二年级数学下册练习题
四川音乐学院招生网-年终总结格式
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
2015年12月六级考试真题（第三套）
Part I
Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30
minutes to write a short essay based on the
picture
should focus on the harm caused by
misleading information are required to
write
at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Part II Listening
Comprehension (30 minutes)
说明：20
15年12月六级真题全国共考了两套听力。本套（即第三套）的听力内容与第二套的完
全一样，只是选
项的顺序不一样而已，故在本套中不再重复给出。
Part III
Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section,
there is a passage with ten blanks. You are
required to select one word
for each blank
from a list of choices given in a word bank
following the passage.
Read the passage
through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in the
bank is identified by a letter.
Please mark the corresponding letter for each item
on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through
the centre. You may not use any of the
words
in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45
are based on the following passage.
As it is,
sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer
hours has become a badge of honor.
Plus, we
live in a culture that 36 to the late-nighter,
from 24-hour grocery stores to online
shopping
sites that never close. It’s no surprise, then,
that more than half of American adults don’t
get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night
as 37 by sleep experts.
Whether or not we
can catch up on sleep—on the weekend, say—is a
hotly 38 topic
among sleep researchers. The
latest evidence suggests that while it isn’t 39 ,
it might help. When
Liu, the UCLA sleep
researcher and professor of medicine, brought 40
sleep-restricted people
into the lab for a
weekend of sleep during which they logged about 10
hours per night, they
showed 41 in the
ability of insulin (胰岛素) to process blood sugar.
That suggests that
catch-up sleep may undo
some but not all of the damage that sleep 42
causes, which is
encouraging, given how many
adults don’t get the hours they need each night.
Still, Liu isn’t 43
to endorse the habit of
sleeping less and making up for it later.
Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are
not 44 an effective remedy either. “A sleeping
pill will 45 one area of the brain, but
there’s never going to be a perfect sleeping pill,
because
you couldn’t really replicate (复制) the
different chemicals moving in and out of different
parts of
1
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
the brain to
go through the different stages of sleep,” says
Dr. Nancy Collop, director of the Emory
University Sleep Center.
A)
alternatively
B) caters
C) chronically
D) debated
E) deprivation
F) ideal
G) improvements
H) necessarily
I) negotiated
J) pierce
K) presumption
L) ready
M) recommended
N) surpasses
O) target
Section B
Directions: In this section, you
are going to read a passage with ten statements
attached to it.
Each statement contains
information given in one of the paragraphs.
Identify the
paragraph from which the
information is derived. You may choose a paragraph
more
than once. Each paragraph is marked with
a letter. Answer the questions by marking
the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Climate Change May Be Real, But It’s Still Not
Easy Being Green
How do we convince our inner
caveman to be greener? We ask some outstanding
social scientists.
[A] The road to climate
hell is paved with our good intentions.
Politicians may tackle polluters
while
scientists do battle with carbon emissions. But
the most pervasive problem is less obvious:
our own behaviour. We get distracted before we
can turn down the heating. We break our promise
not to fly after hearing about a neighbour’s
trip to India. Ultimately, we can’t be bothered to
change our attitude. Fortunately for the
planet, social science and behavioural economics
may be
able to do that for us.
[B]
Despite mournful polar beats and charts showing
carbon emissions soaring, most people find
it
hard to believe that global warming will affect
them personally. Recent polls by the Pew
Research Centre in Washington, DC, found that
75-80 per cent of participants regarded climate
change as an important issue. But respondents
ranked it last on a list of priorities.
[C] This inconsistency largely stems from a
feeling of powerlessness. “When we can’t actually
remove the source of our fear, we tend to
adapt psychologically by adopting a range of
defence
mechanisms,” says Tom Crompton, change
strategist for the environmental organisation
World
Wide Fund for Nature.
[D] Part
of the fault lies with our inner caveman.
Evolution has programmed humans to pay most
attention to issues that will have an
immediate impact. “We worry most about now because
if we
don’t survive for the next minute, we’re
not going to be around in ten years’ time,” says
Professor
Elke Weber of the Centre for
Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia
University in
New York. If the Thames were
lapping around Big Ben, Londoners would face up to
the problem
2
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
of emissions
pretty quickly. But in practice, our brain
discounts the risks—and
benefits—associated
with issues that lie some way ahead.
[E]
Matthew Rushworth, of the Department of
Experimental Psychology at the University of
Oxford, sees this in his lab every day. “One
of the ways in which all agents seem to make
decisions is that they assign a lower
weighting to outcomes that are going to be further
away in the
future,” he says. “This is a very
sensible way for an animal to make decisions in
the wild and
would have been very helpful for
humans for thousands of years.”
[F] Not
any longer. By the time we wake up to the threat
posed by climate change, it could well be
too
late. And if we’re not going to make rational
decisions about the future, others may have to
help us to do so.
[G] Few political
libraries are without a copy of Nudge: Improving
Decisions About Health,
Wealth and Happiness,
by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein. They argue
that governments should
persuade us into
making better decisions—such as saving more in our
pension plans—by
changing the default options.
Professor Weber believes that environmental policy
can make use of
similar tactics. If, for
example, building codes included green
construction guidelines, most
developers would
be too lazy to challenge them.
[H]
Defaults are certainly part of the solution. But
social scientists are most concerned about
crafting messages that exploit our group
mentality (心态). “We need to understand what
motivates
people, what it is that allows them
to make change,” says Professor Neil Adger, of the
Tyndall
Centre for Climate Change Research in
Norwich. “It is actually about what their peers
think of
them, what their social norms are,
what is seen as desirable in society.” In other
words, our inner
caveman is continually
looking over his shoulder to see what the rest of
the tribe are up to.
[I] The passive
attitude we have to climate change as individuals
can be altered by counting us
in—and measuring
us against—our peer group. “Social norms are
primitive and elemental,” says
Dr. Robert
Cialdini, author of Influence: The Psychology of
Persuasion. “Birds flock together, fish
school
together, cattle herd together...just perceiving
norms is enough to cause people to adjust
their behaviour in the direction of the
crowd.”
[J] These norms can take us
beyond good intentions. Cialdini conducted a study
in San Diego in
which coat hangers bearing
messages about saving energy were hung on people’s
doors. Some of
the messages mentioned the
environment, some financial savings, others social
responsibility. But
it was the ones that
mentioned the actions of neighbours that drove
down power use.
[K] Other studies show
that simply providing the facility for people to
compare their energy use
with the local
average is enough to cause them to modify their
behaviour. The Conservatives plan
to adopt
this strategy by making utility companies print
the average local electricity and gas usage
on
people’s bills.
[L] Social science can
also teach politicians how to avoid our collective
capacity for
3
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
self-
destructive behaviour. Environmental campaigns
that tell us how many people drive SUVs
unwittingly (不经意地) imply that this behaviour
is widespread and thus permissible. Cialdini
recommends some careful framing of the
message. “Instead of normalising the undesirable
behaviour, the message needs to marginalise
it, for example, by stating that if even one
person
buys yet another SUV, it reduces our
ability to be energy-independent.”
[M]
Tapping into how we already see ourselves is
crucial. The most successful environmental
strategy will marry the green message to our
own sense of identity. Take your average trade
union
member, chances are they will be
politically motivated and be used to collective
action—much
like Erica Gregory. A retired
member of the Public and Commercial Services
Union, she is setting
up one of 1,100 action
groups with the support of Climate Solidarity, a
two-year environmental
campaign aimed at trade
unionists.
[N] Erica is proof that a
great-grandmother can help to lead the revolution
if you get the
psychology right—in this case,
by matching her enthusiasm for the environment
with a fondness
for organising groups. “I
think it’s a terrific idea,” she says of the
campaign. “The union backing it
makes members
think there must be something in it.” She is
expecting up to 20 people at the first
meeting
she has called, at her local pub in the Cornish
village of Polperro.
[O] Nick Perks,
project director for Climate Solidarity, believes
this sort of activity is where the
future of
environmental action lies. “Using existing civil
society structures or networks is a more
effective way of creating change...and
obviously trade unions are one of the biggest
civil society
networks in the UK,” he says.
The “Love Food, Hate Waste” campaign entered into
a
collaboration last year with another such
network—the Women’s er Rachel Taylor
joined
the campaign with the aim of making new friends. A
year on, the meetings have made
lasting
changes to what she throws away in her kitchen.
“It’s always more of an incentive if you’re
doing it with other people,” she says. “It
motivates you more if you know that you’ve got to
provide feedback to a group.”
[P] The
power of such simple psychology in fighting
climate change is attracting attention across
the political establishment. In the US, the
House of Representatives Science Committee has
approved a bill allocating $$10 million a year
to studying energy-related behaviour. In the UK,
new
studies are in development and social
scientists are regularly spotted in British
government offices.
With the help of
psychologists, there is fresh hope that we might
go green after all.
46. When people find
they are powerless to change a situation, they
tend to live with it.
47. To be effective,
environmental messages should be carefully framed.
48. It is the government’s responsibility to
persuade people into making environment-friendly
decisions.
49. Politicians are beginning
to realise the importance of enlisting
psychologists’ help in fighting
climate
change.
50. To find effective solutions to
climate change, it is necessary to understand what
motivates
people to make change.
51. In
their evolution, humans have learned to pay
attention to the most urgent issues instead of
4
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
long-term
concerns.
52. One study shows that our
neighbours’ actions are influential in changing
our behaviour.
53. Despite clear signs of
global warming, it is not easy for most people to
believe climate change
will affect their own
lives.
54. We should take our future into
consideration in making decisions concerning
climate change
before it is too late.
55.
Existing social networks can be more effective in
creating change in people’s behaviour.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages
in this section. Each passage is followed by some
questions or
unfinished statements. For each
of them there are four choices marked A), B), C),
and
D). You should decide on the best choice
and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer
Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based
on the following passage.
More than a decade
ago, cognitive scientists John Bransford and
Daniel Schwartz, both then
at Vanderbilt
University, found that what distinguished young
adults from children was not the
ability to
retain facts or apply prior knowledge to a new
situation but a quality they called
“preparation for future learning.” The
researchers asked fifth graders and college
students to create
a recovery plan to protect
bald eagles from extinction. Shockingly, the two
groups came up with
plans of similar quality
(although the college students had better spelling
skills). From the
standpoint of a traditional
educator, this outcome indicated that schooling
had failed to help
students think about
ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas.
The researchers decided to go deeper, however.
They asked both groups to generate questions
about important issues needed to create
recovery plans. On this task, they found large
differences.
College students focused on
critical issues of interdependence between eagles
and their habitats
(栖息地). Fifth graders tended
to focus on features of individual eagles (“How
big are they?” and
“What do they eat?”). The
college students had cultivated the ability to ask
questions, the
cornerstone of critical
thinking. They had learned how to learn.
Museums and other institutions of informal
learning may be better suited to teach this skill
than elementary and secondary schools. At the
Exploratorium in San Francisco, we recently
studied how learning to ask good questions can
affect the quality of people’s scientific inquiry.
We
found that when we taught participants to
ask “What if?” and “How can?” questions that
nobody
present would know the answer to and
that would spark exploration, they engaged in
better
inquiry at the next exhibit—asking more
questions, performing more experiments and making
better interpretations of their results.
Specifically, their questions became more
comprehensive at
the new exhibit. Rather than
merely asking about something they wanted to try,
they tended to
include both cause and effect
in their question. Asking juicy questions appears
to be a transferable
skill for deepening
collaborative inquiry into the science content
found in exhibits.
This type of learning is
not confined to museums or institutional settings.
Informal learning
environments tolerate
failure better than schools. Perhaps many teachers
have too little time to
allow students to form
and pursue their own questions and too much ground
to cover in the
curriculum. But people must
acquire this skill somewhere. Our society depends
on them being
able to make critical decisions
about their own medical treatment, say, or what we
must do about
5
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
global energy
needs and demands. For that, we have a robust
informal learning system that gives
no grades,
takes all comers, and is available even on
holidays and weekends.
56. What is
traditional educators’ interpretation of the
research outcome mentioned in the first
paragraph ?
A) Students are not able to
apply prior knowledge to new problems.
B)
College students are no better than fifth graders
in memorizing facts.
C) Education has not paid
enough attention to major environmental issues.
D) Education has failed to lead students to
think about major scientific ideas.
57. In
what way are college students different from
children?
A) They have learned to think
critically.
B) They are concerned about social
issues.
C) They are curious about specific
features.
D) They have learned to work
independently.
58. What is the benefit of
asking questions with no ready answers?
A) It
arouses students’ interest in things around them.
B) It cultivates students’ ability to make
scientific inquiries.
C) It trains students’
ability to design scientific experiments.
D)
It helps students realize not every question has
an answer.
59. What is said to be the
advantage of informal learning?
A) It allows
for failures.
B) It is entertaining.
C) It
charges no tuition.
D) It meets practical
needs.
60. What does the author seem to
encourage educators to do at the end of the
passage?
A) Train students to think about
global issues.
B) Design more interactive
classroom activities.
C) Make full use of
informal learning resources.
D) Include
collaborative inquiry in the curriculum.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based
on the following passage.
“There’s an old
saying in the space world: amateurs talk about
technology, professionals talk
about
insurance.” In an interview last year with The
Economist, George Whitesides, chief
executive
of space-tourism firm Virgin Galactic, was placing
his company in the latter category.
But
insurance will be cold comfort following the
failure on October 31st of VSS Enterprise,
resulting in the death of one pilot and the
severe injury to another.
On top of the tragic
loss of life, the accident in California will cast
a long shadow over the
future of space
tourism, even before it has properly begun.
The notion of space tourism took hold in 2001
with a $$20 million flight aboard a Russian
spacecraft by Dennis Tito, a millionaire
engineer with an adventurous streak. Just haft a
dozen
holiday-makers have reached orbit since
then, for similarly astronomical price tags. But
more
recently, companies have begun to plan
more affordable “suborbital” flights—briefer
ventures just
to the edge of space’s vast
darkness. Virgin Galactic had, prior to this
week’s accident, seemed
6
BatchDoc-
Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
closest to starting regular flights. The
company has already taken deposits from around 800
would-be space tourists, including Stephen
Hawking.
After being dogged by technical
delays for years, Sir Richard Branson, Virgin
Galactic’s
founder, had recently suggested
that a Space Ship Two craft would carry its first
paying customers
as soon as February 2015.
That now seems an impossible timeline. In July, a
sister craft of the
crashed space plane was
reported to be about half-finished. The other half
will have to halt, as
authorities of America’s
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA.) and
National Transportation
Safety Board work out
what went wrong.
In the meantime, the entire
space tourism industry will be on tenterhooks
(坐立不安).The
2004 Commercial Space Launch
Amendments Act, intended to encourage private
space vehicles
and services, prohibits the
transportation secretary (and thereby the FAA.
from regulating the
design oroperation of
private spacecraft, unless they have resulted in a
serious or fatal injury to
crew or passengers.
That means that the FAA. could suspend Virgin
Galactic’s licence to fly. It
could also
insist on checking private manned spacecraft as
thoroughly as it does commercial
aircraft.
While that may make suborbital travel safer, it
would add significant cost and complexity
to
an emerging industry that has until now operated
largely as the playground of billionaires and
dreamy engineers.
How Virgin Galactic,
regulators and the public respond to this most
recent tragedy will
determine whether and how
soon private space travel can transcend that
playground. There is no
doubt that space
flight entails risks, and to pioneer a new mode of
travel is to face those risks, and
to reduce
them with the benefit of hard-won experience.
61. What is said about the failure of VSS
Enterprise?
A) It may lead to the bankruptcy
of Virgin Galactic.
B) It has a strong
negative impact on space tourism.
C) It may
discourage rich people from space travel.
D)
It has aroused public attention to safety issues.
62. What do we learn about the space-tourism
firm Virgin Galactic?
A) It has just built a
craft for commercial flights.
B) It has sent
half a dozen passengers into space.
C) It was
about ready to start regular business.
D) It
is the first to launch “suborbital” flights.
63. What is the purpose of the 2004 Commercial
Space Launch Amendments Act?
A) To ensure
space travel safety.
B) To limit the FAA’s
functions.
C) To legalize private space
explorations.
D) To promote the space tourism
industry.
64. What might the FAA do after the
recent accident in California?
A) Impose more
rigid safety standards.
B) Stop certifying new
space-tourist agencies.
C) Amend its 2004
Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act.
D)
Suspend Virgin Galactic’s licence to take
passengers into space.
65. What does the
author think of private space travel?
A) It is
worth promoting despite the risks involved.
B)
It should not be confined to the rich only.
7
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具
BatchDoc-
Word文档批量处理工具
C) It should be strictly
regulated.
D) It is too risky to carry on.
Part IV Translation
(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you
.are allowed 30,minutes to translate a passage
from Chinese into
English. You should write
your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
在帮助国际社会于2030年前消除极端贫困过程中，中国正扮演着越来越重要的角色。
自2
0世纪70年代末实施改革开放以来，中国已使多达四亿人摆脱了贫困。在未来五年
中，中国将向其他发
展中国家在减少贫困、发展教育、农业现代化、环境保护和医疗保健等
方面提供援助。
中国在
减少贫困方面取得了显著进步，并在促进经济增长方面做出了不懈努力，这将鼓
励其他贫困国家应对自身
发展中的挑战。在寻求具有自身特色的发展道路时，这些国家可以
借鉴中国的经验。
8
BatchDoc-Word文档批量处理工具