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.

练习题:

把下列句子变为被动句: asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _____ to come a little
later.

often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by
women.

they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? → ___this kind of truck _____ in Nanjing?

must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day.

I answer this question in simple English? →_____this question __ ______ in simple
English?

may clean the room after work. → The room may _____ _______ after work.

思考题:

use brooms for sweeping the floor. → Brooms___ ___for sweeping the floor.

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year.

→ Quite a few tall buildings ___ _____ in their hometown last year.

3. You must not put the bike there. → The bike ___ ____ _____there.

4. Can you see the stars in the daytime? → Can the stars _____ __in the daytime?

句子（三）

四、祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句 ，主语you通常省略。1、祈
使句的肯定形式：一般以动词原形开头。 Open the door, please.

2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首谓语动词前加Don't。 Don't be late for class.

3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。 Let meus Let
himherthem eg. Let's go to school. 注意： 1)祈使句 ＋ andor ＋ 简单句是常用句型

祈使句 + and + 简单句 表示“如果…，就…”

祈使句 + or + 简单句 表示“…否则…”

eg. down the street,and you'll see a hospital. quick,or we'll be late.

2)在祈使句后面，常常附加一个问句，使语气更加委婉。

eg.①Tell me about it,will youwon't you? ②Don't tell anyone,will you?

③Let's go to school,shall we? ④Let us go out to play for a while,will you?

练习题 1)_____ on the thin ice. It's dangerous.

't skate 't skating skate

2)Let's fly the kite on the playground, _____ ______?（附加问句）

3)Please turn down the radio a bit, ____ _____?（附加问句）

句子的分类:由句子结构来讲，可分为三类简单

一、简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。

eg. We cleaned the windows and tidied the room.

二、并列句：由并列连词and, but,so,or,for等把两个或两个以上的简单句连起来的句子。 eg.
1)I come from China and he comes from Japan. 2)Hurry up,or you'll miss the train.

3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldn't find it.

4)She didn't know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher.

5)He's interested in music while John is interested in sports.

三、复合句

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
A.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, ifwhether,
what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。

1、连接词 1)由连接词that引导陈述句，在口语中that常省略。

eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.

2)由连接词whetherif引导一般疑问句，whether和if 常可互换，但下列场合一般用whether.

①介词后的宾语从句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.

②与or not连用：I don't know whether I should go or not.

3)由连接代词what,who(whom,whose)which或连接副词wh en,where,why,how引导特殊疑问
句。 eg. Do you know whowhom she is waiting for?

2、语序：不管宾语从句 是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，都要用陈述句语序，也就
是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词＋主谓结 构

(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?

(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?

3、时态：一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用 其
它任何时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去
时 ，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。

eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. ②I asked the teacher
where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?

如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现
在时。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.

注意：在think后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义， 一般不在宾语从句中否定，而是
在主句中否定。 eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误)

练习题：（一）

①How does he get on with his new classmates? Could you tell me? (改为含有宾语从句的复合
句) Could you tell me how ____ _____ on with his new classmates?

②What is he doing there? Mother didn't know. (改为含有宾语从句的复合句)

Mother didn't know what _____ ______doing there.

③Could you tell me ________ they are talking about?

④You'd better ask your mother whether is it cheap enough before you try it on.

⑤Excuse you tell me where ___________?

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
the toilet toilet is the toilet was


句子（四）

四、祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句，主语you通常省略。

1、祈使句的肯定形式：一般以动词原形开头。 Open the door, please.

2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首谓语动词前加Don't。 Don't be late for class.

3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。 Let meus Let
himherthem eg. Let's go to school.

注意： 1)祈使句 ＋ andor ＋ 简单句是常用句型

祈使句 + and + 简单句 表示“如果…，就…” 祈使句 + or + 简单句 表示“…否则…”
eg. down the street,and you'll see a hospital. quick,or we'll be late. 2)在祈使句
后面，常常附加一个问句，使语气更加委婉。 eg.①Tell me about it,will youwon't you? ②
Don't tell anyone,will you? ③Let's go to school,shall we? ④Let us go out to play for a while,will
you?

练习题

1)_____ on the thin ice. It's dangerous.

't skate 't skating skate

2)Let's fly the kite on the playground, _____ ______?（附加问句）

3)Please turn down the radio a bit, ____ _____?（附加问句）

句子的分类:由句子结构来讲，可分为三类简单

一、简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。

eg. We cleaned the windows and tidied the room.

二、并列句：由并列连词and, but,so,or,for等把两个或两个以上的简单句连起来的句子。 eg.
1)I come from China and he comes from Japan.

2)Hurry up,or you'll miss the train. 3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldn't find it.

4)She didn't know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher.

5)He's interested in music while John is interested in sports.

三、复合句

A.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, ifwhether,
what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
1、连接词 1)由连接词that引导陈述句，在口语中that常省略。

eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.

2)由连接词whetherif引导一般疑问句，whether和if 常可互换，但下列场合一般用whether.
①介词后的宾语从句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.

②与or not连用：I don't know whether I should go or not.

3)由连接代词what,who(whom,whose)which或连接副词when,where,wh y,how引导特殊疑问
句。 eg. Do you know whowhom she is waiting for?

2、语序：不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问 句，都要用陈述句语序，也就
是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词＋主谓结构

(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?

(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?

3、时 态：一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用其
它任何时态；如果主句 是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去
时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去 完成时）。

eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag.

②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting.

③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?

如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现
在时。eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.

注意：在think后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义 ，一般不在宾语从句中否定，而
是在主句中否定。 eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误)

句子（五）

1、同义词组的转换：指不同的词组 表达同一个意思，用另一个意义相同的词组替换原句中
的词组。 1)Did your parents have a good time in Hangzhou?

Did your parents _________ ___________ in Hangzhou?

2)Jane prefers English to maths. Jane _____ English ______ than maths.

3)The smiths flew to London for their holiday yesterday afternoon.

The smiths ______to London for their holiday ___ ____yesterday afternoon.

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
4)Yesterday Tom heard from his sister. Yesterday Tom ________ ______ ______ ______ his
sister.

5)The woman spent ￥200 on her handbag.

The woman ___ ￥200 __ her handbag. Her handbag ____ the woman ￥200.

6)Lily taught herself Japanese. Lily ___________ Japanese _____ _______.

7)Lin Feng is weak in English. Lin Feng ____ ______ ___ English.

2、反义词或词组的转换，相对于主语来说，动作发出的对象改变

1)They haven't written to their daughter for a long time.

The daughter ______ _______ from her parents for a long time.

2)The farmer borrowed a pan from the woman last week.

The woman ____ a pan ___ the farmer last week.

3)Remember to turn off the lights when you leave the room.

________ _______ to turn off the lights when you leave the room.

4)Lin Feng is weak in English.

Lin Feng ______ ____ ____ ____ English. Lin Feng _____ ______ ___ English.

3、比较等级的转换：形容词副词的原级、比较级、最高级间的转换，通常用more than,
less than,as…as, not so…as连接。

1) Japanese is not so popular as English. Japanese is ______ popular _______ English.

2) Jim runs faster than any other student in his class.

Jim runs ______ _______ all the students in his class.

______ runs ________ than Jim in his class. _____ runs ____ fast ___ Jim in his class.

3) He has more story-books than I. I haven't ________ many story- books _______ he.

4、用连接词把两句合并为一句的转换。

1)The old woman was very couldn't say a word.

The old woman was ______ angry _____ say a word.

2)Edison was very could invent a lot of things.

Edison was _____ _______ ___ invent a lot of things.

3) Jane prefers English to maths. So does Ann.

________ Jane ________ Ann ________ English to maths.

4)You can do this before class, and you can also do it after class.

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
You can do this ______ before class ____ after class.

5) This shirt doesn't look nice. That shirt doesn't look nice, either.

_______ this shirt ______ that shirt _______nice.

5、不同句子结构的转换，主要指简单句、并列句和复合句间的转换

1)We found him a good pupil. We found _______ ______ _______ a good pupil.

2)The room is so small that my family can't live in it.

The room isn't ______ ________ ____ my family ___ live in.

The room is ______ small ________ my family _______ live in.

3)His grandfather died ten years ago. It ____ ten years ___ his grandfather ______.

4)I'm not sure what I should do next. I'm not sure _____ ___ ____ next.

5)Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. ___ you ___ hurry up, you'll miss the train.

6、根据句意的转换

1) Yesterday everyone of us went to the farm except Lucy.

________ Lucy _______ go to the farm with us yesterday.

2)Sam is friendly to his classmates and his classmates are friendly to him.

Sam _______ ______ well with his classmates.

3)Lily was born ten minutes earlier than I was. I am ten minutes _______ than Lily.

4)English is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.

English _____ the largest number of ________ in the world.

5)It's your turn to do it. It's _____ ____ you to do it.

6)The children can't wait to open their presents.

The children want to see the presents __ _____ __ ________.

7)The room is bright enough. There's _______ ______ in the room.

8)We can't finish the work if you don't help us. We can't finish the work _____ _____
help.

9)It rained heavily last night. There ______ _____ _____ last night.

10)He has lived in the city since he was born. He has lived in the city _____ _____ ______.
11)The building is beautiful and there are many tall trees around it.

The building _____ many tall trees all _______ is beautiful.

7、其它

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
1)I spent two hours reading the book yesterday.

_____ ______ me two hours ______ _____ the book yesterday.

2)He bought the book two weeks ago. He _____ _____ the book ____ two weeks.

3)You're very kind to help me with my maths.

___ __ very kind ___ you ___ help me with my maths.

4)Our teacher left the lab after he had got everything ready.

Our teacher ______ _______ the lab _____ he had got everything ready.

5)Jim said to Lin Feng, Jim ___ Lin Feng __ __ fill the pan too
full.

思考题： 1)My grandfather died ten years ago.

My grandfather ______ ______ ______ ______ ten years ago.

2)Spring goes on from March to May. Spring _______ from March ________ May.

3)The Great Wall is known to people all over the world.

People all over the world ______ ______ ______ _______.

4)I think it is different from Chinese names. I don't think it is _____ _____ as Chinese
names.

5)They planted millions of trees to save the farmland.

They planted millions of trees _____ _____ the farmland _____ ____ saved.

6)The man thinks the same as I. The man ______ ______ me.

怎样做好完形填空
1.先通读一遍全文，对全文内容、作者观点、态度、文体等各方面有个宏观了解。虽然开始
不可能 完全了解短文内容，但起码要做到“八、九不离十”。弄清大意，抓住了主题，便为
正确选词打下了可靠 的基础。 2.然后读一遍选项，知道均有哪些备选项。

3.再读全文，并且 可以边读边用铅笔试将所选的选项的内容填在空白处。这是一个关键性的
分析判断阶段。同学们要瞻前顾 后，字斟句酌。不能只看空格前后两个词，而是应该看完整
的句子。这时，应调动你学过的全部语言知识 ，明确题目是要考查你哪方面知识的掌握。4.
再串读，看铅笔填上后，文章意思是否通顺，语法语义是 否准确，是否可恢复原貌。5.切不
可不读全文，见一空填一词。 6.同学们要学会利用上下文中的各种语言线索和已有
的语言知识来选词。

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
7.如果遇到一时难以确定的答案可先不填，先去做后面的，或有把握的，待填完其他空白后，
再回过头 来做前面，有时候，前后空白往往形成互相提示和补充。同时，同学们还可利用排
除法，首先排除不合题 意的选项，然后反复比较剩下的选项，这样就可以略为简单一些。

8.最后还要利用自己各方 面的知识和语言知识、历史知识、生活常识等，细微分析比较，理
解中心，全面验证。完形填空：（一）

One day a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to town. Suddenly the bag _1_ from his
horse onto the did not know _2_ to do about it because it was _3_ heavy for him to lift by
himself. He only hoped that someone would
soon pass by and _4_ him a hand.

Just at this moment a man _5_ a horse came up to him. But the farmer's heart sank when he
saw who he was. It was the great man living _6_. The farmer had hoped to ask another farmer or a
poor man _7_ him to come along and
help him. He couldn't ask such a great man to help him. But to his _8_ ,the great man got off his
horse as soon as he came nearer. He said to the farmer,
that I'm here just at the right time.
he took one end of the bag, the farmer the other, they together raised it and put it on the horse.





Wherever you see anyone else in trouble, do the same for him.

1、 g 2、

3、 4、

5、 6、 y

7、 8、 sed sing se ses

9、 need

10、 C.a smile smile

（二）

Mr Brown had an umbrella(伞) shop in a small sometimes (1) him broken
umbrellas, and then he took them to a big shop in London. They were (2) there.

One day Mr Brown went to London by train. He (3) to take an umbrella with him that day.
Sitting in front of him was a man with an umbrella standing (4) the seat. When the train arrived in

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
London, Mr Brown (5) up the umbrella as he
often did during his journey by train. Just as he was getting off, he was (6) by the man. He said
angrily, t back to the man at once.

When Mr Brown got to the big shop, the shopkeeper had got his six umbrellas ready. After a
good look at (8) of them, he said,

In the afternoon he got into the train again. The (9) man was in the same seat. He looked at
Mr Brown and his six umbrellas,

1、 ed t 2、

3、 d 4、

5、 d

6、 d ered 7、

8、 9、 ful

10、


怎样做好中考阅读理解题（上）

1.浏览全文，了解全文的概貌。 2.采用顺读或倒读的方法 3.抓住要点，快速阅读。

4.找出主题句，弄清替代词的指代关系，推断句子结构。

5.分清表层理解和深层理解的含义。 6.突破生词关。 7.在做到以上各点的基础上， 再
用“排除法”“一次判断”“逐个分析”等方法来判断找出问题的正确答案。

（一） Last Sunday I saw the worst storm (暴雨) in years. It came suddenly and went on for
three hours. After lunch, I went into my room and had a rest. The air was hot. All was quiet.

Then strong wind started blowing into my room. Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into
the air and some flew out of the open window. As I ran to catch them,big drops of rain began to
fall.

When I came back into my house, it was raining harder and harder. I tried hard and managed
to close the window. Then I heard a loud sound from the back of the house. I ran out of my room
to find out what had happened:a big tree
had fallen down and broken the top of the backroom.

storm happened _______.

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
the morning he was in the back room the afternoon he was in the
garden.

the storm came, the weather was _____.

storm lasted for ___.

hours than three hours days than three days

strong wind blew some of the paper ____.

over the floor the back room of the door of the
window

top of the back room was broken because of ___.

strong wind heavy rain loud sound fallen tree

（二） One day Tony was crossing the road when he was hit by a car. He fell and broke his arm.
An ambulance(救护车) soon arrived and took Tony to a hospital. There a doctor operated on his
arm. Then he put the arm in a cast(石膏).Tony couldn't move it at all.

At
the end of six weeks, Tony went back to the hospital. The doctor took his arm out of the cast.


Tony tried to move his arm. At first it was difficult,but soon he could move it easily.





吉他)？

The doctor smiled.



did Tony break his arm?

A. A guitar fell on it. B. A doctor broke it.C. He was hit by a car.

long did Tony have to keep his arm in a cast?

l than a a month and a half.

soon as the doctor took off the cast____.

could move his arm easily could move his arm with some trouble

was no longer able to move his arm

did the doctor tell Tony to do after the cast was taken off?

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
se his some back to the hospital again.

last Tony became very happy because ____.

thought he would be able to play the doctor had given him a guitar

doctor had told him that he could help him

（三）

This is really a very fast game. Both sides are fighting for the ball all the time. We are
enjoying every minute of it. Loud shouts can be heard here and there.

Willis has the ball now. This is only his third game for England,but he's playing so well that it
won't be his last, I'm quite sure.

Willis passes the ball to Cotton. Cotton kicks it over the heads of the Frenchmen towards the
goal. But he's too far away. Dupont picks it up easily and throws it to Paton.

France and England still have one goal each, and there are only two minutes left. At this
moment, anything can happen. Paton kicks the ballacross to Crozat. It‘s a beautiful kick. But
Stevens jumps and just stops the ball with the side
of his head. But Menier is there. He passes it to Crozat, and Crozat, without any hesitation(犹豫),
puts he ball into the back of the goal. It's a great surprise to us. I've never seen such a goal like
this.

And the game is over. France has won the cup.

wouldn't be Willis' last game for England because ____.

had played three already was only his third time

was a good player had kicked three goals for England

couldn't Cotton kick the ball into the goal?

was too far away from him. wasn't near the goal.

picked the ball up easily. Frenchmen stopped the ball with their heads.

3.

ninety minutes will end in a draw is time for another goal

game is nearly over A or B

many goals had the French players kicked by the end of the match?



were all from the French team?

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
, Stevens, Menier and Crozat. , Crozat, Sevens and Dupont.

, Crozat, Menier and Paton. , Dupont,Cotton and Menier.


如何做好中考听力题

1.语音困难 :一是发音不准,特别是音相近的词,如 house--horse,much--March,hear-- hair,
sheep--ship,food---foot, mouth-- mouse,quite--quiet,bed--bad,present--parent-- peasant, box--books,
等.

再就是语速的变化所引起的一系列 的问题、语速慢，听力材料与学生程度相当，能听懂。但
语速快，听力材料低于学生的水平，也听不懂。 这是由于平时对于连读，失去爆破、重读与
弱读等缺少训练，因此对有些语音材料听不懂。

2.内容上的困难 :学生不是将注意力集中到最关键的部分.而是在一些虚词上或无关紧要的
词上过多停留，影响对全文的理解。

3.心理上的障碍 :这是听力测试中至关重要的问题。由于过于紧张，本来能听懂的也听不懂
了。

具体做法：(1) 看完题目，再听录音；(2) 果断选择，争取时间。

思维定势解题误区

思维定势，指的是我们习惯性的思维方式。学生在做题时往往会 受固定搭配，习惯用法
等思维方式的影响，凭着经验或感觉快速解题。当然，这有利于提高解题速度，但 有时也会
把学生的思维引向“歧路”。现举例分析，以引起大家注意。如：

1．Shanghai is larger than ___________ city in Jiangsu．

A．any B．any other C．other D．one

仔细分析该题，就会发现本句中两个比较的双方Shanghai和Jiang su是“相互不包含”关系。
此句实际是Shanghai与Jiangsu的任一个城市进行比较，故 选A。

2．There are a lot __________ apples in this basket than in that one．

A．most B．more C．of D．much

此题学生往往会受短语a lot of的影响而选C，仔细研读该题则会发现此句是一个比较句型，
句中的a lot实际上是用来修饰比较级的，该题的正确答案为B。

3．What did you ___________ at the meeting yesterday？

A．speak B．tell C．say D．talk

精品教学课件设计 | Excellent teaching plan
这道题学生一看会根据“在会上发言，speak at the meeting”这一短语而选A。 实际上这一
句的意思是“你昨天在会上讲什么了？”疑问词what在句中作动词say的宾语，指说的 内
容，故选取答案C。

4．The bus is coming．Let's___________．

A．get it on B．get it off C．get on it D．get it off

此题容易受“动词＋副词”短语的影响，把代词放在此结构的中间，而选答案A。表示上／< br>下车时，此时on／off是介词，需要把代词放在on／off的后面，所以答案为C。

5．I'd heard a lot _________England．Some things were as I thought．

A．of B．about C．to D．for

此题表面一看很简单，根据短语a lot of 选答案 A。再看看句意，“我听说许多英国”，则
发现正确答案为B，意为“听到很多有关英国的情况，有些正 如我想的一样”。

6．—Must I finish the work before five o'clock？

—No．You ___________ finish it before eight．

A．mustn't B．needn't C．can't D．can

对must引导的一般疑问句否定回答常用No，you needn't．结构。但细细分析本句，就 可以
从标点看出No和它后面的部分实为两个句子，结合句意，可知答案为D。

7．Can you it in English？

A．speak B．say C．tell D．talk一看到English，就联想到讲语言用动词speak ，
而选答案A。此题实际上是“你会用英语表达它吗？”此时in English译为“用英语”，在
句子中作方式状语，而it是say的宾语。因此选C。

8．There a film tomorrow evening．

A．will have B．have C．is going to be D．has此句意思很明显，“明天晚
上有电影”。“有”易受汉语影响而选答案A。实际上本句应用h ere be句型，