描写春天的词句-红领巾心向党手抄报图片

Written Translation III
Why we need translation theory?
人山人海 A sea of faces
Rose 玫瑰、月季、蔷薇
农业是国民经济的基础 Agriculture
农林牧副渔 Farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines and fishery
庐山初识,匆匆五十年矣 Two score and ten years have elapsed since our acquaintance at Mt. Lushan.
Chapter 1 Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
1. Basic principles of semiotics
Saussure initiated the study of sign systems, which he named ―semiology‖, and prophesied its existence in
advance. He declared: ―A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would be part of
social psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them.
Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to exitence, a place staked
out in advance.
Signified (concept 所指)
Signifier ( sound image 能指）
Peirce has given general definition of a sign: A sign, or a reprentamen, is something which stands to somebody,
for something in some respect or capacity.
Icon (based on identity or likeness, e.g. road signs); index (based on contiguity临近 or causality；e.g. Smoke as a
sign of fire); symbol (a merely conventional link: e.g. words)
Sign
Object
Interpretant
Semantic triangle
Linguistic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with each other in the same system
Referential meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with its referent
Pragmatic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and its interpretant
2. Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
Social semiotics is primarily concerned with human semiosis as an inherently social phenomenon in its sources,
functions, contexts, and effects. It is also concerned with the social meanings constructed through the full range of
semiotic forms, through semiotic texts and semiotic practices, in all kinds of human society at all periods of
human history.
Halliday’s model of social semiotics
Professor Chen’s model of Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
My model of Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
Chapter 2 General statement of translation
1. nature of translation
Nida out of the date
薄薄的夜
喇叭
2. translation process
Preparation; working; checking
母亲拧着纺车把他拉扯大，真是要星星不给月亮。
这件事给邻居们知道，岂不是笑歪了嘴？
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His mother had brought him up by doing spinning and had given him whatever he wanted.
When neighbors heard of the matter, they’d laugh their heads off?
The good mother says not: will you？ But gives.
3. Translation standard
Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance
Similarity in spirit
Sublimation
Tytler
Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function
4. translator’s traits

Chapter 3 Lexical Translation
A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set
of words that are different forms of the same word. For example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and
running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.
一、Lexical comparison between Chinese and English
对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识汉语和英语的差别。
吕叔湘
1. Writing system
(1) Chinese Writing System
Ideographic 表意
①Pictograms象形：
A pictogram or picture is a stylised drawing of the thing it refers to. Only 600 Chinese characters out of 50 000,
are pictograms. They are generally the oldest characters, since a lot of them have been discovered engraved on
turtle shells (1500-1100 before christ).指事 (Symbols )
②Symbols指事：
Symbols, also known as indicatives express an abstract idea by means of an arbitrary sign or by modifying an
existing pictogram. Very often, dots or lines are added to a pictogram to indicate what part or action is intended.
For instance, to represent the idea of ―root‖, a horizontal line is added at the bottom of a tree to suggest the idea of
roots.(本）
③Ideogram会意：
An ideogram, also called associative compounds or meaning- meaning comes from the combination of two or
more meaningful components to create a new character with a new meaning.
④Phono- semantic形声：
Phono-semantic characters, also known as sound-meaning, or picto-phonograms are characters composed of
two components:
one component indicates the meaning,
the other indicates its pronunciation.
More than 90 % of Chinese characters are Phono-semantic characters. These characters appeared very early in
the development of Chinese writing, because of the difficulty of using pictorial forms to represent abstract notions
and similar objects (for examples donkey versus horse).
Examples of Phono-semantic charactersCharacterphonetic componentsemantic component媽(mother, mā)
馬(mǎ) 女(Woman) 菜(vegetable, cài) 采(cǎi) 艹(grass) 沐(to bath, mù) 木(mù) 氵(water)


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(2) Chinese and English Syllables
Number of Chinese syllables: 432 no difference of tones; 1376 with difference of tones
Number of English syllables: about 10000
(3) English Writing System
The sound writing system or alphabetic writing system has dominated most of the world language. Since most
European alphabets such as Spanish, German, French, English, etc. derived from the Lain alphabet, only minor
adjustments were needed to cope with individual characteristics of a particular language. The immense power of
the sound writing system is its productivity. There are more than 600,000 entries in Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary. ( Chinese characters: about 50000 )
(4) Syllabic structures in English
(C) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C) (C)
I V key CV ski CCV spree CCCV seek CVC
Speak CCVC scram CCCVC
striped CCCVCC an VC ant VCC
ants VCCC pant CVCC pants CVCCC splints CCCVCCC stamp CCVCC
strengths CCCVCCCC

2. morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that carries grammatical or semantic meaning. It cannot be further
divided into smaller units.
A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as ―bed‖, ―tree‖, ―sing‖, ―dance‖.
A bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as ―-s‖ in dogs, ―al‖ in
―national‖, ―dis ―in ―disclose‖, and so on.
Chinese morphemes English morphemes
1. free morpheme 1. free morpheme
Eg. room, dog, bottle
Eg. 药——药材(medicine)
2. Bound morpheme
——服药
2. half-free morpheme Eg. Prefix
Re-, dis-, en-, im-
Eg. 丰——丰收(harvest)
Suffix
——丰富(abundant)
3. non-free morpheme. -able, -tion, -less, -er
Eg. 老——老师(teacher)
——老鹰(eagle)
3. Word formation
Sound-changing(音变法)
Reduplication(重叠法)
Conversion(转移法)
Abbreviation(简略法)
Affixation(缀合法)
Compounding(合成法)
(1) Sound-changing
①Chinese：
—changing the initial of a Chinese syllable (homographs)
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e.g.重（zhòng） 重 (chóng)
弹 (tán) 弹 (dàn)
—changing the final of a Chinese syllable
e.g. 还 (huán) 还(hái)
和 (hã) 和(húo)
—changing the pitch
e.g. 少 (shǎo) 少(shào)
为 (wãi) 为(wâi)
②English：
—changing the consonant of a word
e.g. close klous a. 亲密的
close klouz v. 关闭
house haus n. 房屋
house hauz v. 留宿
—changing the vowel of a word
e.g. doom du:m n. 毁灭
deem di:m v. 认为
food fu:d n. 食品
feed fi:d n. 喂
—changing the position of stress
e.g. present ’preznt a. 现在的
present pri’zent v. 介绍
sound-changing not only changes the meaning, but also part of speech
(2) Reduplication
Chinese—superposition English–
AA, AAB, BAA, AABC, BCAA…… e.g. ping pong, walkie-talkie, ha-ha
Reduplication can greatly enrich Chinese vocabulary and perfect the expressive function and beauty of Chinese.
(3) Conversion
to change the word class and make a new word.
—converting nouns into verbs
e.g. ①Please take a seat.
It can seat 1000 people.
②这把锄是新的。
那块地已经锄过两遍了。
—converting adjectives into verbs
e.g. ①You can happy your friends, malice or fool your enemy, or fall an axe on his neck.
He was very happy to hear that.
②请画条直线。
他这个人就是直来直去的。
—converting verbs into nouns.
e.g. ①You are not allowed to leave the room.
He took leave of her with a heavy heart.
②他很会背书。他打球的时候伤到背了。
—converting adjectives into nouns.
e.g. ①We are waiting for the final decision.
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The basketball finals are fantastic.
②我喜欢吃苦瓜。他不怕苦和累。
—converting nouns or verbs into adjectives
e.g. ①我讨厌这个人。他这人真讨厌。
②他舍己救人的精神让人感动。
你穿夹克衫显得很精神。
World report; science fiction
(4) Abbreviation
to shorten the original words or paraphrases to make it precise and practical without changing their meanings.
CPC=Communist Party of China
共产主义青年团=共青团
(5) Affixation
The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called affixation.
—Prefix
non-; in-; de-;un-; ab; counter-; anti-; dis-; im-; multi；非；反；无；不
—Suffix
-less; -able; -ful; -ed; -ee; -ist; 手；家；子；儿
Bound morphemes, namely prefix and suffix, make English words more abundant than Chinese.
(6) Compounding
Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make
one word.
Greenhouse;
They face a damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they- don’t choice.

二、Relationship of Chinese and English Words
1. Correspondence 相符
紫玉山庄 法人实体 打白条
Fake correspondence
盐水 salt water 学英语歌 to study English songs 简单地说 simply speaking 一层厚厚的黄土 a layer of
thick loess dust 穷山恶水 poor mountain and bad water 强硬政策 strong policy 学习知识 to learn knowledge
好票 good tickets
Purple Jade Villa; legal entity; to pay sb. IOUs
Salt solution
To learn English songs
A thick layer of
To put it simply
To acquire knowledge
Tough policies
Poverty- stricken places
Good seats
2. inclusion 包孕
华侨 Overseas Chinese
汽车 automobile=motorcar （a more formal word for car）
胡子 Beaver; moustache; whiskers; beard
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酒，汤，学者，rose等

3. intersection 交叉
骑马，骑自行车，骑墙，骑马人，骑墙派
To ride a horse; to ride a bike; to sit on the fence; horse rider; fence-sitters
粮油票，请买票，售票处，售票口，普通客票，行李票，剪票员，查票员
Grain (food) and edible oil coupons; All fares, please!; booking office; wicket; check; ordinary ticket; puncher;
ticket examiner;
4. zero 空缺
Zero of designative meaning 指称意义空缺
三八式干部；三八红旗手；三八
抓周；八行书
Zero of linguistic meaning 言内意义空缺
在家养病反把这病养家了
我姓李，十八子的李。
Zero of pragmatic meaning 语用意义空缺
工农兵peasant
教师休息室Teachers only
鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of the Rooster.
She is a cat. 她是个包藏祸心的女人。
白象牌电池 white elephant
兰翎牌香脂 Peacock Tail
厚朴 magnolia officinalis (Hope)
三、Translation of words
1. Polysemy 一词多义
就：他就着油灯读信。He read the letter by the oil lamp.
花生仁儿就酒挺合适。It’s nice to have peanuts to go with the wine.
我就不信我学不会这项技术。I just don’t believe this technique is beyond me.
那人就是他的哥哥。That very man is his elder brother.
你就是送给我，我也不要。Even if you give it to me as a gift, I won’t accept it.
2. Synonymy 同义词.
税：税率；关税；免税商店；进出口税；印花税；遗产税
Tariff rates; custom duties; duty-free shops; importexport duties; stamp duties
美：鲍小姐秀色可餐, Miss Pao’s beauty is such a feast to the eye,
偷，窃：孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷„„窃书！„„.读书人的事，能算偷么？”
At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested, ―Taking books can’t be
counted as stealing…Taking books…for a scholar…can’t be counted as stealing.‖
3. Color色彩
语体色彩与感情色彩
咒语：文明是三孙子。Gentility be hanged!
狗气杀 绍兴方言The dog-teaser
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炒鱿鱼 广东方言To be fired
俚语：侃大山；气管炎（妻管严）；床头柜（跪）；爱你没商量；下海
To talk bull; hen pecked husband; I love you, no ifs ands or buts.; to risk one’s fortune in the world of business;
古语：学而时习之，不亦乐呼？To learn and relearn again, isn’t it a great pleasure?
书面语：我们要紧密地团结 起来，同心协力，树雄心，立大志，向科学技术现代化进军，力争上游，攀登
高峰。
United closely with one heart and concerted efforts and cherishing heroic aspirations and lofty ambitions, we will
march toward the modernization of science and technology, aiming high to scale the heights.
4. melody音韵
5. Social factors
Chairman Mao—President Hu Jintao
……忽见东府几个人慌慌张张跑来说：“老爷殡天了！”众人听了，唬了一大跳，忙都说 ：“好好的并无疾
病，怎么就没了！”
…when some servants from the Eastern Mansion came rushing up frantically. ―The old Master’s ascended to
Heaven!‖ they announced.
―He wasn’t even ill, how could he pass away so suddenly?‖ they exclaimed.
四、Translation of Compounds 短语词组
1. Co- ordinate 并列
安定团结 stability and unity
添油加醋 to add spice to
2. Modifying 偏正
合资企业 joint venture
知识产权 intellectual property rights
最惠国待遇 most-favoured-nation treatment
大补元气 to reinforce vital energy
气得说不出话 to become too angry to say a word
一口气读完 to read through at one stroke
3. Subject-predicate 主谓关系
老一辈教育家对青年教师这样关心，真叫我感动。主语 The educators of the old generation have shown so
much concern about young teachers. This has moved me greatly.
武汉夏天炎热。谓语 The summer in Wuhan is very hot.
她从未料到问题会这么复杂。宾语 She has never expected that the problem is so complicated.
我只会马走日，象走田。I only know the basic moves.
一阵微风吹得湖上泛起涟漪。补语 A breeze rippled the lake.
学生在讨论风格各异的译文。定语 The students were discussing the translations of various styles.
五、Translation of Proper Names 专有名词
1. Name translation
孙中山Sun Yat-sen 孟子 Mencious
2. Place translation
寒山寺Hanshan Temple
See public signs in China and photos
3. Book or Essay Titles
孔庙·孔府·孔林 The Confucious Family Mansion, Temple and Woods
史记---Records of the Historian
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4. Translation of the Movie Title
斩断第三只手的人 The Thief Catcher
霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine
开国大典 The Birth of New China

5. Translation of Institution Names
神龙汽车有限公司 Dongfeng-Citro en Automobile Company LTD
中国革命同盟 China Federal Association
国立中央研究院 Academia Sinica (of China)
六、Translation of onomatopoeic words 声音词
1. 相同或相异
狮吼 lions roar 狼嚎 wolves howl 老鼠吱吱叫mice squeak 马嘶 horses neigh 公鸡喔喔啼 cocks
cock-a- doodle doo 猿啼 apes wail 狗汪汪叫 dogs bow-wow (yap; bark) 鸭子嘎嘎叫 ducks quack 羊咩咩叫
sheep bleak 喜鹊喳喳叫 magpies chatter
摊主猛地站起来，把大蒲扇一掼，愤愤地说：“娘，他们哪是叫我剥 香蕉皮，是要我剥中国人的脸啊，你
知道吗？”
骄阳下，柳树上，回答他的是一片“知了知了”的蝉声。
The owner stood up abruptly. Throwing away the cattail leaf fan, he said with great indignation, ―Mother, what
they asked me to do was not to peel bananas, but to lose face for all Chinese! Don’t you see?‖
In the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup: ―( I ) see, ( I )
see,…‖
2. 因境择词
（这时黄龙 子隐几仰天，撮唇齐口，发啸相机。）尔时，喉声，角声，弦声，铃声，倶分辨不出。耳中但
听得风声， 水声，人马蹙踏声，旌旗熠耀声，干戈击轧声，金鼓薄伐声。
（And now Yellow Dragon leaned on the table and looking up to heaven pursed his lips and began to roar in
concord.）With that the sounds of voice, horn, strings, and bells became indistinguishable, but the ear heard the
sounds of wind and water, of men tramping and horse tamping, of banners flapping, of halberds戟clashing, and
gongs and drums sounding the charge.
3. 因境增删
七、Translation of color words 颜色词
红糖 Brown sugar or raw sugar
黄油 butter
红茶 black tea
红木 black wood
黄酒 yellow rice wine
红葡萄酒 port wine or red wine
清咖啡 black coffee
加了牛奶的咖啡 white coffee
黄色小说filthy novels 黄色音乐vulgar music 黄色电影 pornographic films黄袍emperor’s robe黄袍加身to
be claimed emperor
红眼病 green-eyed
绝句 杜甫
两个黄鹂鸣翠柳，Two golden orioles sing amid the willows green,
一行白鹭上青天。A row of white egrets fly into the blue sky.
窗含西岭千秋雪，From my window the snow- covered western hills are seen;
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门泊东吴万里船。Beyond the door the east- bound ships at anchor lie.
八、Translation of reduplicated words 叠词
谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。
Who knows that ev’ry grain in the bowl
Is the fruit of so much pain and toil?
一眼望去，疏疏的林，淡淡的月 ，衬着蔚蓝的天，颇像荒江野渡光景；那边呢？郁丛丛的，阴森森的，又
似乎藏着无边的黑暗：令人几乎 不信那是繁华的秦淮河了。
As one looked into the distance, the sparse trees and pale moon set off by the blue sky offered a view like that at a
deserted ferry on a desolate river. Further yonder, the gloom seemed to hide boundless darkness, which one could
hardly believe was still part of the busy Qinhuai River.

Chapter 4 Sentence Translation
一、汉英句子对比
1. Basic types of sentences (Chinese) 汉语句子的基本类型
按用途或功能分：Declarative 陈述句
Interrogative 疑问句
Imperative 祈使句
Exclamative 感叹句
按结构分：Simple sentence 单句
Complex sentence 复句
2. Syntactical Features 句子特征
Covertness for Chinese grammar 汉语语法的隐含性
Overtness for English grammar 英语语法的外显性
你先告诉我你不去，我就不会在那里等你了。
If you had told me that you wouldn’t go, I wouldn’t have waited for you there.
Semantic structure is emphasized in Chinese while syntactic one focused on in English.
平日（我）多嘴多舌，（我）只不过要他们懂些商海沉浮。
All this everyday chattering is but meant to remind them that ups and downs is the way of the business world.
Chinese sentences are formed on the thought-pivot, while English ones on the form- pivot or subject-predicate
pivot. So parataxis is the syntactic feature for Chinese and hypotaxis is the one for English.
3. Model of sentence expansion 句子的扩展模式
Open-beginning and close- ending for Chinese sentences 汉语句首开放性与句尾封闭性的扩展模式
Close-beginning and open-ending for English sentences 英语句首封闭性与句尾开放性的扩展模式
二、Linguistic meaning of sentences 句子的言内意义
Short sentence短句简短有力，节奏明快，有助于形成奔放的气势
Long sentence长句结构紧凑，能表达紧密的思想，详细的内容，一气呵成，气势畅达
Reiterative sentence叠句洋洋洒洒，显得语言腴厚而内容充实
Contraction sentence紧缩句则显得凝练含蓄，干净利落
叠句
河汉 河汉 晓挂秋城漫漫
愁人起望江南 江南塞北别离
离别 离别 河汉随同路绝
这个词牌一开始就是一个二字叠，最奇妙的是在后面用了一个倒叠，将一句末尾的两个 字倒过来再做一个
二字叠。这样就结合了叠句、倒叠为一体。十分巧妙。
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紧缩句
紧缩句由复句紧缩而成。紧，是紧凑，指分句间 的语音停顿没有了；缩，是缩减，指有些词语被压缩掉了。
它是分句间没有语音停顿的特殊复句。它虽属 于复句范畴，但又不同于复句。许多一般复句可以变换成紧
缩句。例如：
“只要天一亮，就出去锻炼。”(一般复句)→“天一亮就出去锻炼。”(紧缩句)
紧缩句并 非都可以还原为复句形式。如：“他越说越快。”所以说，紧缩句虽然表达复句的内容，但并非一
定由复 句紧缩而成，它也不宜称作复句的紧缩形式或紧缩复句，它只是一种特殊的句式——紧缩句。紧缩
句与单 句中的连谓句相像，但不相同，主要在于紧缩句内有复句所具有的假设，条件等关系及其关联词语。
例如 ：
“他一坐下来就看书。”(紧缩句)
“他坐下来看书。”(连谓句,单句)
紧 缩句精练明快，常在口语中运用。紧缩句往往成对使用或单用一个关联词语表示分句间的关系，也可以
没 有关联词语。关联词语大都是起关联作用的副词。紧缩句常见的固定格式有：“A就B”、“一A就B”、
“再A也B ”、“不A也B”、“非A不B”、“不A不B”、“越A越B”。例如：①他一定有空看书。② 语
言越精练越好。
毛泽东：《十六字令》
Peaks
山，
Piercing the blue without blunting the blade,
刺破青天锷未残，
The sky would fall
天欲坠，
But for this colonnade.
赖以柱其间。
不在其位，不谋其政。Out of position, out of administration.
莫贪意外之财；莫饮过量之酒。Do not be greedy for unearned wealth. Do not drink wine beyond capacity.
见富贵而生谄容者最可耻，遇贫穷而作骄态者贱莫甚。
It is degrading to grow sycophantic before people of wealth and position.
It is despicable to wax haughty in front of the poor.
三、Subject translation 主语
本法自公布之日起生效。本法修改权属于全国人民大会。The present law comes into force on the date of
promulgation. The power of amendment is vested in the National People’s Congress.
前人认为督脉具有“总督全身阳气，维系人身元气”的功能。 According to the classical writings on acupuncture,
the function of Dumai is to govern the Yangqi i.e. the life energy of the body and to interrelate the Yuanqi or
vitality of the human organism.
业精于勤。 Professional expertise comes from diligence. Diligence brings about professional expertise.
四、Predicate translation 谓语
1. Mood 语气
鸿渐恨不能把报纸一撕两半，把那王什么主任的喉咙扼着，看还挤得出多少开履历用的肉麻公式。He wished
he could have ripped the paper in two and seized what’s-his-name, Chief-Secretary-Wang, by the throat, just to
see how many more of those sickening cliches of resume writing could still be wrung out of him.
2. Collocation 搭配 < br>事实上，一个人的缺点正像猴子的尾巴，猴子蹲在地面的时候，尾巴是看不见的，直到他向树上爬，就把< br>后部供大众瞻仰，可是这红臀长尾巴本来就有，并非地位爬高了的新标识。
He didn’t realize that a person’s shortcomings are just like a monkey’s tail. When it’s squatting on the ground, its
tail is hidden from view, but as soon as it climbs a tree, it exposes its back side to everyone. Nevertheless, the long
tail and red bottom are there all the time. They aren’t just a mark of having climbed to a higher position.
3. Verbal expressions in series 连动式
这帮歹徒持枪劫车杀人越货，受到了法律严厉的制裁。
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This gang of ruffians have been severely punished by law, because they used to hijack trucks and loot the goods
by killing drivers with guns.
4. Pivotal construction 兼语
我请他帮忙。I asked him to lend me a hand.

五、Word order 语序
南国之秋，当然是也有它的特异的地方的，比如二十四桥的 明月，钱塘江的秋潮，普陀山的凉雾，荔枝湾
的残荷等等，可是色彩不浓，回味不永。Autumn in the South, needless to say, has charms all its own. For
example, the Twenty-Four Bridges with its brilliant moonlight, the Autumn Bore on the Qitang River, the Putuo
Isles enshrouded in mist, the Lichee Bay strewn with fading lotuses. Yet none of these are strong enough in color,
or remain long enough in our recollection.
快乐教育强调培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展的人才，它使教育者改变了以往唯有高分的学生才是人才
的观念，因为我们的建设事业不仅需要工程师、科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。Enjoyable education
emphasizes developing children in an all-round way: Intellect, ethics, physical culture, aethetics and practical
work. It has changed the old concept of the educators that only pupils with high grades are promising talents. In
fact, China’s construction needs not only engineers and scientists, but also capable workers in all fields.
中国人的祖先认为，鼓为天声，锣为地声，天地相交，金鼓齐鸣，身置 其中，不禁自舞。According to the Chinese
custom, the beat of a drum symbolizes the voice of heaven, while the clash of a gong symbolizes the voice of
earth. When the two are beaten together, people cannot help dancing.
六、Translation of clauses with “是” “是”字句的翻译
有人喜欢海
是风平浪静的时候
有人喜欢海
是波涛汹涌的时候
Some like the sea
When it is calm and tranquil.
Others like it
When the waves are roaring.
没有一个人将小草叫做“ 大力士”，但是它的力量之大，的确是世界无比。这种力，是一般人看不见的生
命力，只要生命存在，这 种力量就要显现，上面的石块，丝毫不足以阻挡，因为它是一种“长期抗战”的
力，有弹性，能屈能伸的 力，有韧性，不达目的不止的力。
Though the little grass has never had the honour of being compared to a ―Hercules‖, the power it shows is really
matchless in the world. It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself. The rock
above it is not heavy enough to prevent it from growing because it is an elastic force—it can shrink and expanded,
and because it is a tenacious force—it will not give in until it is fully grown.

Chapter 5 Paragraph
一、Sentence group 句群 < br>我给那些因为在近旁而极响的爆竹声惊醒，看见豆一般大的黄色的灯火光，接着又听得毕毕剥剥的鞭炮，< br>是四叔家正在“祝福”了；知道已是五更将近时候。我在朦胧中，又隐约听到远处的爆竹声连绵不断，似< br>乎合成一天音响的浓云，夹着团团飞舞的雪花，拥抱了全镇。
I was woken up by the noisy explosion of crackers close at hand and , from the faint glow shed by the yellow
oil lamp and the bangs of fireworks as my uncle’s household celebrated the sacrifice, I knew that it must be nearly
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dawn. Listening drowsily I heard vaguely the ceaseless explosion of crackers in the distance. It seemed to me that
the whole town was enveloped by the dense cloud of noise in the sky, mingling with the whirling snowflakes.
二、Paragraph features for Chinese and English 汉英段落特征对比
Topic sentence 主题句

三、Sentence relationship in the paragraph
龙 船节，是黔东南清水江上苗族人民最盛大的节日。节日里，聚会的苗族同胞，每年有三四万人。龙，在
苗 族人心目中是吉祥如意的象征。苗家姑娘最爱将龙的变形图案打制成银饰装点在头上，或刺绣在衣裙中，
编织于围腰上。苗族人民制作的龙船，十分精巧，美观。龙身由一只母船和两只子船捆扎而成，叫做“子
母船”。无论子船还是母船，皆为独木镂空。两米多长的龙头，用水柳木雕刻，装有一对一米多长的龙角。
龙头以主色不同，分为赤龙、青龙、黄龙。
The Dragon-Boat Festival is the most important celebration of the Miao people who live along the Qingshui River
in southeastern Guizhou Province. Every year between 30000 and 40000 Miaos participate in the festivities.
In the minds of the Miao, dragon is a symbol of good luck. Girls like best to adorn their hair with silver
adornments shaped like dragons and wear clothes and aprons embroidered or woven with dragon patterns. The
Miaos build exquisite dragon boats. This dragon boat is in reality a boat formed from three canoes—one large and
two small—that are strung together. It is called ―Mother-and-Son Boat‖. Its carved head, which is made from the
trunk of a weeping willow tree, is more than two metres long with a pair of over-one-metre-long horns. The head
is mainly painted red, blue or yellow and the dragon boats are classified by these colors.
杨绛先生是名人之 女，幼承家学，文学很有功底。能诗。旧日与钱先生颇多赠答酬唱之作。她原在苏州东
吴大学攻读政治学 ，后考取清华大学外文系研究生。因为有创作天赋，所以选修了朱自清先生的“散文习
作”课。杨先生的 第一篇小说习作受到朱先生的好评，送《大公报》文艺副刊发表，后又被林徽因先生看
中，选入《大公报 丛刊小说选》。这篇小说发表后，杨先生颇受鼓舞，又写过一些短篇小说。
Yang Jiang is a famous man’s daughter receiving her father’s instruction and benefiting by his scholarship. In her
youth she began to write poems. Later on, after she came to know Qian Zhongshu, they started a pen friendship,
exchanging poems, inspiring each other. In her educational career Yang Jiang at first studied political science at
Soochow University. Then she transferred to Qinghua University as a post-graduate and shifted to foreign
languages. Prompted by her natural gift, she minored in Chinese Prose under Professor Zhu Ziqing. Her first piece
of story-writing as a classroom exercise was most favourably received by the professor, who recommended it to
Da Gong Bao to be published in the Literary Supplement. Later on Lin Huiying read it, liked it and contributed it
to the Da Gong Bao Collection of Selected Stories. This initial success inspired Yang Jiang to write more stories
from time to time.

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