信管大学英语课件Unit 3_Words and Expressions
浙江人事考试-牙林一中
Unit 3 Understanding Science
Text A
Words & Expressions
likely:
1. adj.
probable
- An incident likely to lead to war
is reported on TV. (电视报导出一可能导致战争的事件。)
2. adv.
probably
- I shall very likely be here again
next month.
Pattern:
It is likely that …
很可能…
- It is highly likely that he will
succeed.
CF:likely, possible & probable
这些词都有“可能的”意思。
likely 系常用词，指从表面迹象来看很有可能。例如：
- The likely outcome of the contest varies
from moment to moment. (比赛结果每分钟可能都在
变化。)
possible 指由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到，强调客观上有可能，但常含有<
br>实际希望很小的意思。例如：
- Is it possible to get to
the city by train, or must I take a bus?
(坐火车可以到这个城市去吗？还
是我必须得坐公共汽车？)
probable 语气比
possible 强，指有根据、合情理、值得相信的, 带有大概、很可能的意思。
例如：
- It is probable that he has forgotten our
appointment. (很可能他是忘了我们的约会了。)
do
without: manage to survive, continue, or succeed,
although you do not have sth. you need
- I
haven’t enough money to buy a car, so I’ll just
have to do without.
- He can’t do without the
services of a secretary.
Collocation:
do
away with 摆脱；废除，取消
do up
系上，扣上；修理；打扮
have something to do with 和…有关系
have nothing to do with 和…没有关系
highly: adv.
1) very
- Mr. Smith was
a highly successful salesman.
2) to a high
degree
- He speaks very highly of you.
-
出席这次会议的大部分人是受过高等教育的女性。(Most of the people present
at the
meeting are highly educated women.)
CF: highly & high
这两个词都表示“高高地”。
highly 指的是抽象意义上的“高”。例如：
a highly paid
official 薪俸优厚的官员
think highly of
sb.器重某人
high 用作副词时，一般指的是具体意义上的“高”。例如：
aim
high 向高处瞄准
search high and low 到处寻找
其他类似的例子还有:
closely & close
closely
细心地，严密地。例如：
- Watch what I do closely.
(仔细观察我所做的。)
- The prisoners were closely
guarded. (囚犯被严密看守着。)
close 邻近。例如：
- He
lives close to the school. (他住得离学校很近。)
put turn the clock back: return to a
situation that used to exist, usually because the
present
situation is unpleasant
- The
employment bill in which women are not allowed to
take jobs will put the clock back fifty
years.
- Forget all about it and look to the future;
you can’t turn the clock back.
bring
about: cause to happen
- 这是怎么发生的？ (What
brought it about?)
- Some educators are hoping
to bring about major changes in the educational
system.
Collocation：
bring forth 产生；提出
bring forward 提前；提出
bring up
教育；养育；提出
Fill in the blanks with the above
phrases and change the form where necessary.
1. They proposed that the date of the congress
be brought forward a few months.
2. The trees
in the orchard brought forth many apples.
3.
He was well brought up.
4. At the meeting the
next morning, they brought up forward forth many
problems and
discussed them one by one.
inquire:
1. vt. ask to be told
- He
inquired (of her) the reason for being late again.
- He asked for his key and inquired whether
there had been any message for him.
2. vi.
seek information by questioning
-
我打电话询问有关火车时刻的事情。(I rang up to inquire about train
times.)
Collocation：
inquire after 问候
inquire for 求见
inquire into 查究，调查
CF: inquire, ask & question
这些词都有“问，询问”的意思。
inquire
是较正式的书面用词，渴望知道某人或某事的确实情况。例如：
- He inquired
your telephone number. (他询问你的电话号码。)
ask 是最常用词,
指为了了解某人或某事而提出问题, 请别人解答或向别人打听消息。例如：
- Excuse
me. May I ask you a question? (对不起，我能问你一个问题吗？)
question 指对某事不断提出问题，以便了解详细情况。例如：
- The
suspect was questioned by the police. (警察审讯嫌疑人。)
initiative: n.
1) ability to make
decisions and take action without the help of
others
- If you show that you have initiative,
you will sooner or later be promoted.
- The
workers are able to solve the problem on their own
initiative.
2) used in the phrase “take the
initiative”: be the first person to take action to
improve a situation
or relationship, esp. when
other people are waiting for sb. else to do sth.
- He took the initiative in organizing a party
after his brother’s wedding.
rate: n.
1) value, cost, speed, etc. measured by its
relation to some other amount
- The world’s
forests are disappearing at an even faster rate
than experts have thought.
-
出生率是出生数与人口数之比。(The birth rate is the number of
births compared to the
number of the people.)
2) of the (numbered) quality
a first-rate
performer; a second-rate comic
ensure:
vt. make sure; guarantee
- The new treaty
will ensure peace.
- 我不能确保他能及时到这儿。(I can’t
ensure that he will be here in time.)
informed: adj. knowing things; having all the
information
- 随时告诉我新的发展。(Keep me informed of
fresh development.)
- He’s a well-informed
man.
CF: inform, tell & instruct
这些词都有“把某消息或某件事传达给别人”的意思。
inform 向某人传递信息,
特别适用于告知所发生的情况或有关资料（可以用于上级对下级，
也可以用于下级对上级的通知）。例如
：
- I have just received a letter from my old
school informing me that my former headmaster, Mr.
Reginald Page, will be retiring next week.
(我刚接到母校的一封信，通知我说我的老校长雷金
纳德·佩奇先生将于下星期退休。)
tell 最通用，最不正式。指把某事告诉某人。例如：
- Glancing at
her scornfully, he told her that the dress was
sold. (他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说
那件衣服卖掉了。)
instruct
较正式，意为“指示（一般用于上级对下级），通知”。例如：
- The editor at
once sent the journalist a telegram instructing
him to find out the exact number of
steps and
the height of the wall.
(编辑立即给这位记者发了一份电报，叫他查明台阶的准确数
目以及围墙的高度。)
steady: adj.
1) constant;
regular in movement
- The government’s
policies have brought a period of steady economic
growth with falling
unemployment.
- There
has been a steady growth in the industry.
2)
firm
- Using the razor requires a steady
hand.
basis: (pl. bases) n.
1) facts
or ideas from which sth. can be developed;
foundation (usu. used as a singular noun,
followed by for or of )
- The writing is
full of arguments that have a firm basis.
-
What is the basis for your opinion?
2)
circumstance that provides a reason for some
action or opinion (usu. followed by of or
that-clause)
- On the basis that
recognizing the problem is halfway to a solution,
we should pay much
attention to his comments.
- 基于我们售货的预测，我们明年将开始赚钱。(On the basis of our
sales forecasts, we may
begin to make a profit
next year.)
CF: basis, base & foundation
这些词都有“基础，根基”的意思
basis
多用于比喻，指信念、议论等的根据。例如：
- Charity toward others
is the basis of her philosophy. (慈善待人是她人生观的基点。)
base 多用于指有形的或具体的基地或根基，尤指军事或工业方面的基地。例如：
-
We picnicked at the base of the mountain.
(我们在山脚下野餐。)
- The lamp stands on a circular
base. (那盏灯由圆形底座支撑。)
foundation
强调基础的稳固与坚牢，可用于比喻。例如：
- Those thoughts rocked
her assurance to its foundations.
(那些想法从根本上动摇了她的信
念。)
- The huge lorries
shock the house to its foundations.
(大卡车驶过，连屋基都震动了。)
lie in: exist or be
found in (sth.)
- The root of all these events
lay in history.
-
这部戏剧令人感兴趣的地方在于它提出了一些婚姻方面的问题。(The play’s interest
lies in
the questions it raises about
marriage.)
in terms of: as regards
(sth.); expressed as (sth.)
- In terms of
salary, the job is terrible.
-
以百分数回答这个问题。(Give the answer in terms of a
percentage.)
tend:
1. vi. be likely
to happen or have a particular characteristic or
effect
- Some people tend to get up later at
weekends.
- 物价正在上涨。(Prices are tending
upwards.)
2. vt. watch over; attend to
-
shepherds tending their flocks
- tend the sick
and wounded
precise: adj.
1) exact
- We will never know the precise details of
his death.
- Our train leaves at about half
past ten, or – to be precise – 10:33.
2)
taking care to be exact and not to make errors
- 他是个非常谨慎的人。(He is a very precise man.)
grasp:
1. v.
1) understand
- This
is a concept we in the West find difficult to
grasp.
2) seize firmly
- The drowning man
grasped the rope.
- 贪得无厌的人可能毫无所得。(A man who
grasps at too much may lose everything.)
2. n.
power of grasping
- 这个作品我看不懂。(This work is
beyond my grasp.)
- Success is within her
grasp.
sufficient: adj. enough
- $$30
should be sufficient for a new pair of shoes.
- 有足够的证据证明他是有罪的。 (There was sufficient
evidence to prove that he was guilty.)
convey: vt.
1) make (ideas, feelings,
etc.) known to another
- 我无法用言语表达我的感情。(I
can’t convey my feelings in words.)
- This
picture will convey to you some idea of the beauty
of the scenery. (这幅画可将那处风景
的美丽向你传达一二。)
2)
take; carry
- This train conveys both
passengers and goods.
put across: cause
to be understood
- 他非常善于表达自己的意见。(He’s very
good at putting his ideas across.)
- Good
teachers are the ones who are able to put things
across well.
Collocation：
put aside
储存（钱、时间）；把…放在一边
put forward 提出（意见、建议）
put in 花费，付出（时间、精力等）
put off
阻止；推迟
put on 穿上
put out
put through
put up with
熄灭
为…接通电话
忍受
proportion: n.
1) part of a group or an
amount
- A large proportion of the dolphins in
that area will eventually die because of water
pollution.
- 这个城市的很大一部分人已年过半百。(A large
proportion of the city’s population is aged
over 50.)
2) relation of one thing to
another in quantity, size, etc.
- The
proportion of men to women in the medical
profession has changed in recent years.
Collocation：
in proportion to
与…成比例；和…相比
in direct proportion to 与…成正比例
in inverse proportion to 与…成反比例
in
proportion 符合比例的
out of proportion
不成比例的
fit into: be part of a situation,
system, or plan
- The new college courses fit
into a national education plan.
- College
English videos are designed to fit into the
syllabus.
educate: vt. teach or train
- You should educate your children to behave
well.
- 这个男孩只能在工作做完后晚上自修。(The boy had to
educate himself in the evening after
finishing
his work.)
entertain: v.
1) give
pleasure (to)
- Children’s television
programs not only entertain but also teach.
-
我们都对他的戏法感兴趣。(We were all entertained by his
tricks.)
2) receive (people) as guests
-
According to the school regulations, women
students are not allowed to entertain men in their
rooms.
- The Smiths entertain a great
deal.
contact:
1. vt. get in touch
with
- Feel free to contact us if you need my
help.
2. n. touching or communication
-
We can learn much by being brought into contact
with other minds.
-
他在加拿大期间，曾结识了许多对他有益的社会人士。(He made many useful
social contacts
while he was in Canada.)
CF: contact, contrast & contract
这些词形式相似，意思却不同。
contact 接触，联系
contrast 对比，对照
contract 订合同，订契约
Fill in the blanks with the above words and
change the form where necessary.
1. Research
is more mentally fatiguing, contrasted with
physical labour.
2. They have contracted to
build a railway across Africa.
3. I must
contact my lawyer before I made my final
decisions.
Text B Words & Expressions
deadline: n. point in time by which sth. must
be done
- I’m afraid you’ve missed the
deadline — the deadline for applications was May
30th.
- 在周五的最后期限之前完成将是非常困难的。(Friday’s deadline
is going to be very difficult to
meet.)
victim: n. sb. who has been hurt or killed by
sb. sth.; sb. who suffers because of sth. bad
that
happens or because of an illness
-
孩子们是这场打斗的无辜受害者。(The children were the innocent
victims of the fighting.)
- He was the victim
of an administrative error.
frustrate:
vt. cause (sb.) to feel discouraged or
disappointed; prevent (sb.) from doing or
achieving sth.
- Some websites are not
tested adequately and consequently carry bugs that
frustrate visitors.
- 由于大雪，他们登上顶峰的努力失败了。(They
were frustrated in their efforts to reach the
summit by heavy snowfall.)
yield: vt.
reveal; produce or provide
-
双方的会谈没有取得成果。(Talks between the two sides have
yielded no results.)
- The agency finally
yielded consent to his application.
step
by step: gradually
- The career counselor
guided Elle step by step through her planning for
gaining admission to a
graduate program in
psychology.
step-by-step: adj. gradual
-
该教科书是以其循序渐进介绍英语语法而众所周知。 (The textbook is well
known for its
step-by-step introduction to
English grammar.)
outcome: n. result
- One current educational approach which has
not received a lot of attention is outcome-based
education.
- 在记者招待会上将会公布谈判的结果。(The outcome
of the negotiations will be announced
at a
press conference.)
gradual: adj.
happening or developing slowly and by degrees
- Some people favour a gradual switch from the
Microsoft system to open source.
-
这一过程是悄然发生、循序渐进且无法避免的。(This process is quiet,
gradual and inevitable.)
process: n.
connected series of actions, changes, etc.
-
减肥是一个缓慢的，渐进的过程。(Losing weight is a slow, gradual
process.)
- I think life itself is a learning
process.
conclusion: n. belief or
opinion that is the result of reasoning; end
-
There are perhaps two main conclusions to be drawn
from the above discussion.
- 我们是根据事实得出的结论。(We
based our conclusion on facts.)
-
会议是结束了，却取得很少进展。(At the conclusion of the meeting,
little progress had been
made.)
propose: vt. put forward for consideration;
suggest (used in the patterns: propose that …
propose doing sth.)
- 报告还建议延长高速公路。(The
report also proposes extending the motorway.)
- The government has proposed legislation to
ban retailers from selling tobacco products to
young people.
- In his speech he proposed
that the UN should set up an emergency centre for
the environment.
evaluate: vt. assess
- 您的工作将由管理团队的成员进行评估。(Your work will be
evaluated by members of the
management team.)
- From books to Internet sites to television
to scholarly journal articles, it is always
important to
critically evaluate information.
bulk: n. the main or largest part;
(largeness of) size
- 他注意到，活跃的社区成员大部分是女性。(He
has noticed that the bulk of active community
members are women.)
- The bulk of the
wealth of humanity is intangible, informational,
and cultural.
submit: vt. offer for
consideration (used in the pattern: submit sth. to
sb.)
- 发展商向当地政府提交了建筑图,以获得批准。(The developers
submitted building plans to
the local
government for approval.)
- We have submitted
proposals for a new curriculum to the Vice
Chancellor.
publish: vt. make
information available to people, especially in a
book, magazine or newspaper,
or produce and
sell a book, magazine or newspaper
- They are
publishing the dictionary on CD-ROM.
-
这个出版社主要出版教科书和其他教育材料。(The press publishes mainly
textbooks and
other educational materials.)
professional: adj. of a profession
- He was a keen amateur photographer
for many years before he turned professional.
- 这个网站提供免费和专业的语言翻译服务。(This website provides
free and professional
language translation
service.)
challenge:
1. n. difficult
or stimulating task; statement or action which
questions (sth.)
- 我喜欢学习新事物的挑战。(I like the
challenge of learning new things.)
- Brian now
faces the biggest challenge of his career.
2.
v. give send be a challenge to
- We were
challenging all the traditional methods of testing
for poisons.
- 这种说法一直备受争议和质疑，但又似乎站得住脚。(That
claim has been challenged and
much debated,
but it seems to hold up.)
amount: n.
quantity; total sum
- My dog has an amount of
nearly white hairs.
- 当你增加纤维的摄入量时, 要多饮液体,
这一点很重要。(It’s important to drink more fluids
when you increase the amount of fiber you
eat.)
wear down: (cause to) become
smaller, weaker, etc.
- 多年内战拖垮了这个国家。(The
country was worn down by years of civil war.)
- The tires have worn down; they don’t grip as
well as before.
organic: adj. relating
to farming or gardening methods of growing food
without using artificial
chemicals, or
produced or grown by these methods
-
有机水果一般更为昂贵。(Organic fruit is generally more
expensive.)
- Most supermarkets now sell
organic produce.
somehow: adv. in some
way; by some means; for some reason that is not
clear
- Still single in his fifties, he
expected somehow to discover a woman who would
love him.
- 他原本能按预定进度做完这件事的，但不知怎么却落后了。(He
could have finished it on
schedule, but
somehow he fell behind.)
- Somehow my tongue
got tied and I failed to ask the film star for her
autograph.