科技英语翻译课件
中学生优秀作文-小学学校工作总结
English Translation for Science and
Technology
Introduction to Translation
Criteria of Translation
玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗
严复（1853-1921）：Triple
Principle of Translation
信（faithfulness）：忠实准确
达（expressiveness）：通顺流畅
雅（elegance）：文字古雅
鲁迅
信 （Faithfulness）
顺 （Smoothness）
林语堂
忠实（faithfulness）
通顺（smoothness）
美
（beautifulness）
傅雷
神似 （Resemblance in spirit ）：
以效果而论，文学翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
钱钟书
化境（reaching the
acme of perfection）：
文学翻译的最高境界是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成
另一国文字，既能不因语
文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味。
刘重德
信、达、切 (faithfulness, expressiveness
and closeness):
信于内容 (to be faithful to the
content of the original);
达如其分 (to be as
expressive as the original);
切合风格 (to be as
close to the original style as possible).
英语科技文献的翻译标准
科技翻译可以理解为一种科学的“语码转换”，科学性是第一位，科
技
译文的正确性是最重要的。
忠实 ---
忠于原意，传达信息准确；
通顺 --- 文从字顺，译文风格贴近原文风格。
忠实
In
computing work done, it is important always to
keep in mind that the force and distance that are
multiplied must be in the same direction.
相乘的力和距离的方向必须相同，在所作的计算工作中，记住这一点往往是重要的。
[改]在计算所做的功时，用以相乘的力和距离必须沿同一方向，始终记住这一点是很重要的。
The motion of ions is the motion of such atoms
as have gained, or lost electrons, which in most
cases
takes place in chemical solutions.
离子的运动也就是原子得到或失去电子时的运动，在大多数情况下，化学溶液中发生这种现
象。
[改]离子的运动，也就是已经得到或失去电子的原子的运动，这种运动大多发生在化学溶液
中
。
Every body continues in its state of rest or
uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted
upon by an
external force.
每一物体如不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做均匀的直线运动。
[改]物体如不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做匀速直线运动。
通顺
Matter is anything having weight
and occupying space.
物质是有重量和占据空间的任何东西。
[改]凡是物质，都具有重量和占有空间。
What is large and what
is small is relative.
什么是大的和什么是小的是相对的。
[改]大和小是相对的。
The report noted that being
overweight has been linked to sickness and death
from such diseases as
high blood pressure,
diabetes, heart disease and gallbladder.
报告指出，过胖与疾病及诸如高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病引起的死亡有关。
[改]报
告指出，肥胖容易引起疾病，容易导致由高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病等引起
的死亡。
Three
Qualifications for the Translation of EST
Good Command of English
Good Command
of Chinese
Familiarity with Knowledge of
Science and Technology
英语科技文献的翻译过程
理解阶段
结合上下文，推敲词义
辨明语法，弄清关系
理解原文所涉及的事物
表达阶段
直译
意译
结合上下文，推敲词义
Various speeds may be
obtained by the use of large and small pulleys.
[误] 利用大小滑轮可以获得不同的速度。
[正] 利用大小皮带轮可以获得不同的速度。
The rate of dissociation was followed by
placing the unit on a scale and noting the weight
loss due to
chlorine evolution.
[误]
离解速度可由在标尺上的刻度得出，并注意由于氯的放出而引起的重量损失。
[正]离解速度是通过下
列方法求得的：将该设备放置在天平上，并记录由于氯的放出而引起
的重量损失。
辨明语法，弄清关系
As friction manifests itself as a resistance
that opposes motion, it is usually considered as a
nuisance.
[误] 摩擦是运动的阻力，因此阻力常被人看成讨厌的东西。
[正]摩擦是运动的阻力，因此常被人看成讨厌的东西。
Intense light
and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness
of shaded avenues and the interiors of
buildings.
[误]
强烈的光线和露天场所的炎热，同林荫道上的凉爽和建筑物内部形成了对比。
[正]露天场所的强烈光线和酷热，同林荫道上和建筑物内部的凉爽形成了对比。
理解原文所涉及的事物
Do you know that the bee navigates by
polarized light and the fly controls its flight by
its back wings?
[误] 你知道蜜蜂借助极光飞行，而苍蝇用后翅控制飞行吗？
[正] 你知道蜜蜂借助偏振光飞行，而苍蝇用后翅控制飞行吗？
In modern
operations tin is generally deposited on the steel
plate by electrolytic action.
[误]
在现代工艺中，一般是用电解法将锡镀在钢片上。
[正]
在现代工艺中，一般是用电镀法将锡镀在钢片上。
直译 （Literal Translation）
直译：把忠实于原文的内
容放在第一位，把忠实于原文的形式放在第二位，把通顺的译文形
式放在第三位。
如果译文和原文相同的形式能表达和原文相同的内容，可以直译。
Translate
literally wherever possible.
意译（Free Liberal Translation）
意译：把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位，把通顺的译文形式放在第二位，不拘泥于原文的形
式。
如果译文和原文相同的形式不能表达和原文相同的内容，一般意译。
Translate
liberally if necessary.
英语科技文献的语言特点
“科技文献”是一个集体名词，泛指科技论文、研究报
告、技术标准、科技广告、
科技产品指南、科技图书、科技教材、科普读物、科技新闻等多种类型和文体
。
科技语言是反映客观现实世界的工具，为了能客观准确地描述客观世界的实情，
科技语言尽可能在语言使用上规范地道，在语言形式上简明准确，在语义理
解
上直接明了，尽可能不出现语言变异现象。科技文献追求的是形式与逻辑的结
合。
“It
appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good
job.”
“A wonderful job.”
“Are you going to
take it?”
“I don’t think so.”
“Why not?”
“I don’t want to.”
¡°听说有个很好的工作要你去干。¡±
¡°挺好的工作。¡±
¡°打算干吗？¡±
¡°不。¡±
¡°为什么不干？¡±
¡°不想干。¡±
这是小说中的一段对话，
属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，
短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译
文中进一步体现汉语口语的
特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子
I
don’t think so.
干脆译成一个字¡°
不¡±，显得简洁有力。
She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a
frank, open countenance and an innocent,
diffident manner. Her eyes were large and
patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of
distress as only those who have looked
sympathetically into the countenances of the
distraught and helpless poor know anything
about.
那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。
一双大落落的柔顺的眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的
穷苦人面目作过同情观察的
人才看得出来。
这是文艺文
体，其特点是：语言凝练，形象生动，修辞富于艺术色彩，大量使
用形容词。五十一个词的片段，就运用
了十个形容词，占五分之一。¡°and in them
dwelt such a shadow
of distress ¡±是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了这一
风格。
MONTREAL --- Clark Johns accomplished a
spectacular debut for his NHL career
tonight,
the first score launching a four-point first
period outburst, to lead the Johnson
City High
Hats to a 6 --- 4 victory over the Montreal Teals
and their eighth consecutive
game without a
loss.
[蒙特利尔电]在全国手球联赛中克拉克·约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半
场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6：4击败
蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造
了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。
这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结
构紧凑，笔锋
犀利。这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。
日常英语
People get natural rubber from rubber
trees as a white, milky liquid, which is called
latex. They mix it
with acid, and dry it, and
then they send it to countries all over the world.
As the rubber industry grew,
people needed
more and more rubber. They started rubber
plantations in countries with hot, wet
weather
conditions, but these still could not give enough
raw rubber to meet the needs of growing
industry.
科技英语
Natural
rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white,
milky liquid known as latex. This is treated
with acid and dried before being dispatched to
countries all over the world. As the rubber
industry
developed, more and more rubber was
required. Rubber plantations were established in
countries
with a hot, humid climate, but these
still could not supply sufficient raw rubber to
satisfy the
requirements of developing
industry.
一、大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）
Archimedes first discovered the principle that
water is displaced by solid bodies.
Archimedes
first discovered the principle of displacement of
water by solid bodies.
阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。
The earth rotates on its own axis, which
causes the change from day to night.
The
rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the
change from day to night.
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
Television transmits and receives images of
moving objects by radio waves.
Television is
the transmission and reception of images of moving
objects by radio waves.
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
二、广泛使用被动句
Attention must be paid to the working
temperature of the machine.
应当注意机器的工作温度。
You must pay attention to the working
temperature of the machine.
你们必须注意机器的工作温度。
We can store electrical energy in two metal
plates separated by an insulating medium. We call
such a device a capacitor,
or a condenser, and
its ability to store electrical energy
capacitance. We measure capacitance in farads.
我们可将电能储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。我们称这样的装置为电容器，称其储存电能的能力<
br>为电容。我们用法拉为单位来测量电容。
Electrical energy can be
stored in two metal plates separated by an
insulating medium. Such a device is called a
capacitor,
or a condenser, and its ability to
store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It
is measured in farads.
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。
这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力为电容。电
容的测量单位是法拉。
三、非限定动词
A direct current is a current which
flows always in the same direction.
A direct
current is a current flowing always in the same
direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Heat causes
air currents to rise when it is radiating from the
earth.
Radiating from the earth, heat causes
air currents to rise.
热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
A
body can move uniformly and in a straight line if
there is no cause to change that motion.
A
body can move uniformly and in a straight line,
there being no cause to change that motion.
如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating
objects produce sound waves and each vibration
produces one sound wave.
Vibrating objects
produce sound waves, each vibration producing one
sound wave.
振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
四、后置定语
介词短语
The forces due to
friction are called frictional forces.
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now
being issued.
征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
形容词及形容词短语
In this
factory the only fuel available is coal.
该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation, thermal energy
is transformed into radiant energy, similar in
nature to light.
热能辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
副词
The
air outside pressed the side in.
外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals
the force downward so that the balloon stays at
the level.
向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。
单个分词，但仍保持较强的动词意义
The results obtained
must be checked.
获得的结果必须加以校核。
The heat
produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
定语从句
During
construction, problems often arise which require
design changes.
在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
Very
wonderful changes in matter take place before our
eyes every day to which we pay little
attention.
我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium
235, in which all the atoms are available for
fission.
制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为铀的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型
It seems that these
two branches of science are mutually dependent and
interacting.
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
Computers may be classified as analog and
digital.
计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
In water
sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.
声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。
Ice keeps the
same temperature while melting.
冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。
All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or
solid, are made of atoms.
一切物质，不论是气态、液态、还是固态，都由原子组成。
六、长句
The efforts that have been made to explain
optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a
medium having the same physical character as
an elastic solid body led, in the first instance,
to the
understanding of a concrete example of
a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations,
and, at a
later stage, to the definite
conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium
having the physical
character assumed in the
hypothesis.
为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的
介质。这种尝
试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的介质的具体实例，但后来却使人们得