地理专业英语(ppt里面的内容)解读
合约买卖陷阱-个人工作总结范文大全
English for Geography
地理专业英语
Lesson
1. Longitude and latitude
………………………
经度和纬度P1
…………………………
1
Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the
earth
…
地球的自转和公转P6
………………
2
Lesson 3. Map projections and map scale
……………
地图投影与地图比例尺P10
………
5
Lesson
4. The major classes of
landforms
……………
主要地形类型P13
……………………
6
Lesson 5 Delta plains
……………………………………
三角洲平原P16
………………………
8
Lesson 6
Limestone caverns and karst
landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21
………
8
Lesson 7
Layers of the Earth
……………………………
地球圈层P31
…………………………
8
Lesson 8 The rock cycle
……………………………………
岩石循环P43
…………………………
9
Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis
…………………………………
成土作用p48
…………………………
10
Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the
atmosphere全球大气环流 P62
………………
11
Lesson 11
The Hydrologic Cycle
…………………………
水循环P74
………………………………
11
Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land
Use
………………
三种城市土地利用模式P97
…………
11
Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and
effects
……………
空气污染原因和影响P168
…………
12
Lesson 14 Hurricane
……………………………………………
飓风P182
………………………………
12
Lesson 1.
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
经度和纬度
1、The
location of points on the earth’s surface follows
a system in which lengths
of arc are measured
along meridians and parallels；
测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的
2、that
desired point 欲量算的点
3、the longitude of a
place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a
parallel between that
place and the prime
meridian 经度的定义
4、the longitude of a place is
the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel
between that
place and the prime meridian
某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数
5、almost universally
几乎一致
6、The prime meridian is almost
universally accepted as the meridian that passes
through
the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich
人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线
7、be
referred to as 被称为
8、Long. 115。18′02′′～
116。56′15′′E；Lat. 23。25′10′′ ～ 24。46′30′′W
梅州市
9、If only 只要 要是、、、、就好，但愿
e.g. If
only it clear up, we’ll go. 只要天一放晴，我们就走
e.g. If only you had worked with great
care. 你要是更细心一点该多好啊。
e.g. If only he
arrives in time. 但愿他及时赶到
10、If only
the longitude of a point is stated 如果只有，如果只
11、the same arc of measure 相同的量算弧度applies to
an entire meridian.
12、apply to + 名词或动名词
适用于、请求帮忙
e.g. For particulars, ～ the
information desk 请求帮忙
13、the expression 词语
14、“a meridian of longitude” 经度子午线
15、The
actual length, in kilometers or miles, of a degree
of longitude
经度一度的实际长度（以公里或英里计）
第1页 共12页
16、It is also useful to
know that the length of 1°of longitude is reduced
to about
one-half as much along the
60°parallels, or about 55.5km(34.5mi) 到了60度纬线，
经度一度的弧的长度减少到原来长度的二分之一左右，即55.5公里。知道这一点也是有用的。
17、The latitude of a place is the arc,
measured in degrees, of a meridian between that
place and the equator. 纬度的定义
18、The
latitude of a place is the arc, measured in
degrees, of a meridian between
that place and
the equator. 某地的纬度系该地与赤道之间子午线的弧的度数
19、when
both the latitude and longitude of a place are
given, it is accurately any
precisely located
with respect to the geographic grid.
确定了一个地方的经纬度，就可以在地里网格上精确地定出它的位置
geographic
grid 地理格网
with respect to关于 、 对于
e.g. In respect to the content this essay is
good, but it is unsatisfactory in
other
respects.
关于（至于）这文章的内容是好的，但其他方面不理想
20、constant value 常值
21、for
ordinary purposes 通常情况下
22、by no means
决不
23、large – scale map 大比例尺地图
24、small– scale map 小比例尺地图
25、A
circle, fitted to the curvature of the ellipse at
the pole, is larger in radius
than a circle
fitted to the ellipse at the equator
与极地椭圆相吻合的圆，其半径要比
与赤道椭圆相吻合的圆的半径大
26、at 15
intervals 每隔15度
27、The fixed
star(sun)----planet ----nebula---comet----meteor恒星
----行星----星云
----彗星---流星
28、Sun Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus,
Neptune Pluto(×)
29、The Pluto is dwarf
planet（矮行星）
Lesson 2. ROTATION AND
REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
地球的自转和公转
P6
Rotation [rəu′teiʃən] 自转 sidereal year
恒星年
Revolution [rəvə′lu:ʃən] 公转 tropical
year 回归年
Polar[pəulə]; 地极的 Vernal
[′və:nəl] 春天的
axis[æksis] 轴 equinox
[′i:kwinɔks] n. 二分点
Solar day 太阳日
Vernal equinox 春分（点）
Solar hour 太阳时
calendar year 历年
centrifugal [sen′trifjugəl]
离心的 leap year 闰年
Text
1、polar axis
极轴
2、period of rotation 自转周期
3、mean
平均的、 中间的、鄙陋的
mean solar day 平均太阳日
mean solar hour 平均太阳时
mean temperature
（ velocity ）平均气温
mean motive 鄙陋的动机
第2页 共12页
mean opinion
自卑感
Take a mean course 采取折衷方法
4、This
day is the average time required for the earth to
make one complete turn in respect
to the sun.
平均太阳日系地球对太阳而言完成一次自转所需的平均时间
in respect
to with respect to 关于
5、applying one of
the following rules 采用下列法则之一
6、Globe 地球仪
Equator 赤道 north pole of the Earth 地球北极
North Pole 北极 counter 反的 、
逆的
Parallel 纬线 counterclockwise
逆时针
Meridian 经线 Counteract
反作用
The Prime Meridian 本初子午线
Countermeasure 对策
7、the apparent
motion of the sun 视太阳运动
apparent
明显的，表观的，外显的，视
～ angle 视角;
～solar time 视太阳时
body 天体
8、The
velocity of earth rotation, defined as rate of
travel of a point on the earth’
s surface in a
circular path due to rotation alone, may easily be
computed by dividing
the length of parallel at
the latitude of the point in question by 24, the
approximate
period of rotation.
地球自转速度的定义
是地面上某一点仅由于自转而沿圆形轨道运动的速率，用该点所在纬度
的纬线长度除以24（自转的近似
周期），就可以很容易算出地球的速度。
in question
正被讨论的
the point in question 该点
the job in question 该项工作
the book in
question 该书
9、at constant rate 以恒定的速率
10、two important physical phenomena result
from the decrease in rotational velocity with
increase in latitude.
自转速度随纬度增加而减小，这导致了两个重要的自然现象
physical
phenomena 自然现象
result from 起因于
11、there is a centrifugal force generated by
the earth’s turning which gives surface
objects a faint tendency to fly off into space
地球自转产生了离心力，它使地面上的物体略有脱离地球飞向太空的趋势
centrifugal force 离心力
12、this effect is most
marked；be marked；be obvious；be outstanding 显著的
13、For example, an object which would weigh
289 pounds at the equator if the earth were
not turning actually weighs l pound less.
例如，一个在赤道上的物体在地球不转动的情况下重289磅，它称起来实际上要轻1磅
14、Another effect of the decreasing rotational
velocity with increasing latitude is to
cause
objects in motion to be deflected slightly to the
right or left of their paths.
自转速度随纬度增高而减小的另一个影响，是使运动物体或左或右地稍许偏离轨道
第3页
共12页
15、the Ecliptic plane 黄道面
16、For example, the time required for the
earth to return to a given point in its orbit
with reference to the fixed stars is called
the sidereal year.
例如，以某些恒星为参照物，地球转回轨道上特定的某一点所需要的时间为恒星年。
the
fixed stars 恒星
with reference to 以…..为参照
sidereal year 恒星年
17、For earth-sun
relationships we use the tropical year, which is
the period of time
from one vernal equinox to
the next, and has a length of approximately 36514
days.
我们用回归年来表示地球与太阳之间的关系，回归年是从一个春分点到下
一个春分点的时间
周期，长约365.25天。
18、The vernal
Equinox 春分日 Arctic Circle 北极圈
The summer solstice 夏至日 Antarctic Circle
南极圈
The autumnal Equinox 秋分日 polar
day 极昼
The winter solstice 冬至日
polar night 极夜
19、tropic
（天）回归线
the tropic of Cancer （巨蟹座）北回归线
the tropic of Capricorn（摩羯座）南回归线
20、tropical 热带的
the
tropical zone 热带
the temperate zone
温带
the frigid one; 寒带
the
tropical storm 热带风暴;
21、hurricane
飓风
Severe ocean storms that develop over
the Indian Ocean are called cyclones.
Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific
Ocean are typhoons.
And storms that form
over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic
Ocean are
hurricanes
22、Every four years
the extra one-fourth day difference （between the
tropical years
and the calendar year of 365
days ）accumulates to nearly one whole day .
23、By inserting a 29th day in February every
leap year we are able to correct the calendar
with respect to the tropical year.
每逢闰年，在二月份加上第29天，我们就能根据回归年来校正年历。
24、Further
minor corrections are necessary to perfect this
system.
为了完善这个系统，有必要再作一些小的修正
25、In
its orbit the earth moves in such a direction that
if we imagine ourselves in space,
looking down
upon the earth and sun so as to see the north pole
of the earth, the earth
is traveling
counterclockwise around the sun. This is the same
direction of turning as
the earth rotation.
Lesson 3. MAP PROJECTIONS AND MAP SCALE
地图投影与地图比例尺 P10
Mercator projection
墨卡托投影 distortion n. 畸形；变形
第4页
共12页
navigation n. 航行；导航
converge v. 会聚；集中
exaggerate
v. 夸大；夸张
comparison n. 比较；对照
continent n. 大陆；陆地
simultaneously ad. 同时地
linear
a. 线的；直线的
graphic a. 图的；图解的
representative fraction 分数比例尺
magnitude
n. 大小
disproportionately ad. 不匀称地；不相称
地
TEXT
1、introduce 引起
2、a certain amount of distortion 一定程度的变形
3、curved surface 弯曲表面
4、the
amount of distortion 变形的程度
5、be disregarded
忽略不计
6、A classic instance of this is the well-
know Mercator projection. 典型实例
7、Mercator
projection 墨卡托投影
Equal-area
projection 等积投影
cylindrical projection
圆柱投影
8、exaggerates the east-west dimension of
areas near the poles
夸张了极地附近的东西幅度
9、In addition it exaggerates the north –south
dimension, since the parallels are not
spaced
evenly between the equator and the poles, as they
are on the globe, but gradually
draw farther
and farther apart with increasing distance from
the equator.
In addition 另外
In
addition to 除- - -之外
Since 因为
on the globe
on the earth
10、On a
Mercator map the mathematical location (latitude
and longitude)of every place
is accurate, but
areas near the poles are stretched out of shape
and are greatly distorted
in size, with the
familiar result that Greenland appears bigger than
South America, though
in reality it is only
one-eighth as large
mathematical location
数学位置
with the familiar result that
造成了总所周知的结果
as large= as large as the area
of ………….
for visal comparison
用作直观上的大小比较
11、Almost endless ways have been
devised to project the curved surface of the globe
onto
a plane.
为了将地球弯曲的表面投影到一个平面上，人们几乎想出了无数的方法
12、One must
take care not to use a particular projection for
some purpose for which it
was not designed.
大家务必注意，不要把为了某种用途而设计的投影用于其它目的
13、It
must be remembered that no flat map can
simultaneously（同时）represent true
direction,
true distance, true shape, and true area for a
particular segment of earth
space.（地球空间某一个别部分的真实面积）
第5页 共12页
必须记住：平面图不能同时表示真实的方向、距离、形状和地球空间某一个别部分的真实面积。
14、For this = ～ reason
15、globe is
required 我们需要球面图
16、Students should keep in
mind the importance of map scale.
17、The
scale of a map is the actual distance on the earth
that is represented by a given
linear unit on
the map. （定义）
地图比例尺是在地图上用一定的直线单位表示地球上的实际距离
18、This relationship may be shown on a graphic
scale, or it may be stated in words, for
instance, one inch [on the map] equals one
mile [on the ground], or it may be expressed
as a representative fraction, for example
162,500, wherein one unit on the map is
equivalent to 62,500 of the same units on the
ground,
a graphic scale 图解式比例尺
线段比例尺
scale stated in words 说明式比例尺文字比例尺
representative fraction分数比例尺数字比例尺
large-scale map 大比例尺地图 1∶5000至1∶10万的地形图
middle-scale map 中比例尺地图
1∶25万和1∶50万地形图
small-scale map
小比例尺地图 1∶100万地形图
19、whereas small-scale maps
permit fewer details and require an increasing
degree of
generalization as the scale of the
map grows less
但小比例尺地图所能表示的详细程度较差，而且地图比例尺愈小，它的概括度就愈高。
degree of generalization 概括度
20、To convey
relative magnitudes effectively, symbols on a
small-scale map (for instance,
symbols
denoting cities of different sizes) often occupy
disproportionately large
portions of the map
sheet.
为了有效地表示相对大小，符号（如表示大小不同的城市的符号）在小
比例尺地图上常常不
相称地占据大部分图幅
Lesson 4. THE
MAJOR CLASSES OF LANDFORMS
主要地形类型 P13
1、four very general types 4种非常笼统的类型
2、general 一般的、总的、全面的、大体的、笼统的
a ～ outline 大纲
He speaks
in ～ terms. 他笼统地说了说
3、plain
4、be
susceptible to + n = can be done 可被- - -的
e.g. The problem is ～ to solution= The
problem can be solved.
5、However, it is the
horizontal (dimension) rather than the vertical
dimension which
predominates in plains country
但是，在平原地区占优势的是水平维而不是垂直维
horizontal
dimension and vertical dimension 水平维和垂直维
plains country 平原地区
hilly ～ 丘陵地区
6、To a degree 一定程度上
7、To qualify as
plateaus in the strictest sense5, such areas
should be terminated on
at least one side by a
steep edge, or escarpment, marking an abrupt
transition from the
第6页 共12页
plateau surface to areas at a lower
elevation.
严格地说，要达到高原的标准，这种地区至少应有一侧是陡峭的边缘
（即陡崖），表现为从高
原表面到低海拔地区呈现突然的过渡。
To qualify
as 为了达到-----标准
Marking 表现为
8、However, the word “plateau” is often used
loosely in referring to relatively level
areas
lying at considerable heights, whether terminated
by a definite escarpment or not
但是，高原这个词常常不严格地用来指高度相当大、相对平坦的地区，而不管其尽头有无陡崖。
considerably high 相当高
Comparatively
high 比较高
9、well-defined plateaus界限明确的高原
10、be spoken of as 被叫做
11、tableland
高地
12、To complicate matter, many plateaus
in areas with considerable rainfall have been
cut into predominantly hilly or even
mountainous country by their many streams, yet are
still commonly referred to as plateaus.
predominantly 以----为主
referred to as
被称为
使问题复杂化的是，多雨地区的许多高原已被许多河流切割成以丘陵甚至以山地为主
的地区，
但通常仍被称为高原
13、Yungui plateau 云贵高原
Neimenggu plateau 内蒙古高原
the Tibetan
plateau；the Qinghai plateau 青藏高原
the loess
plateau 黄土高原
the inner Mongolial plateau
内蒙古高原
the Yungui plateau 云贵高原
The Brazil
plateau 巴西高原
14、hill land 丘陵
15、Mountains 山地
16、In general,
mountains are higher and more rugged than hill
lands, are more of a barrier
to movement, and
generally offer fewer possibilities for human
settlement and use.
be of a barrier = be
blocked 阻碍
一般而言，山地比丘陵高，而且更加崎岖，更有碍于人们活动，一般供人类居住和利用的可能
性也小
17、Whereas many areas of hill land support
moderate to dense populations, most mountain
areas are sparsely populate.
大多数山地人口稀少，而许多丘陵地区却供养着密度中等乃至稠密的人口。
18、over the
earth = around the earth 世界各地
19、 plains
country 平原地区
20、areas of a few
hundred feet elevation which stand out
conspicuously above their
surroundings may be
called “mountains” by the local inhabitants
conspicuously = obviously 明显地
stand out
conspicuously above their surroundings 兀立于四周
在平原地区，兀立于四周、高出几百英尺的地区，当地居民可能称之为“山地”
21、However, the term is most commonly used in
reference to comparatively rugged areas
lying
at least 2,000 to3,000 feet above sea level.
第7页 共12页
in reference to =
refer to 指示
但是，人们最常用这个词来指海拔至少在2000-3000英尺以上的比较崎岖的地区。
22、Basin 盆地
the Tarim
basin; 塔里木盆地
The Taklimakan Desert
the Tarim River(longest continental river)
Junggar basin 准噶尔盆地
The
Qaidam basin 柴达木盆地
the Sichuan basin
四川盆地
the Turpan basin 吐鲁番盆地
23、Plain
平原
The northeast plain 东北平原
The north China plain 华北平原
The middle
and lower reaches of Yellow River 黄河中下游
The plain of middle and lower reaches of
Yangtze River 长江中下游平原
The Amazon plain
亚马孙平原
24、Himalayan Mountain range Himalayan
range Mountains 喜马拉雅山脉
The Mount
Qonmolangma
珠穆朗玛峰
The Everest Mount；The Everest Tower
埃菲尔铁塔
the Andes range
安第斯山脉
The Rocky Mountains
落基山脉
The three gorges of Yangtze River
长江三峡
Lesson 5 DELTA PLAINS
三角洲平原P16
type of plain
1. flood plain
泛滥平原（河漫滩，二元结构 ）
2. delta plain 三角洲平原
3. structural plain 构造平原（如里海沿岸平原、台湾西部平原）
al deposition 沉积作用
mouths of stream
河口
6.
upper reaches 上游
middle
reaches
Lower reaches
7.
the body
of standing water 流动缓慢的水体
the principal line
主流线
沙洲
a bar opposite the open end of
the channel 河口区的沙洲
d and laterally.
向外和向两侧伸展
laterally 横向地 向两侧
lengthwise
纵向地
10. Some carry little sediment to their
mouths, either because the stream system is
erosionally inactive throughout （ the stream
course ）or, more commonly, because most
of the
load has been deposited in lakes or other favoured
spots along the stream course
the stream
system 河系
第8页 共12页
有些河流带到河口
的泥沙极少，这是因为河系的侵蚀普遍微弱，更为常见的是因为大部分泥沙已
沉积于沿河的湖泊或其他易
沉积的地方
11.
Why does the St. Lawrence
River have not a delta ?
most of the load has
been deposited in lakes
12.
the
freshwater lake 淡水湖
the Great lake
五大湖(苏、密、休、伊、安)
Lake Superior
Lake Michigan
Lake Huron
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
13.
the saltwater lake 咸水湖
the dead sea 死海
Qinghai lake 青海湖
Lake Namco 纳木错
14. five famous rivers in
the world
1) the Nile River
2) the Amazon
River
3) The Yangtze River
4) the
Mississippi River
5) the Yellow River
The
four sea (gulf) in China
1) Bohai Gulf
2)Yellow sea
3)East China sea
4)South
China sea
15.
In similar fashion the
Congo deposits much of its load in the shallow
structural basin
through which it passes
before plunging down the escarpment to the coast
In similar fashion 以类似的方式
structural
basin 构造盆地
the shallow structural basin
through which it passes 它所穿越的浅构造盆地；
plunging
down 冲下
16.
In some other examples
the relatively small amount of sediment brought to
the mouth
of the stream is dropped into deep
water or is spread across the adjacent sea floor
or
along the coast by violent wave and current
action, so that no delta is formed
在其他一些实例中，带
到河口的少量沉积物沉积在深水中，或是被巨浪和海流分散在邻近的海底
或沿岸水域，所以也没形成三角
洲
17.
The features that characterize
the delta surface are generally similar to those
found
on floodplains
Floodplain 泛滥平原
the delta is essentially the seaward
prolongation of the floodplain
三角洲实质上是
泛滥平原向海洋的延伸
18.
The
principal distinguishing marks of the delta are
its distributary channels, though
commonly the
delta is also even more swampy or marshy than the
floodplain.
Swamp → swampy
marsh →
marshy
第9页 共12页
三角洲的主要特点是它的分叉河槽，尽管它的沼泽一般比泛滥平原的沼泽多
19.
Often the outer margin of the
delta is a broad zone of tidal marshland across
which
the low-lying land merges gradually with
the sea without a well-defined shoreline
三角洲的
外缘往往是一广阔的潮沼地带，这个地带的低地在此与海域逐渐合二为一，没有清晰的
海滨线
Lesson 6. LIMESTONE CAVERNS AND KARST
LANDSCAPES
石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21
老师上课就讲了第一段的内容
igneous rock →
granite , basalt
花岗岩 玄武岩
sedimentary rock 水成岩
metamorphic rock 变质岩
limestone ← calcium
carbonate
石灰石 碳酸钙
magnesium
carbonate 碳酸镁
carbonic acid 碳酸
weak
solution of carbonic acid 弱碳酸溶液
groundwater；
surface runoff
地下水 地表径流
elaborate systems of subterranean caverns
复杂的地下洞穴系统
fold → → fold mountain
褶皱
褶皱山
fold ----- fault
褶皱 断裂
dipping layer 倾斜岩层
flat-lying strata
水平岩层
Lesson 7. Layers of the Earth
地球圈层 P31
1、The core 地核
The
inner core 内核
The Outer core 外核
2、Mantle 地幔
Upper mantle 上地幔
3、Crust 地壳
4、Lithosphere 岩石圈
5、Oblate spheroid 扁的椭球体
6、seismic
evidence 地震的证据
Seismic waves 地震波
7、basalt rich oceanic crust 富含玄武岩的洋壳
8、granitic rich continental crust 富含花岗岩的陆壳
9、continental crust 陆壳
10、oceanic
crust 洋壳
第10页 共12页
11、is theorized to be 被认为是
12、per
cubic centimeter 每立方厘米 cm3
13、The mantle
comprises 83% of the Earth’s volume
地幔占地球体积的83%
14、the base of the crust 地壳基部
15、ultramatic rock 超基性岩
16、the top
layer of the upper mantle 上地幔顶部
17、Asthenosphere 软流圈
18、The
lithosphere is a layer that includes the crust and
the upper most portion of the
asthenosphere.(英译中)…………
19、plastic flow
塑性流动
20、geologic time 地质时期
21、Sedimentary deposits 陆相沉积层
22、Plastic
asthenosphere 软流层
Lesson 8. The rock
cycle
岩石循环 P43
1、A rock can be defined as
a solid substance that occurs naturally because of
the effects
of there basic geological process
geological process 地质过程
岩石可定义（认为）是一种固体物质，这固体物质因为3种基本地质过程的作用而自然形成。
岩石可定义（认为）是一种因为3种基本地质过程的作用而自然形成的固体物质。
2、magma
岩浆→ magma solidification 岩浆固结
3、sedimentation of weathered rock debris
风化岩屑的沉积
4、Metamorphism 变质作用
5、Three
main types of rock 3种主要岩石类型
igneous rock
火成岩
sedimentary rock 沉积岩
metamorphic rock 变质岩
6、continental plate
大陆板块
7、oceanic plate 海洋板块
8、igneous
rock 火成岩
9、molten magma 溶解的岩浆
10、Magma that solidifies at the Earth’s
surface conceives extrusive or volcanic igneous
rocks
Conceives 孕育、构成、形成
地球表面固结的岩浆形成喷出岩或火山岩
11、calcium carbonate 碳酸钙
12、Basalt 玄武岩
13、When the
magma cools and solidifies beneath the surface of
the Earth intrusive or
plutonic igneous rocks
are formed
14、intrusive or plutonic igneous
rocks 侵入岩或深成岩
15、granite 花岗岩
16、sedimentary rock 沉积岩
17、burial,
compression, and chemical modification of
deposited weathered rock debris
or sediments
第11页 共12页
chemical
modification 化学固结
deposited
weathered rock debris 沉积风化岩屑
18、Colorado
Plateau 科罗拉多高原
19、metamorphic
rock 变质岩
20、High temperature
and pressure 高温高压
21、existing rock
22、be chemically or physically modified
by产生物理与化学变化（改变）
23、Most rocks are composed of
minerals. Minerals are defined by geologists as
naturally
occurring inorganic solids that have
a crystalline structure and s distinct chemical
composition.
大多数岩石由矿物组成。据地质学家们定义，矿物是一种
自然形成的具有一定晶体结构与化
学性质的无机固体。
24、elements and
compounds 元素与化合物
25、课本43页和44页的图
Lesson 9. Soil pedogenesis
成土作用 p48
1、Faters of Soil pedogenesis 成土因素
2、Late
in the 19th century, scientists Hilgard in the
United States and the Russian
Dokuchaev both
suggested independently that pedogenesis was
principally controlled by
climate and
vegetation
在19世纪晚期，美国科学家和俄罗斯学者都提出这样的观点：土壤成土作用主要受气候和植
物的控制。
3、This idea was based on the observation that
comparable soils developed in spatially
separate areas when their climate and
vegetation were similar.
In spatially
separate area不同地域
这种观点是建立在当气候和植被相似，不同地域的土壤具有可比性这一观察的基础上的。
4、In
the 1940s, Hans Jenny extend these idea based on
the observe of many subsequent
studies
examining the processes involved in the formation
of soils.
extend these idea 深化了这些观点
On the observe of many subsequent studies
进一步的观察研究
在20世纪40年代，HansJenny
通过进一步观察研究有关土壤的形成过程，深化了这些观点。
5、Jenny believed
that the kinds of soils that developed in a
particular area are largely
determined by five
interrelated factor: climate, living organisms,
parent material,
topography, and time.
Jenny认为某特定地点的土壤类型由五种相互关联的因素决定：气候、微生物、母质、地形
和时间
6、课本48页的图
7、subtropical 亚热带
8、Monsoon 季风
9、high temperature and
heavy precipitation 高温多雨
10、The weathering of
rock 岩石风化
11、red soil red earth
红壤
12、yellow soil yellow earth 黄壤
13、brown soil brown earth 棕壤
第12页
共12页
14、Parent material
15、metamorphism
16、sedimentary rock
17、metamorphic rock
18、Topography
19、Living organisms
20、Parent material
母质
Lesson 10. Global scale circulation
of the atmosphere
全球大气环流 P62
1、insolate →
insolation（n）曝晒
2、Shortwave radiation
短波辐射
3、gain an understanding of 设想
4、global circulation 全球（大气）环流
5、simplified graphical models of processes
大气环流过程的简化图示模式
6、课本64页的图
Lesson
11. The Hydrologic Cycle
水循环 P74
1、conceptual model 概念模式、概念系统
2、Biosphere
生物圈
3、Lithosphere 岩石圈
4、Hydrosphere
水圈
5、reservoir 水库 储藏
6、Evaporation
蒸发
7、Condensation 浓缩
8、课本74页的图
Lesson 12. Three Model of Urban Land Use
三种城市土地利用模式 P97
1、urban land use 城市土地利用
2、Draw from 从…..出发
3、generalize
about 总结
4、urban landscape 城市景观，城市形式
5、general model 普通模式
6、the way in
which land is devoted to different uses within the
city
7、※ the way of city land use
The
Concentric zone Mode 同心圆模式
The secter
zone Model 扇形模式
The multiple nuclei
Model 多核心模式
第13页 共12页
Lesson 13. Air pollution cause and
effects
空气污染原因和影响 P168
1、air pollutant
空气污染物
2、- xide 氧化物
monoxide
一氧化物
carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
Dioxide
二氧化物
carbon monoxide 二氧化碳
nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物
sulfur oxide
硫氧化物
Hydrocarbon 碳氢化物
3、massive
injection of 大量排入
4、sulfur oxide and
suspended particulate 硫氧化物和悬浮颗粒物
5、volcanic
eruption 火山喷发
6、CFCS 氟氧化物
7、smog 烟雾
8、fog
雾
9、photochemical smog 光化学烟雾
10、acid
rain 酸雨
11、greenhouse effect 温室效应
12、greenhouse gas 温室气体
13、carbon
monoxide 二氧化碳
Lesson 14. Hurricane
飓风 P182
1、Hurricane 飓风
2、tropical cyclone 热带气旋
3、the general
term 总称
4、Circulating weather system
旋转在天气系统
5、Tropical Depression 热带低压
6、Tropical Storm 热带风暴
7、Hurricane
飓风
Severe ocean storms that develop over
the Indian Ocean are called cyclones.
Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific
Ocean are typhoons.
And storms that form
over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic
Ocean are
hurricanes.
第14页 共12页