英语毕业论文写作第四次课件
金钱的魔力-志愿填报系统入口
5.6 What will be written in each part ?
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
3. Methodology
4. Results Findings of
the research and discussion
5. Conclusion
明白：What’s your research question?
可以增加subquestions.
Thesis statement:
uction: Research
background(研
究背景、意义、大概内容、提出研究问题和
全文布局结构)
可列举一例
ture review（文献综述：国内外
前人已经做过的研究分析
性评述，指明不
足，证明自己论文有价值，同时阐述自己的
论文理论基础【解决所提研究问题的
理论框
架】）可列举一例
ch methodology
1
IV. Research results and discussion
V. Conclusion(研究结果，启发意义【理论
和实践方面】，本研究不足，未来同
类研究
建议)
5.7 Checklist
Narrow the
topic to one that you can discuss fully and well
in an essay.
Write a clear statement.
Brainstorm ideas to support your statement.
Choose some main ideas to support the thesis
statement.
Write a topic sentence that
expresses each idea.
Decide on a logical order
in which to present the paragraphs in the body.
Plan the body of each paragraph, using
paragraph development.
Write the first draft
of your essay, linking paragraphs clearly to each
other.
Check for unity, logic, and
coherence; revise and rewrite as necessary.
Proofread for errors in grammar, sentence,
structure, spelling, and
mechanics.
5.8
Proofreading
Three Types of Common Errors:
Structure;
Logic;
Ideas；
Language；
Format.
Chapter 6
Revision,
Polishing and the Final Draft
6.1 How should
we revise the first or the second draft?
Whether a beginner or a professional, every writer
must
revise, that is, go back over the first
draft or the second draft
of a thesis,
rewriting unclear sentences, adding details or
examples, crossing out unnecessary words or
ideas, and perhaps
2
rearranging parts. In other words,
never hand in the first
version of any
paragraph or essay, but revise then rewrite,
creating the best paper of which you are
capable.
Brainstorm Reasons for Revision
Features of Effective Sentences
is the
first quality of an effective sentence. A unified
sentence expresses a single complete thought.
E.g. :
Faulty: Du Fu was one of the
greatest poets.
Revised: Du Fu was one of the
greatest poets of the Tang
Dynasty.
注：仔细检查
每一个段落是否有主题句，没有一定要想明白再加上主
题句。思考每两个段落之间的过渡是否良好，所有
段落的主题句相加
是否说明了上一级提纲内容，如果不能说明上一级提纲内容就需要再
次调整相
关内容。当然，也可以作反向思考修改。
2. Coherence means
clear and reasonable connection between
parts.
E.g. :
Faulty: A man is judged not only by
what he says but also by
his deeds.
Revised: A man is judged not only by what he
says but also by
what he does.
3.
Conciseness: A sentence should contain no
unnecessary words.
3
4.
Emphasis: When there is an important idea, it
should be
expressed with emphasis.
5.
Variety is essential to good writing. (short;
long; simple:
compound and complex; statement:
question, command or
exclamation; periodic:
loose„) 注：仔细检查每一个句子，看看
它是一个简单句，并列句，复合句还是并列复合句。复
合句应看清主
句和从句及其它主要修饰成分。
英语句子类型
1.陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
就用意来分，句子有陈述句、疑问句、
祈使句和感叹句四种。
2.简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句
句子按结构划分有简单句、并列句、
复
合句和并列复合句。其中复合句包括一个主
句和一个或更多的从句，并用连词来表明他
们之间的关系。短的简单句常用来表达需要
强调的重要意思。长的复合句由于可以容纳
多种修
饰语而能清楚而准确地表达复杂的
意思。
2.1简单句的基本句型（Basic
Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的
句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合
、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）主 +
动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。
4
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would
prove me right. 时间
会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 +
直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.
我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
2.2 并列句（Compound Sentences）：
包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子
叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good， but he had little
appetite. 食物很精美，但他却
没什么胃口。
2.3复合句（Complex
Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句
子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
我们到达电影院的时候，
电影已经开演了。
2.4并列复合句（Compound-
Complex Sentences）既是并列句又是复合句的
句子。例如：
1.I
ask him when we'll go to the zoo, but he doesn't
know.
up, or you'll miss the film that is
very interesting.
man who is standing under
the tree is very poor,
but he is very
helpful.
likes math, and he often help others
who are weak
in it.
5.I don't believe
her, while what she said is true.
doesn't
know when they will have the meeting, so
he calls up his friend.
3.松散句、圆周句和对偶句
从修辞的角度看，句子有松散句、圆周
句和对偶句之分。松散句把主要意思放在次
要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者
5
在看到最初
的几个词后就知道这句话的意
思。圆周句的安排则相反：把最重要的意思
放到最后面，并且直到
最后一个词时句子的
结构才完整。读者只有看完整句话才知道它
说什么。试比较：
She decided to study English
though she was
interested in
music. （松散句）
Although
she was interested in
music, she finally
decided to study
English. （圆周句）
请看：
It is a truth universally
acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune must be
in
want of a wife.
——Jane
Austen
这是《傲慢与偏见》的第一句话。它明
显是个圆周句，因为它的结构和意思在最后
6
一个词之前都不完整。这种结构形成意思上
的高潮，最后一个词是最重要的词，
同时由
于在这之前堆积了很多词，高潮因而很强
烈。
归纳：松散句比较明白、简单、自然和直接；
圆周句比较复杂、着重、正式和文雅。
请大家按照提示改变以下句子的结构：
The surgeon still
keeps trying to rescue the
patient though
there is no quietus（[kwai'i:təs]
生命迹象） left on
him.（请将此松散句改为圆周句）
两个结构相似但是意思相反的平行从句便
是对偶句。
In Plato’s opinion man was made
for
philosophy; in Bacon’s opinion
philosophy was
made for man.
——Thomas Babington
Macaulay
对偶句会给人留下深刻的印象，且声调
和节奏优美。
对偶句主要用于说明文、辩论
文和演说等正式文体中。
7
4. 短句和长句
短句一般语气重；长句则适宜于准确表
达复杂的思想，因为它含有很多修饰语。短
句可陈述重要的事实和想法；长句则可解释
观点和
理论或描写有很多细节的事物。
我们如上讨论了各种句子的结构，基本原则
是结构应与要表达
的思想相符。换句话说，
思想决定结构的选择，而
不是反过来。
Tips：写文章时
应注意句子类型的多样化。
这样文章中的句子长短错落有致，更能吸引
读者的目光。
6. Consistency: All good writing is
consistent. That is, each
sentence and each
paragraph in the final draft should move along
smoothly,(good transition) without confusing
shifts in tense,
number, person, or
discourse(话语结构).
E.g. :
Faulty: We
stroll down Bourbon Street as the jazz bands began
to play.
Revised: We strolled down Bourbon
Street as the jazz bands began
to play.
8
6.2 Revision
After you have
taken a break, you can criticize （找问题，挑
毛病）and
make changes on the first draft.
You might
notice these problems:
The beginning of
the paragraph isn’t very lively.
The wording
in several sentences sounds too informal or even
babyish.
The relationship between ideas could
be clearer.
More details could be added in
some paragraphs or taken out in others.
There
are a few spelling or punctuation errors.
6.3 Suggestions
Go back to revise
your first draft one or more times. It may be
necessary to rewrite the paper after you’ve
made changes on the original
version, and then
to make further changes on the rewritten version.
At
various stages in the revising process,
read your paper aloud – and read the
final
version to someone else if possible.
6.4 The
Final Draft
After you feel satisfied
with your revisions, you can then make a clean
copy of the final draft according to the
format your instructor recommends.
That,
basically, is how the writing process works.
First, you discover and
begin to organize your
ideas. Next, you write a first draft. And finally,
you
revise it as many times as necessary to
make it clear, lively, logical, and
legible(易辨认的).
6.5 Summary
In
the writing process, you should consider your
subject, your
audience, and your purpose;
discover your ideas by putting them into words;
decide what to include and how to organize it;
write a first draft (and don’t
worry about
making it perfect); take a break, then criticize
and revise the
first draft (making changes on
the original if you wish); read your paper
aloud, preferably to another person; proofread
the final draft for spelling
errors, repeated
words, or words left out.
6.6 Polishing
Recopy your final draft, and then proofread it
for words left out, words
repeated, spelling
errors, and punctuation errors.
9
Chapter 7 The Format of Thesis
重庆三峡学院外国语学院
毕业论文体例结构要求
一、排版要求
1、纸张规格：统一用A4纸
2、字 体：英文统一用Times New
Roman，中文用宋体，标题、关键词用黑体。
3、字 号：中、英文封面文章大标题用一号字
，文中小标题用四号字，摘要、关键词、
正文、注释、参考文献用小四号字。
4、行
距：1.25倍
二、论文构成：
1、中、英文封面。
2、中、英文摘要、关键词
（单独成页，无须另加文章标题；英文摘要在前，中文摘要
在后；英文关键词小写，中英文各词之间用分
号）
3、英文提纲（另页，无须另加文章标题）
4、论文正文（与上述内容分页）
5、注释
6、参考文献
三、封面
中、英文封面上应包括以下内容：论文
题目（1号字）；指导教师、学生姓名、年级、
系别（2号字）；学校名称、论文完成时间（小1号字）
。另在中文封面左上角注明“毕业论
文”
（3号字）字样，并使用下划线。封面上所有内容均须加粗（附样本于后）。
英文提纲（提纲格式附样本于后）。
五、正文格式
1、小标题：一般单独占一行，一律顶格，前空一格与序号分开。
2、层次编码：一、二、三
层次一律依次使用序号1、2、3„„；1.1、1.2、1.3„„；1.1.1、
1.1.2、1.
2.1、1.2.2„„。
3、正文：正文用小四号字打印
六、注释
10
注释一律采用夹注（in-text citation）
夹
注可采用以下几种形式（其中：“作者姓名”表示引文或所依据的文献为中文作者的
用其姓名，英文作者
的用其姓）。
（1）（作者姓名 文献出版年代：原文页码）
Cross-
linguistically, the two commonest word orders are
SVO and SDV.“Those SVO
Languages typically
employ word order devices to express various
grammatical categories and
thus have fewer
morphological power”(Leather 1992:85).
(2) 作者姓
名（文献出版年代：原文页码）。第二式与第一式的区别在于：在第二式中
作者姓名出现在正文的论述文
字之中，而第一式中作者姓名不出现在正文的论述文字之
中。如：
Lakoff
(1985:210) argues that‖ metaphor, as a kind of
language phenomenon and operation,
shares with
normal language phenomena the same language
system.‖
七、参考文献
论文须在正文后附参考文献或引用文献，参考文献原则上不
得少于5本，注明文中所有
引文的出处和所依据文献的版本情况，包括作者的
―姓、名（英文名后用圆点；中文名后用
逗号）；出版年；
文章篇名、刊名、刊物的卷号和期号、文章的起止页码； 书名、 出版地
和出版者”。 另请在每一文
献后加注文献类别标号，专著标号为[M]，论文集为[C]，论文集
内文章为[A]，期刊文章为[J
]，尚未出版之会议论文为[P]，博士论文为[D]，硕士论文为[MA]。
文献条目按作者姓氏（
中文姓氏按其汉语拼音）的字母顺序、中外文分别排列。外文文
献在前，中文文献在后。同一作者不同时
期的文献按出版时间的先后顺序排列。同一作者在
第二次及以后出现时，在作者姓名处用“——”代替。
外文书名以斜体书写，实词首字母大
写，外文论文篇名以正体书写，仅篇名首字母大写。每条顶格写，回
行时空两格。例如：
Benjamin, Andrew. 1989. Translation
and the Nature of Philosophy: A New Theory of
Words [M].
London and New York: Routeledge.
Collins, A. & M., Quilloan. 1992. Retrieval
times from semantic memory [J]. Journal of Verbal
Learning and Verbal Behavior 8: 240-247.
Taylor, J.R. 1989. Linguistic Categorization:
Prototypes in linguistic Theory [M]. London and
New York: Routeledge.
—— 1992. Reflections
on Language [M]. London and New York: Routeledge.
吕叔湘、饶长溶，1981，试论非谓语动词 [J]，《中国语文》第2期，81—85页。
11
王力，1980，《音韵学初步》[M]。北京：商务印书馆。
网上下载的文献应注明相关网页的网址，如：
Wakleff, C. The Tao
of Verbal Communication: An Elementary Textbook on
Pragmatics and
Discourse Analysis. http: www.
polyu. edu. .
八、引文
引文较长者（外文50词以上），应另起一行，不加引号，左边缩进一格。
九、译名
中文人名可直接在文中使用，不必译成汉语拼音。
十、中、英文摘要
应尽量写成报道性，内容包括本文的主要内容、关键词、反映文章主题内容的词和术语，
给出3
---5个关键词，写在摘要下方。
十一、例句
文中例句较多时，宜按顺序用（1）（2）
（3）„将之编号。每例另起，空两格，回行时
与上一行例句文字对齐。
外国语学院论文正文格式要求：
12
浅析英汉翻译中的不可译性
及其补救方法
指导教师：
学 生：
系
别：
年 级：2007
重庆三峡学院
二0一一年五月
13
毕业论文
On Untranslatability in
English-Chinese Translation and the
Making-up Approaches
Tutor: Fan can
Student: Liang
Yanhua
Department:School of Foreign
Languages
Grade:2007
Chongqing Three
Gorges University
May, 2011
14
Abstract: Whether one kind of language
can be translated into another, this is a long
discussed question in translation. With the
trend of globalization, translation plays the
role of bridge in intercultural communication.
The translator should overcome
language
barrier and cultural gap. This passage contains
the respective reasons of
translatability and
untranslatability as well as some making-up
approaches in terms of
untranslatability.
Key words: language barrier; cultural gap;
translatability; untranslatability;
making-up
approaches
摘要：可译性问题在翻译领域一直争论不休。在世界全
球化趋势的推动下，翻译
在跨文化交际中扮演着不可缺少的桥梁作用。翻译不但要跨越语言障碍，而且要
逾越文化的鸿沟。本文分别阐述了造成语言可译性和不可译性的原因，并罗列出
了几条针对不可
译性的补救方法。
关键词：语言障碍；文化鸿沟；可译性；不可译性；补救方法
15
Outline
1.
Introduction
2. Reasons of translatability
2.1 The objective conditions
2.2 The
subjective reasons of translatability
3.
Untranslatability and making-up approaches
3.1
Causes for untranslatability
3.1.1 Language
difference
3.1.2 Cultural difference
3.1.3
Different thinking modes
3.2 Making-up
approaches
3.2.1 Literal translation,
liberal translation and transliteration
3.2.2 Proper use of idioms in translation
3.2.3 Extension used in translation of words
3.2.4 Conversion of parts of speech
3.2.5
Amplification
3.2.6 Omission
3.2.7
Negation and affirmation in translation
4.
Conclusion
16
1. Introduction
Nida
(1993:21) argues that translation, generally
speaking, implies rendering
from one language
into another of something written or spoken. It is
essentially the
faithful representation in one
language of what is written or spoken in another.
It is the
replacement of the information of
the source language by its counterpart of the
target
language. Whether one kind of language
can be translated into another, this is a long
discussed question in translation. Most people
assume that text in one language can be
accurately translated into another, so long as
the translator has a good command of the
foreign language he is handling with and also
uses a good bilingual dictionary. But in
effect, any people who set their foot in the
practice of translation will find that it is
difficult. And they find that such work
involves many complicated processes and
steps.
Translation is not merely the recording of a text
in a different language
(Newmark 2001:35). It
is far more complex than most people believe.
2. Causes for translatability
2.1 The
objective conditions
2.2 The subjective causes
of translatability
3. Untranslatability and
making-up approaches
3.1 Causes for untranslatability
3.1.1
Language difference
3.1.2 Cultural difference
3.1.3 Different thinking modes
3.2 Making-
up approaches
3.2.1 Literal translation,
liberal translation and transliteration
3.2.2
Proper use of idioms in translation
3.2.3
Extension used in translation of words
3.2.4 Conversion of parts of speech
3.2.5
Amplification
3.2.6 Omission
3.2.7
Negation and affirmation in translation
4.
Conclusion
With the trend of globalization,
international communication becomes necessary
and inevitable. Translation, as a part of
intercultural communication, serves as an
inter-medium between two different languages,
between the peoples of two countries.
17
So a qualified translator should first
of all be well acquainted with both
languages
---the source language and the target language.
Besides, one must learn the
methods used in
translating and the theory guiding translation.
Only doing this can a
translator be qualified
to build the bridge of international
communication.
The important role of
translation does not only exist in intercultural
communication. It will attach great influence
on politics, economy and religions. In
the
past, translation in China focused on translating
foreign culture and technologies
into Chinese,
but at present, there are more Chinese works
translated into foreign
language. This is a
powerful proof for improvement of Chinese
advancement.
Translation is an effective way
to bring other countries’ civilization into China,
as
well as to introduce China to the rest of
the world.
Human culture can only be enriched
by adding new elements. If every translator
adds a bit of new element into human culture,
it will become more abundant and
magnificent.
Therefore, the translator should overcome language
barrier and cultural
gap to promote the
development of translation. All in all, the main
task for translators
is not only spreading
culture and information, but also enriching native
and human
culture.
18
Bibliography
1. Benjamin, Andrew.
1989. Translation and the Nature of Philosophy: A
New Theory
of Words [M]. London and New York:
Routeledge.
2. Collins, A. & M., Quilloan.
1992. Retrieval times from semantic memory [J].
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
(8): 240-247.
3. James, Henry. 1963. The art
of fiction [A]. In Leon Edel(ed.) The Future of
the
Novel [C]. New York: Penguin Books.
4.
Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation
[M]. Shanghai Foreign
Language Education
Press.
5. —— 2001. A Text Book of Translation
[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language
Education
Press.
6. Nida, Eugene A. 1993. Language,
Culture, and Translating [M]. Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press.
7. Norton,
Rictor. Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw.
http:www. infopt. demon. co.
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8.
包振南，1983，开拓翻译理论研究的新途径[A]。
《外国翻译理论评介文集》
[C]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。
7.
陈安定，1998，《英汉比较与翻译》[M]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。
8.
陈达，2003，《英汉互译理论与实践》[M]。成都：巴蜀书社。
9.
郭建中，1998，翻译中的文化因素：异化与归化[J]，《外国语》第2期，15-17
页。
10. 刘晓艳译，《无解之谜的破译者》[M]。http:www. .
5.余下程序（在指导老师指导下完成）：
st
5.1写作第一稿 (1
draft) 和 修改第一
稿 (revision)
nd
5.2完成第二稿
(2 draft) 及 修改第二
稿 (revision)
5.3有可能写第三稿及修改第三稿
19
5.4定稿
(final)
6．论文及参考文献格式
(参见外语学院具体的要求)
→ 任务书和开题报告的写法
20