最新人教版高中英语必修五电子课本
毛细管作用-北京武警指挥学院
精品文档
按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放
必修5
Unit 1
JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so
expert, indeed, that he attend
ed Queen
Victoria as her personal physician. But he became
inspired when he tho
ught about helping
ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the
deadly diseas
e of its day. Neither its cause
nor its cure was understood. So many thousands
of
terrified people died every time there was
an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face
the
challenge and solve this problem. He knew that
cholera would never be contr
olled until its
cause was found.
He became interested in two
theories that possibly explained how cholera
kille
d people. The first suggested that
cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of
dangero
us gas floated around until it found
its victims. The second suggested that people
absorbed this disease into their bodies with
their meals. From the stomach the dis
ease
quickly attacked the body and soon the affected
person died.
John Snow suspected that the
second theory was correct but he needed
evide
nce. So when another outbreak hit London
in 1854, he was ready to begin his en
quiry. As
the disease spread quickly through poor
neighbourhoods, he began to gat
her
information. In two particular streets, the
cholera outbreak was so severe that
more than
500 people died in ten days. He was determined to
find out why.
First he marked on a map the
exact places where all the dead people had
liv
ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the
cause of the disease. Many of the de
aths were
near the water pump in Broad Street (especially
numbers 16, 37, 38 an
d 40). He also noticed
that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street
and 8
and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no
deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he mad
e
further investigations. He discovered that these
people worked in the pub at 7 C
ambridge
Street. They had been given free beer and so had
not drunk the water f
rom the pump. It seemed
that the water was to blame.
Next, John Snow
looked into the source of the water for these two
streets. He
found that it came from the river
polluted by the dirty water from London. He
imm
ediately told the astonished people in
Broad Street to remove the handle from the
pump so that it could not be used. Soon
afterwards the disease slowed down. He
had
shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in
a cloud of gas.
In another part of London,
he found supporting evidence from two other
deaths
that were linked to the Broad Street
outbreak. A woman, who had moved away fr
om
Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so
much that she had it delivered
to her house
every day. Both she and her daughter died of
cholera after drinking
the water. With this
extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with
certaint
y that polluted water carried the
virus.
To prevent this from happening again,
John Snow suggested that the source o
f all the
water supplies be examined. The water companies
were instructed not to
expose people to
polluted water any more. Finally Cholerawas
defeated.
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
精品文档
精品文档
Nicolaus Copernicus
was frightened and his mind was confused. Although
he h
ad tried to ignore them, all his
mathematical calculations led to the same
conclusio
n: that the earth was not the centre
of the solar system. Only if you put the sun
t
here did the movements of the other planets
in the sky make sense. Yet he could
not tell
anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian
Church would have pun
ished him for even
suggesting such an idea. They believed God had
made the wo
rld and for that reason the earth
was special and must be the centre of the solar
system.
The problem arose because
astronomers had noticed that some planets in
the
sky seemed to stop, move backward and then
go forward in a loop. Others appe
ared brighter
at times and less bright at others. This was very
strange if the earth
was the centre of the
solar system and all planets went round it.
Copernicus had thought long and hard about these
problems and tried to find
an answer. He had
collected observations of the stars and used all
his mathematic
al knowledge to explain them.
But only his new theory could do that. So between
1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually
improving his theory until he felt it was
complete.
In 1514 he showed it privately
to his friends. The changes he made to the old
theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun
at the centre of the solar system
with the
planets going round it and only the moon still
going round the earth. He
also suggested that
the earth was spinning as it went round the sun
and this expl
ained changes in the movement of
the planets and in the brightness of the stars.
His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged
him to publish his ideas, but Coperni
cus was
cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the
Christian Church, so he
only published it as
he lay dying in 1543.
Certainly he was right
to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his
theory,
saying it was against God's idea and
people who supported it would be attacked.
Yet
Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all
our ideas of the universe are
built. His
theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity,
which said things fell to ea
rth because God
created the earth as the centre of the universe.
Copernicus show
ed this was obviously wrong.
Now people can see that there is a direct link
betwe
en his theory and the work of Isaac
Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
必修5 Unit 2
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People may wonder why different words are used to
describe these four countr
ies: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify
this question if
you study British history.
First there was England. Wales was linked to
it in the thirteenth century. Now
when people
refer to England you find Wales included as well.
Next England and
Wales were joined to Scotland
in the seventeenth century and the name was
chan
ged to BritainHappily this was
accomplished without conflict when King Ja
mes
of Scotland became King of England and Wales as
well. Finally the English g
overnment tried in
the early twentieth century to form the United
Kingdom by gettin
g Ireland connected in the
same peaceful way. However, the southern part of
Irela
nd was unwilling and broke away to form
its own government. So only Northern Ir
eland
joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become
the United Kingdom and
this was shown to the
world in a new flag called the Union Jack.
精品文档
精品文档
To their credit the
four countries do work together in some areas (eg,
the curr
ency and international relations), but
they still have very different institutions. For
e
xample, Northern Ireland, England and
Scotland have different educational and lega
l
systems as well as different football teams for
competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and
for convenience it is divided r
oughly into
three zones. The zone nearest France is called the
South of England, t
he middle zone is called
the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is
known a
s the North. You find most of the
population settled in the south, but most of the
i
ndustrial cities in the Midlands and the
North of England. Although, nationwide, the
se
cities are not as large as those in China, they
have world-famous football team
s and some of
them even have two! It is a pity that the
industrial cities built in th
e nineteenth
century do not attract visitors. For historical
architecture you have to g
o to older but
smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will
find out more ab
out British history and
culture.
The greatest historical
treasure of all is London with its museums, art
collectio
ns, theatres, parks and buildings. It
is the centre of national government and its
ad
ministration. It has the oldest port built
by the Romans in the first century AD, the
oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in
the 1060s and the oldest castle cons
tructed by
later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four
sets of invaders of E
ngland. The first
invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads.
The second, the
Anglo-Saxons, left their
language and their government. The third, the
Vikings, infl
uenced the vocabulary and place-
names of the North of England, and the fourth,
t
he Normans, left castles and introduced new
words for food.
If you look around the
British countryside you will find evidence of all
these in
vaders. You must keep your eyes open
if you are going to make your trip to the
United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.
SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON
Worried about the time
available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the
sites s
he wanted to see in London. Her first
delight was going to the Tower. It was built
long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066.
Fancy! This solid stone, square tow
er had
remained standing for one thousand gh the
buildings had expan
ded around it, it remained
part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her
gre
at surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's
jewels guarded by special royal soldie
rs who,
on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-
year-old uniform of the tim
e of Queen
Elizabeth I.
There followed St Paul's
Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London
in 166
6. It looked splendid when first built!
Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting.
It contained statues in memory of dead poets and
writers, such as Shakespeare.
Then just as she
came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous
sound of the cl
ock, Big Ben, ringing out the
hour. She finished the day by looking at the
outside
of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's
house in London. Oh, she had so much to tell
her friends!
精品文档
精品文档
The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw
its old ships and famous c
lock that sets the
world time. What interested her most was the
longitude line. It is
an imaginary line
dividing the eastern and western halves of the
world and is ver
y useful for navigation. It
passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo
taken
standing on either side of the line.
The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue
in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed st
range that
the man who had developed communism should have
lived and died in
London. Not only that, but
he had worked in the famous reading room of the
Libr
ary of the British Museum. Sadly the
library had moved from its original place into
another building and the old reading room was
gone. But she was thrilled by so m
any
wonderful treasures from different cultures
displayed in the museum. When she
saw many
visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old
Chinese pots and other obj
ects on show, she
felt very proud of her country.
The next day
Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle. I
will s
ee the Queen?she wondered as she fell
asleep.
必修5 Unit 3
精品文档
精品文档
精品文档
精品文档
按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放
精品文档