英语小升初试卷及答案
政治教案-山东二本线
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
2015年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）
Part I
Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30
minutes to write an essay commenting
on the
saying “Never go out there to see what happens, go
out there to
make things happen.” You can cite
examples to illustrate the
importance of being
participants rather than mere onlookers in life.
You
should write at least 120 words but no
more than 180 words.
Part Ⅱ
Listening Comprehension (25
minutes)
（说明：由于2015年12月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听
力与前2
套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现）
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
(40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In
this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.
You are required to
select one word for each
blank from a list of choices given in a word bank
following the passage. Read the passage
through carefully before making
your choices.
Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.
Please
mark the corresponding letter for each
item on Answer Sheet 2 with a
single line
through the centre. You may not use any of the
words in the
bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following
passage.
Children do not think the way adults
do. For most of the first year of life, if
something is out of sight, it’s out of mind.
If you cover a baby’s 26 toy with a
piece of
cloth, the baby thinks the toy has disappeared and
stops looking for it. A
4-year-old may 27
that a sister has more fruit juice when it is only
the shapes of
the glasses that differ, not the
28 of juice.
Yet children are smart in their
own way. Like good little scientists, children are
always testing their child-sized 29 about
how things work. When your child
throws her
spoon on the floor for the sixth time as you try
to feed her, and you say,
“That’s enough! I
will not pick up your spoon again!” the child will
30 test your
claim. Are you serious? Are you
angry? What will happen if she throws the spoon
again? She is not doing this to drive you 31
; rather, she is learning that her desires
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
and yours can differ,
and that sometimes those 32 are important and
sometimes
they are not.
How and why does
children’s thinking change? In the 1920s, Swiss
psychologist
Jean Piaget proposed that
children’s cognitive (认知的) abilities unfold 33 ,
like the
blooming of a flower, almost
independent of what else is 34 in their lives.
Although many of his specific conclusions have
been 35 or modified over the
years, his
ideas inspired thousands of studies by
investigators all over the world.
A) advocate
B) amount
C) confirmed
D) crazy
E) definite
F) differences
G)
favorite
H) happening
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to
read a passage with ten statements
attached to
it. Each statement contains information given in
one of the
paragraphs. Identify the paragraph
from which the information is derived.
You may
choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph
is
marked with a letter. Answer the questions
by marking the corresponding
letter on Answer
Sheet 2.
The Perfect Essay
[A] Looking
back on too many years of education, I can
identify one truly impossible
teacher. She
cared about me, and my intellectual life, even
when I didn’t. Her
expectations were
high—impossibly so. She was an English teacher.
She was also
my mother.
[B] When good
students turn in an essay, they dream of their
instructor returning it to
them in exactly the
same condition, save for a single word added in
the margin of
the final page: “Flawless.” This
dream came true for me one afternoon in the ninth
grade. Of course, I had heard that genius
could show itself at an early age, so I
was
only slightly taken aback that I had achieved
perfection at the tender age of
14. Obviously,
I did what any professional writer would do; I
hurried off to spread
the good news. I didn't
get very far. The first person I told was my
mother.
I) Immediately
J) Naturally
K) Obtaining
L) Primarily
M) Protest
N) Rejected
O) theories
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
[C] My mother, who is
just shy of five feet tall, is normally incredibly
soft-spoken,
but on the rare occasion when she
got angry, she was terrifying. I am not sure if
she was more upset by my hubris (得意忘形) or by
the fact that my English
teacher had let my
ego get so out of hand. In any event, my mother
and her red
pen showed me how deeply flawed a
flawless essay could be. At the time, I am
sure she thought she was teaching me about
mechanics, transitions (过渡),
structure, style
and voice. But what I learned, and what stuck with
me through my
time teaching writing at
Harvard, was a deeper lesson about the nature of
creative
criticism.
[D] First off, it
hurts. Genuine criticism, the type that leaves a
lasting mark on you as
a writer, also leaves
an existential imprint (印记) on you as a person. I
have heard
people say that a writer should
never take criticism personally. I say that we
should never listen to these people.
[E] Criticism, at its best, is deeply
personal, and gets to the heart of why we write
the
way we do. The intimate nature of genuine
criticism implies something about who
is able
to give it, namely, someone who knows you well
enough to show you how
your mental life is
getting in the way of good writing. Conveniently,
they are also
the people who care enough to
see you through this painful realization. For me
it
took the form of my first, and I hope only,
encounter with writer’s block—I was
not able
to produce anything for three years.
[F]
Franz Kafka once said: “Writing is utter solitude
(独处), the descent into the cold
abyss (深渊) of
oneself.” My mother’s criticism had shown me that
Kafka is right
about the cold abyss, and when
you make the introspective (内省的) descent that
writing requires you are not always pleased by
what you find. But, in the years
that
followed, her sustained tutoring suggested that
Kafka might be wrong about
the solitude. I was
lucky enough to find a critic and teacher who was
willing to
make the journey of writing with
me. “It is a thing of no great difficulty,”
according to Plutarch, “to raise objections
against another man’s speech, it is a
very
easy matter; but to produce a better in its place
is a work extremely
troublesome.” I am sure I
wrote essays in the later years of high school
without
my mother’s guidance, but I can’t
recall them. What I remember, however, is how
she took up the “extremely troublesome” work
of ongoing criticism.
[G] There are two
ways to interpret Plutarch when he suggests that a
critic should be
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
able
to produce “a better in its place.” In a
straightforward sense, he could mean
that a
critic must be more talented than the artist she
critiques (评论). My mother
was well covered on
this count. But perhaps Plutarch is suggesting
something
slightly different, something a bit
closer to Marcus Cicero’s claim that one should
“criticize by creation, not by finding fault.”
Genuine criticism creates a precious
opening
for an author to become better on his own terms—a
process that is often
extremely painful, but
also almost always meaningful.
[H] My
mother said she would help me with my writing, but
first I had to help myself.
For each
assignment, I was to write the best essay I could.
Real criticism is not
meant to find obvious
mistakes, so if she found any—the type I could
have found
on my own—I had to start from
scratch. From scratch. Once the essay was
“flawless,” she would take an evening to walk
me through my errors. That was
when true
criticism, the type that changed me as a person,
began.
[I] She criticized me when I
included little-known references and professional
jargon
(行话). She had no patience for brilliant
but irrelevant figures of speech. “Writers
can’t bluff (虚张声势) their way through
ignorance.” That was news to me—I
would need
to find another way to structure my daily
existence.
[J] She trimmed back my
flowery language, drew lines through my
exclamation
marks and argued for the value of
restraint in expression. “John,” she almost
whispered. I leaned in to hear her: “I can’t
hear you when you shout at me.” So I
stopped
shouting and bluffing, and slowly my writing
improved.
[K] Somewhere along the way I
set aside my hopes of writing that flawless essay.
But
perhaps I missed something important in my
mother’s lessons about creativity and
perfection. Perhaps the point of writing the
flawless essay was not to give up, but
to
never willingly finish. Whitman repeatedly
reworked “Song of Myself”
between 1855 and
1891. Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a
piece of
writing, and come as close as we can
to the ideal. And, for the time being, we
settle. In critique, however, we are forced to
depart, to give up the perfection we
thought
we had achieved for the chance of being even a
little bit better. This is the
lesson I took
from my mother: If perfection were possible, it
would not be
motivating.
36. The
author was advised against the improper use of
figures of speech.
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable
lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in
his
seemingly perfect essay.
38. A writer should
polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer
to perfection.
39. Writers may experience
periods of time in their life when they just can't
produce
anything.
40. The author was not
much surprised when his school teacher marked his
essay as
“flawless”.
41. Criticizing
someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming
up with a better one.
42. The author looks
upon his mother as his most demanding and caring
instructor.
43. The criticism the author
received from his mother changed him as a person.
44. The author gradually improved his writing
by avoiding fancy language.
45. Constructive
criticism gives an author a good start to improve
his writing.
Section C
Directions:
There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage
is followed by some
questions or unfinished
statements. For each of them there are four
choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should
decide on the best choice
and mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a
single line
through the centre.
Passage
One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the
following passage.
Could you reproduce Silicon
Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique
about it?
It wouldn’t be surprising if it
were hard to reproduce in other countries, because
you couldn’t reproduce it in most of the US
either. What does it take to make a Silicon
Valley?
It’s the right people. If you
could get the right ten thousand people to move
from
Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would
become Silicon Valley.
You only need two kinds
of people to create a technology hub (中心): rich
people
and nerds (痴迷科研的人).
Observation
bears this out. Within the US, towns have become
startup hubs if and
only if they have both
rich people and nerds. Few startups happen in
Miami, for
example, because although it’s full
of rich people, it has few nerds. It’s not the
kind of
place nerds like.
Whereas
Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of
nerds, but no rich people.
The top US Computer
Science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford,
Berkeley,
and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded
Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
Valley. But what did
Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what
happened in
Ithaca, home of Cornell
University, which is also high on the list?
I
grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at
Cornell, so I can answer for both.
The weather
is terrible, particularly in winter, and there’s
no interesting old city to
make up for it, as
there is in Boston. Rich people don’t want to live
in Pittsburgh or
Ithaca. So while there are
plenty of hackers (电脑迷) who could start startups,
there’s
no one to invest in them.
Do you
really need the rich people? Wouldn’t it work to
have the government
invest in the nerds? No,
it would not. Startup investors are a distinct
type of rich
people. They tend to have a lot
of experience themselves in the technology
business.
This helps them pick the right
startups, and means they can supply advice and
connections as well as money. And the fact
that they have a personal stake in the
outcome
makes them really pay attention.
46. What do
we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
A) Its success is hard to copy anywhere
else.
B) It is the biggest technology hub
in the US.
C) Its fame in high technology
is incomparable.
D) It leads the world in
information technology.
47. What makes Miami
unfit to produce a Silicon Valley?
A) Lack
of incentive for investment.
B) Lack of the
right kind of talents.
C) Lack of
government support.
D) Lack of famous
universities.
48. In what way is Carnegie-
Mellon different from Stanford, Berkeley and MIT?
A) Its location is not as attractive to
rich people.
B) Its science departments are
not nearly as good.
C) It does not produce
computer hackers and nerds.
D) It does not
pay much attention to business startups.
49.
What does the author imply about Boston?
A)
It has pleasant weather all year round.
B)
It produces wealth as well as high-tech.
C)
It is not likely to attract lots of investors and
nerds.
D) It is an old city with many sites
of historical interest.
50. What does the
author say about startup investors?
A) They
are especially wise in making investments.
B) They have good connections in the government.
C) They can do more than providing money.
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
D) They are rich
enough to invest in nerds.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following
passage.
It’s nice to have people of like mind
around. Agreeable people boost your
confidence
and allow you to relax and feel comfortable.
Unfortunately, that comfort
can hinder the
very learning that can expand your company and
your career.
It’s nice to have people agree,
but you need conflicting perspectives to dig out
the
truth. If everyone around you has similar
views, your work will suffer from
confirmation
bias (偏颇).
Take a look at your own network. Do
your contacts share your point of view on
most
subjects? If yes, it’s time to shake things up. As
a leader, it can be challenging to
create an
environment in which people will freely disagree
and argue, but as the
saying goes: From
confrontation comes brilliance.
It’s not easy
for most people to actively seek conflict. Many
spend their lives
trying to avoid arguments.
There’s no need to go out and find people you
hate, but
you need to do some self-assessment
to determine where you have become stale in
your thinking. You may need to start by
encouraging your current network to help you
identify your blind spots.
Passionate,
energetic debate does not require anger and hard
feelings to be
effective. But it does require
moral strength. Once you have worthy opponents,
set
some ground rules so everyone understands
responsibilities and boundaries. The
objective
of this debating game is not to win but to get to
the truth that will allow you
to move faster,
farther, and better.
Fierce debating can hurt
feelings, particularly when strong personalities
are
involved. Make sure you check in with your
opponents so that they are not carrying
the
emotion of the battles beyond the battlefield.
Break the tension with smiles and
humor to
reinforce the idea that this is friendly discourse
and that all are working
toward a common goal.
Reward all those involved in the debate
sufficiently when the goals are reached.
Let
your sparring partners (拳击陪练) know how much you
appreciate their
contribution. The more they
feel appreciated, the more they'll be willing to
get into the
ring next time.
51. What
happens when you have like-minded people around
you all the while?
A) It will help your
company expand more rapidly.
B) It will
create a harmonious working atmosphere.
C)
It may prevent your business and career from
advancing.
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
D) It
may make you feel uncertain about your own
decisions.
52. What does the author suggest
leaders do?
A) Avoid arguments with
business partners.
B) Encourage people to
disagree and argue.
C) Build a wide and
strong business network.
D) Seek advice
from their worthy competitors.
53. What is the
purpose of holding a debate?
A) To find out
the truth about an issue.
B) To build up
people’s moral strength.
C) To remove
misunderstandings.
D) To look for worthy
opponents.
54. What advice does the author
give to people engaged in a fierce debate?
A) They listen carefully to their opponents’
views.
B) They show due respect for each
other’s beliefs.
C) They present their
views clearly and explicitly.
D) They take
care not to hurt each other’s feelings.
55.
How should we treat our rivals after a successful
debate?
A) Try to make peace with them.
B) Try to make up the differences.
C) Invite them to the ring next time.
D)
Acknowledge their contribution.
Part Ⅳ
Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30
minutes to translate a passage from
Chinese
into English. You should write your answer on
Answer Sheet 2.
今年在长沙举行了一年一度的外国人汉语演讲比赛。这项
比赛证明是促进中
国和世界其他地区文化交流的好方法。它为世界各地的年轻人提供了更好地了解
中国的机会。
来自87个国家共计126位选手聚集在湖南省省会参加了从7月6日到8月5
日进行的半决赛和决赛。
比赛并不是唯一的活动。选手们还有机会参观了中国其他地区的著名景点和
历史名胜。