东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8
湖北省工商局-升学宴祝酒词
Unit Six
1.3.1
1. We observed a
stronger positive association for rectal than
colon cancer.
2. We found a positive
association between red meat intake specifically
and cancers of the esophagus
and liver, and a
borderline significant positive association for
laryngeal cancer.
3. Unexpectedly, we found an
inverse association between red meat intake and
endometrial cancer.
1.3.2
1. Provide a
brief synopsis of key findings, with particular
emphasis on how the findings add to the
body
of pertinent knowledge.
2. Summarize the
result in relation to each research objective or
hypothesis
3. Relate findings back to the
literature or the results reported by other
researchers
4. Discuss possible mechanisms and
explanations for the findings. Compare study
results with
relevant findings from other
published work. Briefly state literature search
sources and methods.
Use tables and figures to
help summarize previous work when possible.
5. Discuss the limitations of the present
study and any methods used to minimize or
compensate for
those limitations, or mention
any crucial future research directions.
6.
Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a
straightforward and circumspect manner the
clinical implications of the work.
2.1.1 Check the sample Discussion and find the
comparison of this study with previous researches.
This study Other researches
1. Consistent
with previous studies, we
observed a stronger
positive association Similar result in this area
for rectal than colon cancer.
2.
Our study suggests a threshold effect The first
prospective study of meat intake and
for red
meat intake on esophageal cancer esophageal cancer
was published recently; that
risk, beginning
at a low level of intake, study had only 65 cases
and found a positive
with no further increase
in risk with association for processed meat, but
not red
higher intakes, as reflected in the
p-trend, meat, with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
although it is possible that the referent
group had a smaller-than-expected cancer
incidence by chance.
Previous studies
have reported null or positive
3. We also
observed inverse associations relations between
red meat and endometrial
between processed
meat intake and cancer.
leukemia and melanoma.
In contrast to our findings, childhood
leukemia
4. We found no association has been
positively associated with intake of
processed meats in a case-control study.
5. we observed a suggestion of an Despite
finding no association between red or
elevated
risk for advanced prostate cancer processed meat
intake and overall prostate
with both meat
types cancer risk
6. Although breast
cancer risk related to a pooled analysis of eight
cohort studies found
meat intake did not
appear to differ by no association with red meat
intake; however,
menopausal status in our
study, we had the two most recent prospective
studies found
very few premenopausal cases (n
= 94) positive associations for both red and
processed
and lacked information on hormone
meat, specifically for estrogen and progesterone
receptor status for a large number of
receptor–positive breast cancers in
cases.
premenopausal women.
2.12
Like, like, Although, similarity, similar,
most, most, But, equal
2.2.1
2.3
In
our study, zinc supplementation did not result in
a significant reduction in overall mortality in
children aged 1–48 months in a population with
high malaria transmission. However, there was a
suggestion that the effect varied by age, with
no effect on mortality in infants, and a
marginally
significant 18% reduction of
mortality in children 12–48 months of age
(p=0·045). This effect was
mainly a
consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other
infections. Any effect on mortality in
this
trial was in addition to a possible effect of
vitamin A supplementation
3.2
Even
though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of
the U.S., they are strikingly different in
many ways. For example, the physical size of
each state is different. Arizona is large, having
an area
of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode
Island is only about a tenth the size, having an
area of only
1,214 square miles. Another
difference is in the size of the population of
each state. Arizona has
about four million
people living in it, but Rhode Island has less
than one million. The two states also
differ
in the kinds of natural environments that each
has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state,
consisting of large desert areas that do not
receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode
Island
is located in a temperate zone and
receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year.
In addition, while
Arizona is a landlocked
state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies
on the Atlantic Ocean and
does have a
significant coastline.
3.3
The
following is taken from a discussion section of a
research paper.
Discussion
A thorough
analysis of both „worst‟ and „best‟ rankings shows
that the onsite containment
technique leads to
the best LCA result in the light of the taken
hypotheses. Unlike other treatment
techniques,
onsite containment requires not only few materials
(geosynthetics only) but also
small-scale
excavation works. Actually the more a technique
includes heavy technical operations
involving
materials and equipment, the worst is the result
of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching
and
offsite landfilling, which include, on the one
hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the
treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of
waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other
hand,
removal of soil and the transportation
of huge quantities of materials over large
distances.
As mentioned above, besides the
LCA, it is necessary to take into account the
ability of techniques
to substitute for each
other as well as the environmental burdens which
may be associated with them.
Viewed in this
light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and
offsite landfilling provide complete
remediation of the site, contrary to other
treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a
real onsite
decontamination of the polluted
soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to
coming generations.
Nevertheless, in addition
to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is
still poorly known and its
efficiency is not
quite proven for large-scale applications as yet.
As regards offsite landfilling, if the
site is
left usable without any risk, the huge quantities
of non-stabilized waste, which have to be
disposed of in landfill, may disturb the
organization of local waste management. This point
emphasises the bad result of LCA.
In
return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite
containment is due to light treatment operations,
this very thing brings environmental issues up
into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of a
water-resistance device entails onsite storage
of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning
that
the initial problem is actually
postponed, but not solved.
As regards
liming, which gives intermediate LCA results, an
embankment of stabilized soil plays
an
important part in site rehabilitation. Indeed, in
the absence of embankment, liming offers no
chance of reuse for the whole site, whereas
the site becomes partly reusable when an
embankment of
limed soil is achieved. However,
stabilization provided by the liming technique is
not reliable in the
long term and it cannot be
assured that the site will be safe for coming
generations.
To conclude, with the view to
treating the site contaminated by sulfur in the
short-term, the LCA
has been a useful tool in
determining the most environmentally friendly
technique: onsite
containment has been
revealed to offer the best resource productivity.
On the basis of these interesting results, it
would be useful to take into account a wider range
of
environmental flows in order to get a more
exhaustive inventory. And furthermore, a more
conventional LCA format could be achieved by
using impact categories (global warming,
acidification…) as inputs in the multi-
criteria analysis, instead of environmental flows.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Unit 7
2.1 Summerizing
(Key:
This text describes the experience of a Taiwanese
man who has lived in Canada for several
years.
He considers Canadian women better off than
Taiwanese. However, he notes some Canadian
women feel nostalgic about the days when they
received special courtesies. For example, formerly
men opened doors for women or paid for their
meals. At this time, most Canadians endeavor to
treat
men and women equally. Women today
therefore are expected to cover the cost of their
own meals. )
2.2 Paraphrasing
(Key
for reference: Aries claims that beginning in the
1400s the way we viewed the family and the
actual reality of the family changed. However,
the change was so slow and subtle that people at
that
time did not see it. But the event
itself, the growing importance of school, was
quite striking. Prior to
that time children
were educated from the age of seven by being
placed out or apprenticed to other
families.
Once schools were no longer limited to religious
study, they replaced apprenticeship as
society‟s means of educating the young and
initiating them into society.)
3.1 Key:
EFABDC
3.2
1) The present study is
designed to determine what in San Francisco
attracts visitors more, …
2) The purpose of
this investigation is to explore whether employees
as well as managers have to
be equally trained
for working in …
3) This study set out to
tackle the rate of juvenile delinquency in 1994 in
U. S. A.
4) The aim of this study is to
determine whether education plays a role in ….
5) The project undertaken is to evaluate the
marketing strategies currently applied by ….
6) The current study aims to determine whether
children sent to daycare or preschool start ….
7) This project is aimed to explore how the
discovery of … may change the way we treat ….
Unit 8 Writing Abstracts
1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about
What the study
does
This study
examines the impacts of social movements through a
multi-layered
study of the Mississippi Civil
Rights Movement from its peak in the early
1960s through the early 1980s. By examining
this historically important case,
the writer
clarify the process by which movements transform
social structures
and the constraints
movements face when they try to do so.
The
time period studied in this dissertation includes
the expansion of voting
rights and gains in
black political power, the desegregation of public
schools
and the emergence of white-flight
academies, and the rise and fall of federal
anti-poverty programs. Two major research
strategies were used: (1) a
quantitative
analysis of county-level data and (2) three case
studies.
Data have been collected from
archives, interviews, newspapers, and published
reports.
This study challenges the
argument that movements are inconsequential. Some
view federal agencies, courts, political
parties, or economic elites as the agents
driving institutional change, but typically
these groups acted in response to
movement
demands and the leverage brought to bear by the
civil rights
movement. The Mississippi
movement attempted to forge independent
structures for sustaining challenges to local
inequities and injustices. By
propelling
change in an array of local institutions, movement
infrastructures
had an enduring legacy in
Mississippi.
How the study
does it
What materials
are used
Conclusion
1.3.2 Decide how
many elements this sample includes and how they
function.
Elements Functions
Motivation
Why do we care about the
problem and the results? If the problem isn't
obviously
your work is incremental
progress on a problem that is widely
recognized as important, then it is probably
better to put the problem
statement first to
indicate which piece of the larger problem you are
breaking off to work on. This section should
include the importance of
your work, the
difficulty of the area, and the impact it might
have if
successful.
problem
What
problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope
of your work
statement
(a generalized
approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful
not to
use too much jargon. In some cases
it is appropriate to put the problem
statement
before the motivation, but usually this only works
if most
readers already understand why the
problem is important.
approach
How did
you go about solving or making progress on the
problem? Did
you use simulation, analytic
models, prototype construction, or analysis
of
field data for an actual product? What was the
extent of your work
(did you look at one
application program or a hundred programs in
twenty different programming languages?) What
important variables did
you control, ignore,
or measure?
results
What's the
answer? Specifically, most good computer
architecture
papers conclude that
something is so many percent faster, cheaper,
smaller, or otherwise better than something
else. Put the result there, in
numbers.
Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as
conclusions
when you
can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement.
There is a
tension here in that you should not
provide numbers that can be easily
misinterpreted, but on the other hand you
don't have room for all the
caveats.
What
are the implications of your answer? Is it going
to change the
world (unlikely), be a
significant
as a road sign indicating that
this path is a waste of time (all of the
previous results are useful). Are your results
general, potentially
generalizable, or
specific to a particular case?
2
Language Focus
2.1 Commonly used verbs in
abstracts; tenses in abstracts
Verbs
Sentence patterns
be 1. Cybercrime is of
growing concern in the business community.
focus on 2. Despite UK Government initiatives
and growing sales in
assess software
solutions, cyber attacks are on the increase.
understand 3. This dissertation focuses on
ways to assess the effectiveness of
continue
current preventative measures to cybercrime and to
understand
meet why organizations continue to
be vulnerable to cybercrime.
carried out 4.
This dissertation met these twin research aims
through an
use extensive study of relevant
literature and the implementation of
produce
practical research.
confirm 5. The latter was
carried out through a Case Study with Company
lack XXX using semi-structured interviews with
key I.T. security
deal with personnel.
depend on 6. This research produced a number
of key findings: recent
be aware of surveys
confirm a significant increase in the incidences
of
address cybercrime and their impact on the
business community but also
Tend the types of
cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity
theft,
localize fraud, privacy issues, web
vandalism, etc.); ...
allocate 7. This
research argues for a multi-pronged model to
reduce
contribute incidences of cybercrime.
draw from 8. One that takes into account
Risk-Assessment models, local
embrace
management of company policies, implementation
issues
hind (including proper resourcing and
review policies), the need for
argues for
global support infrastructures, and a means of
fostering
reduce communication networks.
takes into
account
foster...
2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns
Categories Verbs Sentence patterns
Background
review，
The theory
comesstemsemergesoriginates from…
summarize，
The theory is
obtainedprovidedfurnished from…
present，
outline，
describe,
...
Aim
attempt，
purpose，
aim,
...
Research
focus(es)
Research
process
Study,
present,
include,
focus,
emphasize,
...
test，
study，
investigate，
examine，
experiment，
discuss，
consider，
analyze，
...
measure，
estimate，
calculate,
...
This paper develops a theoretical framework
to…
This paper presents an approach to…
This
report(thesis，presentation，document，
account…)
explains (outlines，summaries，
evaluates，surveys
，develops， investigates，
discusses，focuses
on，…) the results of…
This article addresses
the following questions：…
This paper has three
main objectives：…
This research project is
devoted to…
The objective of this paper is…
One goal has been to develop…
This paper
describes…
The purpose of this study is…
The chief aim (main purpose, primary object,
major
objective, principal goal) of the
study is…
They put forward (
developed, proposed) this theory,
which is
based (advanced, suggested, created,
constructed, formulated, elaborated) on...
rests on,
( proceeds from)...
method The curative
effect (sensitivity, function) of certain
drug
(kit, organ) was observed (detected, studied).
Research
result
show，
result，
present,
...
It has
been found(observed，proved，shown)that…
These
experiments indicate (reveal, show,
demonstrate) that…
The approach
(method，framework) promises to be..
The
results show (indicate，suggest) that...
It is
shown (concluded, proposed) that...
This could
imply that...
These studies are of
significance to...
These results have direct
application to...
The results indicated
that...
The results show that...
The
results demonstrated that...
The results
reveal that...
It was shown that...
It can
be seen that...
It was found that...
It
was discovered that...
It was concluded
that...
It has been demonstrated that...
It was clarified that...
It was revealed
that...
It is considered that...
It was
confirmed that...
It is suggested that...
It was supposed that...
It has become
apparent that...
Conclusion
summary，
introduce，
conclude,
...
This
causes (results in, leads to, brings about,gives
rise to)...
These data lead us to a
conclusion (conclude)that...
These data enable
us to conclude that…
On the basis of these
data, one (we) can conclude
that...
From
these data, it can be concluded that...
2.2 Verb tenses in abstracts
Read the
abstract above again and check the tenses in the
abstract.
Elements Verb Examples
tenses
This dissertation examines the
impacts of social movements
Element 1
Present,
through a multi-layered study of
the Mississippi Civil Rights
Motivation
Element 2
Present,
problem
statement
Element 3
Present,
approach
Passive,
Present
perfect,
Movement from its peak in the
early 1960s through the early
1980s.
This dissertation examines the impacts of
social movements
through a multi-layered study
of the Mississippi Civil Rights
Movement from
its peak in the early 1960s through the early
1980s.
By examining this historically
important case, the writer clarifies
the
process by which movements transform social
structures and
the constraints movements face
when they try to do so. The time
period
studied includes the expansion of voting rights
and gains in
black political power, the
desegregation of public schools and the
Element 4
Present,
results
Element 5
Past,
conclusions
emergence of white-flight academies, and
the rise and fall of
federal anti-poverty
programs. Two major research strategies were
used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-
level data and (2) three
case studies. Data
have been collected from archives, interviews,
newspapers, and published reports.
This dissertation challenges the argument that
movements are
inconsequential. Some view
federal agencies, courts, political
parties,
or economic elites as the agents driving
institutional
change, but typically these
groups acted in response to the leverage
brought to bear by the civil rights movement.
The Mississippi movement attempted to
forge independent
structures for sustaining
challenges to local inequities and
injustices.
By propelling change in an array of local
institutions,
movement infrastructures had an
enduring legacy in Mississippi.
3 Writing
Practice
3.1 Abstract writing practice
3.1.1
A review of groundwater remediation
in use today shows that new techniques are
required that solve
the problems of pump and
treat, containment and in-situ treatment.
3.1.2
The use of a funnel and gate system
via a trench has been examined in detail
3.1.3
The modeling involved an analysis
of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls
and gate, varying
the permeability, and
varying the number of gates.
3.1.4
An important factor in designing the walls is
the residence time of the water in the gate or the
contact
time of the contaminant with the
reactive media.
3.1.5
The results
of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are
presented such that they can be used as an aid
to the design of permeable treatment walls.
3.2
The informative
abstract version:
The purpose of this
paper is to establish the importance and
approaches in securing an
organization‟s
legitimacy from the network community of
customers, suppliers and
manufacturers,
including private investors and state-owned
institutions when marketing their
paper
presents an inductive interpretative approach
complimented by action-based
research founded
on inquiry and testing. The paper finds that the
key to legitimacy success
involves using
legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment
to the interests of
constituents, acquiring
legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering
the central
government‟s influence on a firm‟s
legitimacy performance. The multiple interactions
proposed
in this paper remain untested and
might have to be modified pending further
empirical testing
and analysis. In China‟s
telecommunication market, a company‟s legitimacy
emanates first and
foremost from the
development and commercialization of innovative
and creative technological
solutions.
This requires good, creative management of
technological resource and activity links,
connecting the company‟s technology to network
constituents which include local
manufacturers, carriers, software developers,
investors. This is the first published paper that
examines the proposed interactions among
legitimacy orientations, alignments, and
performances from a “market-as-network”
perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese
telecommunication market.
3.3
Writing keywords
Sample abstract
Sample
abstract 1
Sample abstract 2
Keywords
help, overcome poverty, education
cybercrime, preventative measures,
business community
4. Writing project
4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstract
4.2 Outline an abstract
Motivation
In 1950, 30% of the world‟s population lived in
cities. In 2000,
(background
it was 47%.
By 2010 more than half of the world‟s population
will
statement) be living in cities. The total
may even reach 60% by 2030 and
possibly 85%
by the middle of this century. Such rapidly
increasing
urbanization, particularly in
developing countries, creates many
opportunities and challenges.
……
Mega
cities are the focal points of globalization as
well as the
driving forces for development;
they harbor a wide spectrum of
human skill and
potential, creativity, social interaction and
cultural
diversity.
Problem Aspects of
sustainable master planning that impact carbon and
statement energy implications need to be
understood to help inform concepts
(aims) at
the earliest stage of the design process. For
example, the full
benefits of reducing
operating energy demand of buildings can only
be realized if the energy supply can respond
to the reduced demand,
which includes the
additional benefits of reducing the energy
supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces
its embodied energy.
Likewise, if a low (or
zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for
example, renewable energy, this is easier to
achieve if first the
energy demand is reduced.
……
Approach Hanoi in 2110 will feature
super tall skyscrapers, elevated
(method)
connectors and railways, nodal communication
networks, as well as
(procedure) electrical
and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods,
where
(methodology) people live, shop, relax
and work, are built on and above this
surface.
Built structures are not just individual towers
standing
independent from another but instead
are interlinked and
inter-dependent to form an
urban spatial organization that allows
for
vertical connectivity.
……
Results Whether
or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1
km2
(findings)
(product)
Conclusions
(Implications)
super
cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density
for
sustainability, land use and quality of
life may be less and will vary
with global
location. The above approach is essential to
inform the
design of high rise high density
Megacities if they are to realize
their full
potential for providing sustainable healthy zero
carbon
cities of the future that can co-exist
in a sustainable way with their
neighboring
rural areas.
Mega cities have to be designed
to use resources efficiently and
produce a
good quality of life for its inhabitants. They
should be
designed around the zero
inhabitants. They should be designed
around
the zero carbon approach, designed to use the
minimum
amount of energy and then generating
what energy they need from
renewable sources.
These renewable energy supplies could be
integrated into the building design, into the
neighborhood or
developed outside the city
specifically to serve the new
development.
……
4.3 According to the above table,
draft an abstract and key words for the sample
paper.
Abstract:
“Megacities” are
defined as urban areas with more than ten million
inhabitants. By 2015 it is
estimated that Asia
(where much of the worldwide process of
urbanization is taking place) may
contain as
many as 60 Megacities housing more than 600
million people in total. This number will
dramatically increase over the next decades
with more than 2 billion people living in
Megacities by
the end of this century. Low
carbon performance is a fundamental aspect of the
sustainable planning
of a new urban
development. Sustainable master planning has four
components, namely operating
energy use,
embodied energy associated with buildings, energy
supply infrastructures, another
infrastructures such as transport, waste,
water, sewage, etc. These aspects need to be
understood to
inform the concept design at its
earliest stage, especially if designing to cater
for the needs of global
megacities where
ramifications of poorly integrated planning could
result in prof;ound and
long-lasting impacts
on carbon and energy intensity. This paper
describes how these aspects of low
carbon
planning and design can be assessed using urban
scale modeling, namely the Energy and
Environmental Prediction model (EEP-Urban),at
a whole city and building plot level.
Key
words: Urban planning, High density, Urbanization,
Energy modeling, Low carbon