人教版英语必修五课文电子版
北外研究生-写字楼租赁合同
人教版英语必修五课文
电子版
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Unit 1 GREAT SCIENTISTS
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow
was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed,
that he attended Queen Victoria as her
personal physician. But
he became inspired
when he thought about helping ordinary
people
exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of
its
day. Neither its cause nor its cure was
understood. So many
thousands of terrified
people died every time there was an
outbreak.
John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve
this
problem. He knew that cholera would never
be controlled until
its cause was found.
He became interested in two theories that
possibly
explained how cholera killed people.
The first suggested that
cholera multiplied in
the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated
around until it found its victims. From the
stomach the disease
quickly attacked the body
and soon the affected person died.
John
Snow suspected that the second theory was correct
but
he needed evidence. So when another
outbreak hit London in 1854,
he was ready to
begin his enquiry. As the disease spread
quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began
to gather
information. In two particular
streets, the cholera outbreak
was so severe
that more than 500 people died in ten days. He
was determined to find out why.
First he marked on a map the exact
places where all the
dead people have lived.
This gave him a valuable clue about the
cause
of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the
water
pump in Broad Street (especially numbers
163738 and 40). He
also noticed that some
houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street
and 8
and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had
not
foreseen this, so he made further
investigations. He discovered
that these
people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.
They
had been given free beer and so had not
drunk the water from
the pump. It seemed that
the water was to blame,
Next, John Snow
looked into the source of the water for
these
two streets. He found that it came from the river
polluted by the dirty water from London. He
immediately told
the astonished people in
Broad Street to remove the handle from
the
pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards
the
disease slowed down. He had shown that
cholera was spread by
germs and not in a cloud
of gas.
In another part of London, he
found supporting evidence
from two other
deaths that were linked to the Broad Street
outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from
Broad Street, liked
the water from the pump so
much that she had it delivered to
her house
every day. Both she and her daughter died of
cholera
after drinking the
water. With this extra evidence John Snow
was
able to announce with certainty that polluted
water carried
the virus.
To prevent
this from happening again, John Snow suggested
that the source of all the water supplies be
examined. The
water companies were instructed
not to expose people to
polluted water any
more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONAY THEORY
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his
mind was confused.
Although he had tried to
ignore them, all his mathematical
calculations
led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not
the centre of the solar system. Only if you
put the sun there
did the movements of the
other planets in the sky make sense.
Yet he
could not tell anyone about his theory as the
powerful
Christian Church would have punished
him for even suggesting
such an idea. They
believed God had made the world and for that
reason the earth was special and must be the
centre of the
solar system.
The
problem arose because astronomers had noticed that
some
planets in the sky seemed to stop, move
backward and then go
forward in a loop. Others
appeared brighter at times and less
bright at others. This was very
strange if the earth was the
centre of the
solar system and all planets went around it.
Copernicus had thought long and hard about
these problems
and tried to find an answer. He
had collected observations of
the stars and
used all his mathematical knowledge to explain
them. But only new theory could do that. So
between 1510 and
1514 he worked on it,
gradually improving his theory until he
felt
it was complete.
In 1514 he showed it
privately to his friends. The changes
he made
to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a
fixed
sun at the centre of the solar system
with the planets going
round it and only the
moon still going around the earth. He
also
suggested that the earth was spinning as it went
around
the sun and this explained changes in
the movement of the
planets and in the
brightness of the stars. His friends were
enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his
ideas, but
Copernicus was cautious. He did not
want to be attacked by the
Christian Church,
so he only published it as he lay dying in
1543.
Certainly he was right to be
careful. The Christian Church
rejected his
theory, saying it was against God’s idea and
people who supported it would be attacked. Yet
Copernicus’
theory is now the
basis on which all our ideas of the universe
are built. His theory replaced the Christian
idea of gravity,
which said things fell to
earth because God created the earth
as the
centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was
obviously wrong. Now people can see that there
is a direct link
between his theory and the
work of Isaac Newton, Albert
Einstein and
Stephen Hawking.
Unit 2 The United Kingdom
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People may
wonder why different words are used to describe
these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland
and Northern
Ireland. You can clarify this
question if you study British
history.
First there was England. Wales was linked
to it in the
thirteenth century. Now when
people refer to England you find
Wales
included as well. Next England and Wales were
joined to
Scotland in the seventeenth century
and the name was changed to
when King
James of Scotland became King of England and Wales
as
well. Finally the English government tried
in the early
twentieth century to form the
United Kingdom by getting Ireland
connected in
the same peaceful way. However, the southern part
of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to
form its own
government. So only Northern
Ireland joined with England, Wales
and
Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was
shown to
the world in a new flag called the
Union Jack.
To their
credit the four countries do work together in some
areas (eg, the currency and international
relations), but they
will have very different
institutions. For example, Northern
Ireland,
England and Scotland have different educational
and
legal system as well as different football
terms for
competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four
countries, and for
convenience it is divided
roughly into three zones. The zone
nearest
France is called the South of England, the middle
zone
is called the Midlands and the one
nearest to Scotland is known
as the North. You
find most of the population settled in the
south, but most of the industrial cities in
the Midlands and
the North of England.
Although, nationwide, these cities are
not as
large as those in China, they have world-famous
football
teams and some of them even have two!
It is a pity that the
industrial cities built
in the nineteenth century do not
attract
visitors. For historical architecture you have to
go to
older but smaller towns built by the
Romans. There you will
find out more about
British history and culture.
The
greatest historical treasure of all is London with
its
museums, art collections, theatres, parks
and buildings. It is
the centre of national
government and its administration. It
has the
oldest port built by the Romans in the first
century AD,
the oldest building begun by the
Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and
the oldest
castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.
There have been four sets of invaders of
England. The first
invaders, the Romans, left
their towns and roads. The second,
the Anglo-Saxons, left their
language and their government. The
third, the
Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names
of the North of England, and the fourth, the
Normans, left
castles and introduced new words
for food.
If you look around the British
countryside you will find
evidence of all
these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if
you are going to make your trip to the United
Kingdom enjoyable
and worthwhile.
SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON
Worried about the
time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list
of the sites she wanted to see in London. Her
first delight was
going to the Tower. It was
built long ago by the Norman
invaders of AD
1066. This solid stone, square tower had
remained standing for one thousand years.
Although the
buildings had expanded around it,
it remained part of a royal
palace and prison
combined. To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu
found the Queen's jewels guarded by special
royal soldiers who,
on special occasions,
still wore the four-hundred-year-old
uniform
of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.
There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the
terrible
fire of London in 1666. It looked
splendid when first built!
Westminster Abbey,
too, was very interesting. It contained
statues in memory of dead poets and writers,
such as
Shakespeare. Then just as she came out
of the abbey, Pingyu
heard the famous sound of
the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the
hour. She
finished the day by looking at the outside of
Buckingham Palace, the Queen's
house in London. Oh, she had so
much to tell
her friends!
The second day the girl
visited Greenwich and saw its old
ships and
famous clock that sets the world time. What
interested her most was the longitude line. It
is an imaginary
line dividing the eastern and
western halves of the world and
is very useful
for navigation. It passes through Greenwich, so
Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either
side of the line.
The last day she
visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate
Cemetery. It seemed strange that the man who
had developed
communism should have lived and
died in London. Not only that,
but he had
worked in the famous reading room of the Library
of
the British Museum. Sadly the library had
moved from its
original place into another
building and the old reading room
was gone.
But she was thrilled by so many wonderful
treasures
from different cultures displayed in
the museum. When she saw
many visitors
enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese
pots and other objects on show, she felt very
proud of her
country.
The next day
Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle.
Unit 3 LIFE IN THE FUTURE
FIRST IMPRESSIONS
Spacemail:liqiang15113008(earthtime)
Dear Mum and Dad,
I
still cannot believe that I am taking up the prize
that I won
last year. I have to remind myself
constantly that I am really
in AD 3008.
Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the
first few days. As a result, I suffered
from“time flag”. This
is similar to the “jet
lag” you get from flying, but it seems
you
keep getting flashbacks from your previous time
period. So
I was very nervous and uncertain at
first, however, my friend
and guide, Wangping,
was very understanding and gave some green
tablets which helped a lot. Well- know for
their expertise, his
parents’ company, called
“Future Tours”, transported me
safely into the
future in a time capsule.
I can still
remember the moment when the space stewardess
called us all to the capsule and we climbed in
through a small
opening. The seats were
comfortable and after a calming drink,
we felt
sleepy and closed our eyes. The capsule began
swinging
gently sideways as we lay relaxed and
dreaming. A few minutes
later, the journey was
completed and we had arrived. I was
still on
the earth but one thousand years in the future.
What
would I find
At first my
surroundings were difficult to tolerate. The
air seemed thin, as though its combination of
gas had little
oxygen left. Hit by a lack of
fresh air, my head ached. Just as
I tried to make the necessary adjustment to
this new situation,
Wangping appeared. “Put on
this mask,” he advised. “it’ll
make you feel
much better.” He handed it to me and immediately
hurried me through to a small room nearby for
a rest. I felt
better in no time. Soon I was
back on my feet again and
following him to
collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.
These carriages float above the ground and by
bending or
pressing down in your seat, you can
move swiftly. Wangping
fastened my safety belt
and showed me how to use it. Soon I
could fly
as fast as him. However, I lost sight of Wangping
when we reached what looked like a large
market because of too
many carriages flying by
in all directions. He was swept up
into the
centre of them. Just at that moment I had a “time
lag” flashback and saw the area again as it
had been in the
year AD 2008. I realized that
I had been transported into the
future of what
was still my hometown! Then I caught sight of
Wangping again and flew after him.
Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed
me into a
large, bright clean room. It had a
green wall, a brown floor
and soft lighting.
Suddenly the wall moved- it was made of
trees!
I found later that their leaves provided the room
with
much-needed oxygen. Then Wangping flashed
a switch on a
computer
screen, and a table and some chairs rose from
under
the floor as if by magic. “Why not sit
down and eat a little”
he said. “You may found
this difficult as it is your first
time travel
trip. Just relax, since there is nothing planned
on
the timetable today. Tomorrow you’ll be
ready for some
visits.” Having said this, he
spread some food on the table,
and produced a
bed from the floor. After he left, I had a brief
meal and a hot bath. Exhausted, I slid into
bed and fell fast
asleep.
More news
later from your loving son,
Li Qiang
I HAVE SEEN AMAZING THINGS
My first
visit was to a space station considered the most
modern in space. Described as an enormous
round plate, it spins
slowly in space to
imitate the pull of the earth’s gravity.
Inside was an exhibition f the most up-to-date
inventions of
the 31
st
century. A
guide (G) showed us around along a moveable
path.
G: Good morning to all our
visitors from 2008. First we’re
going to
examine one of the latest forms of communication
among
our space citizens. No more typists
working on a typewriter or
computer! No more
postage or postcodes! Messages can now be
sent using a “thoughtpad”. You
place the metal band over your
head, clear
your mind, press the sending button, think your
message and the next instant it’s sent. It’s
stored on the
“thoughtpad” of the receiver.
It’s quick, efficient and
environmentally
friendly. The only limitation is if the user
does not think his or her message clearly, an
unclear message
may be sent. But we cannot
blame the tools for the faults of
the user,
can we
During the explanation I looked at
the pair of small objects
called “thoughtpads”
on a table. They just looked like metal
ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I
was observing
them, the path moved us on.
G: And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the
“environment
area”. People used to collect
waste in dustbins. Then the
rubbish was sent
to be buried or burned, am I right (
We
nodded
.) Well, now there’s a system where
the waste is
disposed of using the principles
of ecology. A giant machine,
always greedy for
more, swallows all the waste available. The
rubbish is turned into several grades of
useful material, such
as “fertilizer” for the
fields and “soil” for deserts.
Nothing is
wasted, and everything, even plastic bags, is
recycled. A great idea, isn’t it
I stared at the moving model of
the waste machine, absorbed by
its efficiency.
But again we moved on.
G: Our third stop
shows the changes that have happened to work
practices. Manufacturing no longer takes place
on the earth but
on space station like this
one. A group of engineers programme
robots to
perform tasks in space. The robots produce goods
such
as drugs, clothes, furniture, hovering
carriages, etc. There is
no waste, no
pollution and no environmental damage! However,
the companies have to train their
representatives to live and
work in space
settlements. They have to monitor the robots and
the production. When the goods are ready
they’re transported
by industrial spaceship
back to earth.
My mind began to wander.
What job would I do My motivation
increased as
I thought of the wonderful world of the
future.
Unit 4 MAKING THE NEWS
MY
FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT
“Unforgettable”,
says new
journalist
Never will Zhou
Yang( ZY) forget his first assignment at the
office of a popular English newspaper. His
discussion with his
new boss, Hu Xin( HX), was
to strongly influence his life as a
journalist.
HX:
Welcome. We’re delighted you’re coming to work
with us.
Your first job here will be an
assistant journalist. Do you
have any
questions
ZY: Can I get out on a story
immediately
HX：(laughing) That’s
admirable, but I’m afraid it would be
unusual!
Wait till you’re more experienced. First we’ll put
you as an assistant to an experienced
journalist. Later you can
cover a story and
submit the article yourself.
ZY:
Wonderful! What do I need to take with me I
already have a
notebook and camera.
HX: No need for a camera. You’ll have a
professional
photographer with you to take
photographs. You’ll find your
colleagues very
eager to assist you, so you may be able to
concentrate on photography later if you’re
interested.
ZY: Thank you. Not only am I
interested in photography, but I
took an
amateur course at university to update my
skills.
HX: Good.
ZY: What do I
need to remember when I go out to cover a
story
HX: You need to be curious. Only if
you ask many different
questions will you
admire all the information you need to know.
We say a good journalist must have a good
“nose” for a story.
That means you must be
able to assess when people are not
telling the whole truth and then
try to discover it. They must
use research to
inform themselves of the missing parts of the
story.
ZY: What should I keep in
mind
HX: Here comes my list of dos and
don’ts: don’ts miss your
deadline, don’t be
rude, don’t talk too much, but make sure
you
listen to the interviewee carefully.
ZY:
Why is listening so important
HX: Well,
you have to listen for detailed facts. Meanwhile
you
have to prepare the next question
depending on what the person
says.
ZY:
But how can I listen carefully while taking
notes
HX: This is a trick of the trade. If
the interviewee agrees,
you can use a recorder
to get the facts straight. It’s also
useful if
a person wants to challenge you. You have the
evidence to support your story.
ZY: I
see! Have you ever had a case where someone
accused your
journalists of getting the wrong
end of the stick
HX: Yes, but it was a
long time ago. This is how the story goes.
A
football was accused of taking money for
deliberately not
scoring goals so as to let
the other team win. We went to
interview him.
He denied taking money but we were sceptical. So
we arranged an interview
between the footballer and the man
supposed to
bride him. When we saw him together we guessed
from
the footballer’s body language that he
was not telling the
truth. So we wrote an
article suggesting he was guilty. It was
a
dilemma because the footballer could have demanded
damages if
we were wrong. He tried to stop us
publishing it but later we
were proved right.
ZY: Wow! That was a real “scoop”. I’m
looking forward to my
first assignment now.
Perhaps I’ll get a scoop too！
HX: Perhaps
you will. You never know.
GETTINH THE
“SCOOP”
“Quick,” said the editor. “Get
that story ready. We need it
in this edition
to be ahead of the other newspapers. This is a
scoop.” Zhou Yang had just come back into the
office after an
interview with a famous film
star. “Did he really do that”
asked someone
from the International News Department. “Yes,
I’m afraid he did,” Zhou Yang answered. He set
to work.
His first task was to write his
story, but he had to do it
carefully. Although
he realized the man had been lying, Zhou
Yang
knew he must not accuse him directly. He would
have to be
accurate. Concise too! He knew how
to do that. Months of
training had taught him to write with no
wasted words or
phrases. He sat down at his
computer and began to work.
The first
person who saw his article was a senior editor
from his department. He checked the evidence,
read the article
and passed it on to the copy-
editor. She began to edit the
piece and design
the main headline and smaller heading, “This
will look very good on the page,” she said.
“Where is a good
picture of this man” Then as
the article was going to be
written in English
Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native
speaker employed by the newspaper to polish
the style. She was
also very happy with Zhou
Yang’s story. “You are really able
to write a
good front page article,” she said, Zhou Yang
smiled with happiness. Last of all, the chief
editor read it
and approved it. “Well done,”
he said to Zhou Yang. “But
please show me your
evidence so we’re sure we’ve got our
facts
straight.” “I’ll bring it to you immediately,”said
Zhou Yang excitedly.
The news desk
editor took the story and began to work on
all
the stories and photos until all the pages were
set. All
the information was then ready to be
processed into film
negatives. This was the
first stage of the printing process.
They
needed four negatives, as several colours were
going to be
used on the
story. Each of the main colours had one negative
sheet and when they were combined they made a
coloured age for
the newspaper. After one last
check the page was ready to be
printed. Zhou
Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be
ready. “Wait till tonight,” his friend
whispered. “I expect
there will be something
about this on the television news. A
real
scoop！”
Unit 5 FIRST AID
FIRST
AID FOR BURNS
The skin is an essential
part of your body and its largest
organ. You
have three layers of skin which act as a barrier
against disease, poisons and the sun’s harmful
rays. The
functions of your skin are also very
complex: it keeps you warm
or cool; it
prevents your body from loosing too much water; it
is where you feel cool, heat or pain and it
gives you your
sense of touch. So as you can
imagine, if your skin gets burnt
it can be
very serious. First aid is a very important first
step in the treatment of burns.
Causes
of burns
you can get burnt by a variety of
things: hot liquids, steam,
fire, radiation
(by being close to heat or fire, etc), the sun,
electricity or chemicals.
Types of burns
There are three types
of burns. Burns are called first, second
or
third degree burns, depending on which layers of
the skin
are burned.
First degree
burns
These affect only the top layer of
the skin. These burns are
not serious and
should feel better within a day or two.
Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused
by touching a
hot pan, stove or iron for a
moment.
Second degree burns
These affect both the top and the second layer
of the skin.
These burns are serious and take
a few weeks to heal.
Examples include severe
sunburn and burns caused by hot
liquids.
Three degree burns
These affect
all three layers of the skin and any tissue and
organs under the skin. Examples include burns
caused by
electric shocks, burning clothes, or
severe petrol fires.
These burns cause very
severe injuries and the victim must
go to
hospital at once.
Characteristic of
burns
First degree burns
dry, red and mildly
swollen
mildly painful
turn white when pressed
Second degree
burns
rough, red and swollen
blisters
watery surface
extremely painful
Three degree
burns
black and white and charred
swollen; often tissue under them can
be seen
little or no pain if nerves
are damaged; may be pain around
edge of
injured area.
First aid treatment
1 Remove clothing using scissors if necessary
unless it is
stuck to the burn. Take off other
clothing and jewellery near
the burn.
2 Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy
water. It is
best to place burns under gently
running water for about 10
minutes. (The cool
water stops the burning process, prevents
the
pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do
not put
cold water on third degree burns.
3 For first degree burns,
place cool, clean, wet cloths on them
until
the pain is not so bad. For second degrees burns,
keep
cloths cool by putting them back in a
basin of cold water,
squeezing them out and
placing them on the burnt area over and
over
again for about an hour until the pain is not so
bad.
4 Dry the burned area gently. Do not
rub, as this may break any
blisters and the
wound may get infected.
5 Cover the burned
area with a dry, clean bandage that will not
stick to the skin. Hold the bandage in place
with tape. Never
put butter, oil or ointment
on burns as they keep the heat in
the wounds
and may cause infection.
6 If burns are on
arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart,
if possible. If burns are on the face, the
victim should sit up.
7 If the injuries
are second or third degree burns, it is vital
to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at
once.
HEROIC TEENAGER RECERIVES AWARD
Seventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was
honoured at the
Lifesaver Awards last night in
Rivertown for giving lifesaving
first aid on
his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.
John was presented with his award at a
ceremony which
recognized the bravery of ten
people who saved the life of
another.
John was studying in his room when
he heard screaming. When
he and his father
rushed outside, a man ran from the scene.
They
discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three, had
been
stabbed repeatedly with a knife. She was
lying in her front
garden bleeding very
heavily. Her hands had almost been cut off.
It was John’s quick action and knowledge of
first aid that
saved Ms Slade’s life. He
immediately asked a number of nearby
people
for bandages, but when nobody could put their
hands on
any, his father got some tea towels
and tape from their house.
John used these to
treat the most severe injuries to Ms
Slade’s
hands. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure
to
the wounds until the police and ambulance
arrived.
“I’m proud of what I did but I
was just doing what I’d
been taught,” John
said.
John had taken part in the Young
Lifesaver Scheme at his
high school. When
congratulating John, Mr. Alan Southerton,
Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said,
“There is no
doubt that John’s quick thinking
and the first aid skills he
learned at school
saved Ms Slade’s life. It shows that a
knowledge of first aid can make a real
difference.”
Before
receiving their awards last night, John and the
nine
other Life Savers attended a special
reception yesterday hosted
by the Prime
Minister.