东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter3
话务员招聘-岗位调动申请书范文
Unit 3
1.2.1 List different opinions on
poverty and environmental degradation
Bruntland Commission Report, etc On Leach and
Mearns On the other side
the one side
Poverty is a major cause of These studies
point to demographic,
environmental problems
and amelioration cultural, and institutional
factors as
of poverty is a necessary and
central important variables in the
condition
of any effective programmes poverty-environmental
degradation
addressing the environment. nexus.
An intricate web of factors plus
environmental
degradation, rapid the existence of feedback loops
from
population growth and stagnant
environmental degradation to poverty
production are closely linked with the fast
makes the process of identifying causality
spread of acute poverty in many countries
links, if any, between environmental
of Asia.
degradation and poverty a difficult
Poor
families who have to meet short exercise.
term needs mine the natural capital by
excessive cutting of trees for firewood
and failure to replace soil nutrients
1.2.2 Decide how many elements this
sample includes and how they function.
Elements Functions
Element 1 General
statements about a field of research to provide
the reader
with a setting for the problem to
be reported
Element 2
More specific
statements about the aspects of the problem
already
studied by other researchers
Element 3
Statements that indicate the
need for more investigation
Element 4
Element 5
Very specific
statements giving the purposesobjectives of the
writer’s study
Optional statements that
give a value or justification for carrying
out
the study, limitation of the study, etc.
2.1.1 Check the reviewing section of sample
Introduction and complete the following
table.
Questions How many? For what purposes?
Are some sentences
17 verbs
Authors
mostly use the present tense
written in
present tense? verbs to show their opinion on
another
person's research, relate what
other
authors say or discuss to the
literature,
Are some sentences
3
verbs
written in past tense? have the
discourse role of providing
particulars for recounting events, results
found or a preceding generalization or
the basis for a claim, etc.
Are some
sentences
written in present perfect 5 verbs
The present perfect tense can be used to
tense? state that the research results are
recent,
expressing what has been found over
an
extended period in the past and up to
the
Which tense is used more? present to
highlight the direct relevance
Why do you
think this is Present tense of previous studies to
the writer's own
the case? research
2.2.2 Read three extracts
on the issue of poverty and crime. Use the verbs
above to
cite opinions on poverty and crime.
A study by Williams (2005) reports that
percentage of poor Americans who are living
in
extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high. This
finding is supported by Holmes
(2006) who
further states that there are more and more at the
link between
unemployment, poverty and crime.
And the unmistakable characteristic of poverty
and crime is that they’re both geographically
concentrated in the same areas. This
opinion
is theoretically explained from an economic
perspective of crime that people
weigh the
consequences of committing crime. They resort to
crime only if the cost or
consequences are
outweighed by the potential benefits to be
gained.( Garland, 2008)
Although both these
studies focus on the close relation between
poverty and crime,
they have ignored …
according to Leach and Mearns (1995).
3.1
Using references
Information prominent
citation
Among the six areas regarding the
poverty headcount ratio at $$1.25 a day, sub-
Saharan Africa
constitutes the biggest ratio
up to almost 50% of the population. (World Bank,
2012)
Author prominent citation
The World Bank (2012) states that South Asia
ranks the second in the chart regarding poverty
ratio
at $$1.25 a day among six areas in the
world.
Weak author prominent citation
As a report from the World Bank
(2012) indicated, the top two areas of poverty
headcount ratio at
$$1.25 a day were sub-
Saharan Africa and South Asia, with a population
of almost 50 percent and
37 percent
respectively.
3.2 Relating
literature to your research
What
questions does this literature review answer?
(Key: This literature offers a summary of previous
research, so it simply tells the reader what was
discovered in previous research.)
What questions doesn't it answer?
(Key: It
doesn't evaluate the research it summarizes, nor
does it show the relationships between
the
different theories, views and approaches it
describes.)
Which method has the writer
used to organize the literature review?
(Key:
The writer has organized this literature review
around the researchers, and has presented it
chronologically (arranging the work by when it
was published). Notice that by organizing it
around the researchers (the summaries are
listed after the names of the people who did the
research) and not around the research (e.g.
around key concepts) the writer emphasizes the
people
and not their work.)
Is it a
good literature review? Why?
(Key: We don't
believe that it is a good literature review. It
only gives a summary of previous
research but
it does not use the literature to explain more
about the writer's own research problem.
Also,
it is not critical: after we read it we still do
not know which theories or findings are
important, which are inconclusive, what the
shortcomings are, etc.
The main problem with
this literature review is that it does not show
how previous research relates
to the writer's
own research problem, or the relationship between
different research already carried
out. Given
the organization the writer has used, this
literature review could not be effective
literature review because there is little
scope for showing relationships, drawing
comparisons, or
making evaluations.)
3.3 Avoiding plagiarism
The last sentence
in Version 2T sounds like the idea of the writer
of the paragraph,
but we know from Version 1
that it was originally the idea of Russell and
Fillery
(1996). Because there is no
grammatical link between the two sentences,
the reference in the first sentence does
not
apply to the second sentence. Note in Version 1
that the authors used both a
grammatical link
(they) and a tense marker (past tense was not
adaptable) to indicate
that the idea came from
the cited work.