英语文体与修辞课件：+Lecture+2
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Lecture 2 Phonological Rhetoric and Stylistics
Step I lead-in
William Somerset
Maugham(1874-1965): “Words have sound, weight and
appearance, and only
by considering this can
you write a sentence that is good to look at and
good to listen to.”
Leibniz认为人类的原始语言是根据拟声原则而创造出来的。
如：尽管语言体系不同，但是爸妈的发音却是如此相近。 “妈妈”称呼在英语中是mum，法
语中是maman，俄语中是MaMa，德语中是Mama；“爸爸”，在英语也称为papa，法语称为
papa，德语称为papa。
《论语·里仁》解释为“子曰：‘父母之年，不可不知也。一则以喜
，一则以惧。’”，即“父”、
“母”是模拟婴儿高兴、恐惧时发出的无意识自然呼唤声而误会成的拟声
词。
（陈北郊
1999）
Step II Sound symbolism
Two
large categories of sound speech: Consonants and
Vowels
The description of English consonants
Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds
in a language form patterns, and how these sounds
are used to convey meaning in linguistic
communication.
Alexander Pope(1688-1744)
“The sound must seem an echo to the sense.”
语音和思想必须产生共鸣。
Certain sound clusters
may relate to Sound symbolism or Phonaesthesia
(语音象征,音义联觉,
或语音感觉)---sounds felt to be in some
way appropriate to the meanings expressed.
Phonaesthesia occurs when certain sounds
become associated with certain meanings, even
though
they do not attempt to imitate the
sound.
1. Length of sound
He claps the
crag with crooked hands.
[k], [p], [g], [d]
[æ], [u]
短音很好地烘托出了岩鹰和岩石的刚毅坚硬, 传神般描绘了锐眼利爪,
凶猛强悍的山鹰高居
峭岩之上而雄视八方的威风与气慨。
2. Openness of
the mouth
Crash, splash, splosh, vast
pip,
splish, teeny, weeny, wee, bit, mini
3. Front,
middle, and back vowels
here
there
Gloomy, boom, loom
4. Voiced and unvoiced consonants
[pip],
[tit]
[bib], [did]
5. Obscurity of
consonants
一般而言:响度越大,音长越长,所指距离越远
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英语语音的响度升序排列为:
[p t k] < [b d ] < [s fθ] <
[z v ]< [m n] < [ l] < [ r] < [ i u] < [e o] <[a]
如：塞音(如p, b, t, k)多描述短促突然的声响和动作,如bop击打, pop爆声,
tap踢踏, tick滴
答声。
阻塞大的音会给人以力量大，响亮的感觉，相反就会给人以轻柔的感觉
He
rammed the door shut.
He clicked the door
shut.
Clicked 的响亮度就显然比rammed 的响亮度大的许多.
7. Phonaesthetic series
[θ]: this, that,
they, their, the, thus, then
---
指示性的代词、副词、形容词等
[w]: what, which, where, why,
who, when, whether…
--- 强调疑问性质的疑问词
[gl]:
gleam, glaze, glare, glisten, glow, glass, glim,
glint, glory…
--- 光，发光
I see advancing
upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war
machine, with its clanking,
heel–clicking,
dandified officers …
its clanking,
heel–clicking: Onomatopoeia
Analyze:
Cl- :
at the beginning of a word can suggesting sth.
Sharp and or metallic
Clang: a loud ringing
noise
Clank: a dull metallic noise, not as
loud as clang
Clash: a loud broken, confused
noise as when metal objects strike together
Clink: the sound of small bits of mental or
glass knocking together
Click: a short sharp
sound
Example 1:
A Rain Song
(Clinton Scollard) :
With its little patter,
patter
And its clatter, clatter
And its
silvery spatter, spatter
诗人在每行最后重复响亮的er音,加上每行1
至2次i音的配合,生动地描写了淅淅沥沥,滴滴
嗒嗒如同音乐般的雨声,从而烘托出诗人聆听雨声的一
番情趣。
Example 2:
• Song :Hark, Hark!
(Shakespeare)
Hark, hark!
Bow-wow
The
watch-dogs bark!
Bow-wow
Hark, hark! I
hear
The strain of strutting chanticleer.
Cry, “Cock-a-doodle-doo!”
在诗中莎士比亚用了bark(犬吠)，bow-wow(汪汪叫)，cock-a-doole-
doo
(喔喔啼)等拟声词，
还多次使用与bark,谐音的hark(听)，大大增强了拟声词的音响效果。
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Pope (English poet and literary Critics):
一位杰出的诗人会使声音适应于他所描写的事物，形成一种声音的风格（假如可以这样措
辞的话）。……
毫无疑问，这种音响效果具有了不起的力量，它能把形象铭刻在读者的脑
海里。
Step III Rhetoric device:
1. Onomatopoeia
Definition：Onomatopoeia is the imitation of
natural sounds in word form.
For example：
Someone cackled chuckled giggled haw-hawed
tittered.
1.1 Comparison of English and
Chinese Onomatopoeia
英汉拟声词各有各的习惯用法。
英语中的拟声词多半属于动词或名词，在句子中做谓语、主语或宾语。如：
But as
the door banged, she seemed to come to life again.
--- verb, predicate
The low whir of the
spinning wheel spoke to him of warmth of home and
his mother’s love.
--- noun, subject
“What’s that?” he suddenly exclaimed, hearing
a rustle; and they both looked up.
--- noun,
object
而汉语的拟声词多半带有形容词性质， 在句中可作定语、状语或谓语。
杯筷陈设在个人面前，暖锅里发出嗞嗞的有味的声响。《叶圣陶《倪焕之》）
---
形容词，定语
她见江华噗呲笑了，自己也忍不住地笑起来。（杨沫《青春之歌》）
--- 动词，谓语
秋风飒飒。 --- 动词，谓语
可见，英语拟声词比汉语拟声词更加活跃。
1.2 Example comparison
Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles
shrilled suddenly.
“嘀！嘀！”突然警笛响了。
“啪！——一声响，那支象牙鸦片烟枪断成两段。
“Crack! … the
long ivory opium-pipe broke in two.
--- 拟声词对应
She squelched barefoot through the mud.
她光着脚吧唧吧唧地在泥地里走。
The door banged shut.
门砰的一声关上了。
--- 拟声词转化
The screeching
of the brakes got on my nerves.
刹车声刺激了我的神经。
Zigard fell asleep almost
immediately.
祖格德几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。
……可以听见汤河涨水的呜呜声。
…the sound of the
rising waters became audible…
--- 拟声词虚化
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2. Alliteration
Alliteration is the
repetition of the initial consonant in stressed
syllables.
Rhetoric effects
增强语言的节奏感（这点在古诗词中表现尤为突出）
Nothing is as
beautiful as spring---when weeds, in wheels, scoot
long and love and lush......
什么也美不过春---
车轮间茂盛可爱的草儿,把长长的身子舒展......
诗中使用头韵，读起来不仅明快飞扬，且不禁让人觉得生机盎然
春意勃发。
形象化
China's cities, after decades of
bolted doors and barred windows, are suddenly
being opened to
sweeping changes.
中国的城市经过几十年闭关锁国之后，突然开放，全面改革了。
作者使用
allit
eration
修辞格，使
“
闭关锁国
”
的概念更形象化了。
马克.吐温也有一句名言:
It was a splendid
population-for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-
brained sloths stayed at home.
那是一批卓越的人--
因为凡是呆板、呆滞、呆头呆脑的呆若树懒的人都待在家里了。
渲染气氛
To
chillon's donjon damp and deep, where wild waves
mount eternal yard......
锡隆有地牢，地湿又低洼，浊浪冲石壁，惊涛拍崖沙。
三个
[D]
音构成重
度，响亮沉重，把读者的想象带入地牢的阴森可怕之中。三个
[W]
音则形
象的模拟了
浊浪扑岸的情景，头韵成功的描述和渲染了阴浊荒凉，沉闷窒息的环境和气氛。
幽默轻快的节奏
This show is produced by one of my
male producers who grew up in love with bats and
balls and
bases.
这个节目是由我的男性制片人之一制作的，这些制片人就
是一边热恋着棒呵，球呵，垒呵，
一边长大的。
这是电视节目报道棒球运动是说的。作者对描
述棒球运动的三个关键词使用了
alliteration
，
通过轻快递进的节奏，幽
默地反映出妇女对男子热衷棒球的善意揶揄。
The South Pacific is
place to escape to; it is truly the last paradise
on earth. Yet there is more to
these islands
than sun, sand and surf.
3. Assonance
Definition:
Assonance is the
repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in
stressed syllables.（元音迭
韵）
e.g. boat
-- hope
For example 1:
Think from
how many trees,
Dead leaves are brought
To earth on seed or wing…
Example 2.
Morning opened
Like a rose,
And the
snow on the roof
Rose-color took
Oh, how
the street
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Toward light did leap!
And
the lamp went out.
Brightness fell down
From the steeple clock
To the row of shops
And rippled the bricks
Like the scales of
a fish
And all that day
Was a fair tale
Told once in a while
To a good child.
[Donald Justice]
Example 3: Phrases
near
and dear极其亲密
by hook or by crook千方百计
fair
and square光明磊落
high and dry困境
tear and
wear磨损
dine and wine吃吃喝喝
mend or end不改则费
4. Consonance
Definition: Consonance is
the repetition of the final consonant (cluster) in
stressed syllables.
辅音韵，假韵
e.g.
send – hand dash-- fish
Example:
After a hundred years
Nobody knows the
place,
Agony, that enacted there,
Motionless as peace.
Weeds triumphant
ranged,
Strangers strolled and spelled
At
the lone orthography
Of the elder dead.
--
Emily Dickinson
5. Rhyme
A rhyme is a
repetition of identical or similar sounds in two
or more different words
* In the specific
sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed
vowel and all following sounds
are identical.
* In the general sense, can refer to
various kinds of phonetic similarity between
words, and to the use of such similar-sounding
words in organizing verse.
Types of rhyme
Perfect rhyme: Rhyme in which the final
accented vowel and all succeeding consonants or
syllables are identical, while the preceding
consonants are different.
e.g. great,
late.
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Reverse rhyme（倒尾韵）: syllables sharing the
vowel and initial consonant (rather than the vowel
and the final consonant)
两个或两个以上词的起首重读音节由相同的辅音加上相同的元音构
成。
e.g.
send – sell；with—will
Pararhyme（类尾韵）: two
syllables having the same initial and final
consonants, but different
vowels.
一个词的起首辅音和词尾辅音与另一个词的起首辅音和词尾辅音相同。
e.g. send
-- sound
；
live—love
For example
Apple in the morning--
Doctor's warning
Roast apple at night--
Starves the
doctor outright
Eat an apple going to bed--
Knock the doctor on the head
Three
each day, seven days a week
--nursery rhyme
-- Ruddy apple, ruddy cheek