突出-子虚赋

2020年12月30日发(作者：雷荣天)

【人教版】英语课本原文(必修1~选修9)及部分翻译
必修1 第一单元 Reading 阅读 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND
Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and
thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you
are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.
Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so
the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two
years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I
don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be
my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place
since July 1942.
Thursday 15, June, 1944
Dear kitty,
I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy
about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky,
the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed
since I was here.
…For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one
evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too
much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs
one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut.
The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the
first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…
…Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty
windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really
must be experienced.
Yours,
Anne

Using Language? 语言运用
Reading and listening?? 读与听
1? Read the letter that Lisa wrote to Miss Wang of Radio for Teenagers and predict what Miss
Wang will say. After listening, check and discuss her advice.

Dear Miss Wang,
I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment. I’m getting along well with a
boy in my class. We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. We have
become really good friends. But other students have started gossiping. They say that this boy and I
have fallen in love. This has made me angry. I don’t want to end the friendship, but I hate others
gossiping. What should I do?
Yours,
Lisa

Reading and writing?? 读与写
Miss Wang has received a letter from Xiaodong. He is also asking for some advice. Read the
letter on the right carefully and help Miss Wang answer it.
Dear Miss Wang,
I’m a student from Huzhou Senior High School. I have a problem. I’m not very good at
communicating with people. Although I try to talk to my classmates, I still find it hard to make
good friends with them. So I feel quite lonely sometimes. I do want to change this situation, but I
don’t know how. I would be grateful if you could give me some advice.
Yours,
Xiaodong

2? Decide which are the best ideas and put them into an order. Then write down your advice
and explain how it will help. Each idea can make one paragraph. The following sample and the
expressions may help you
Dear Xiaodong,
I’m sorry you are having trouble in making friends. However, the situation is easy to change if
you follow my advice. Here are some tips to help you.
First, why not…?
If you do this,…
Secondly, you could can …
Then That way, …

Thirdly, it would be a good idea if …
By doing this, …
I hope you will find these ideas useful.
Yours
Miss Wang
2? 决定哪些是最好并把它们按顺 序组织起来。然后把你的建议写出来，并解释它为什么
会有所帮助。每个想法可以自成一个段落。下面的 例子和表达可能对你有所帮助。
亲爱的小冬：
很遗憾听说你在交朋友的过程中遇到 了困难。但是，如果你听听我的建议，这种情况是
很容易改变的。这些建议会对你有所帮助。
第一，为什么不……呢？
如果你这样做……
第二，你可以……
这样的话……
第三，如果……那将是个不错的主意。
通过做……
我希望你会发现这些想法对你有所帮助。
你的王小姐
LEARNING TIP 学习建议
It’s a good habit for you to keep a diary. It can help you remember past events. You can
express your feelings and thoughts in it. It will help you improve your English if you write your
diary in English. Why not have a try?
写日记对你来说是一个好习惯。它可以帮你记住一些过去发生的事件。你还可以在日记
中表 达你的情感和思想。如果你用英语写日记的话，还可以帮助你提高英语水平。为什么不
试一试呢？|||
第二单元 Reading? 阅读 THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISH
At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of
them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer

other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.
Today, more people speak English as their first, second or foreign language than ever before.
通向现代英语之路
在16世纪末，大约有五 至七百万人讲英语。几乎所有这些讲英语的人都住在英格兰。在
其后的一个世纪中，英格兰人为征服世界 航海到了世界其他一些地方，结果世界的其他地方
的人们也开始说英语了。今天，把英语作为自己的第一 语言、第二语言或外语来使用的人比
以往任何时候都多。
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of
English. Look at this example:
British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?
American Amy: Yes, I’d like to come up to your apartment.
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲不是同一种英语，他们也能彼此听懂。请看看这个
例子：
英国人贝蒂：来看看我的公寓吗？
美国人艾米：好的，我来看看你的公寓吧。
So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when
cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between
about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on
German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150,
English became less like German because those who ruled England spoken first Danish and later
French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the
1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some
British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to
Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries.
那么，随着时间的推移英语为什么发生了变化呢？实际上，当不 同文化相互交流渗透时，
所有的语言都会有所发展和变化。开始，英格兰人在大约公元450年到115 0年之间所说的英
语与我们今天所说的英语很不一样。当时的英语更多的是以德语为基础的，不像我们现 在说
的英语。后来，大约在公元800年至1150年之间，英语慢慢变得不那么像德语，因为统治英< br>格兰的那些人开始是说丹麦语，后来说法语。这些新来的定居者丰富了英语语言，尤其是丰
富了英 语词汇。所以到17世纪初的时候，莎士比亚能够得以使用比以往任何时候都丰富的词
汇。1620年一 些英国定居者来到了美洲，后来到了18世纪的时候，一些英国人还被带到了
澳大利亚。英语也就开始在 这两个国家使用。
Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English
spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The
American Dictionary of the English Language. The latter gave a separate identity to American
English spelling.

最后到19世纪的时候，英语这种语言就变得稳定了。当时，英语的拼写发生了两个 很大
的变化：先是塞缪尔?约翰逊编写了他的英语词典，后是诺亚?韦伯斯特出版了《美国英语词
典》。后者使得美式英语的拼写有了其独特的个性。
English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India
has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.
During that time English became the language for government and education. English is also
spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number
of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest
number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.
现在英语在南亚地区也被作为外语或第二语言使用。比如，印度就有很多人说英语说得
很流利，因为在1765年到1947年之间英国统治着印度。在此期间，英语成了印度政府和教
育所用的语言。在新加坡和马来西亚以及像非洲的南非，人们现在也说英语。当今，在中国
学英语的人 数正在快速增加，事实上，中国可能是学英语人数最多的国家。中国式英语是否
也能发展成一种具有自己 独特个性的语言？这还有待时间去证明。
Using Language? 语言运用
STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS
What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New
Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the
English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English. This is because in the early days of radio,
those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the
radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.
When people use words and expressions different form “standard language”, it is called a
dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the midwestern, southern, African
American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring
towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have come
from all over the world.
Geography also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the
eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved form one place
to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern
USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large
country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they
still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.
什么是标准英语？是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗？
信不 信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的英语就是
标准英语，这是因 为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。
然而，在电视和收音机里，你也 会听出人们在说话时的差异。
当人们使用不同于“标准语言”的词语和表达时，那就叫做方言。美 国英语有许多方言，
特别是中西部地区和南部地区的方言，以及美国黑人和西班牙人的方言。即使在美国 有些地

区，两个相邻城镇的人所说的方言也可能稍有不同。美国英语之所以有这么多的方 言是因为
美国人是来自世界各地的缘故。
地理位置对方言的形成也有所影响。住在美国东 部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方
言。当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方 言随着带去了。因此，美
国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。美国是一个大国， 有着许许多
多彼此不同的方言。虽然许多美国人经常搬家，但是他们仍然能够辨别和理解彼此的方言。
Reading and speaking? 读与说
1? Amy and her American friends are visiting London. They plan to visit Amy’s aunt and
decide to go there by underground, but cannot find the nearest underground station. So she asks
directions and then tells her friends. Read the dialogue and circle the words that mean the same.
1? 艾米和她 的美国朋友正在参观伦敦。她们计划去拜访艾米的姑妈，并决定乘地铁去，
但是她们找不到最近的地铁站 。所以她问问了路，然后告诉她的朋友。读对话，然后圈出意
思相同的词。
AMY: Excuse me, Ma’ma. Could you tell me where the nearest subways is?
LADY: Er...the underground? Well, go round the corner on your left-hand side, straight on and
cross two streets. It’ll be on your right-hand side.
AMY: Thanks so much.
FRIENDS: What did she say, Amy?
AMY: She told us to go around the corner on the left and keep going straight for two blocks.
The subway will be on our right.
艾米：对不起，夫人，你能告诉我去最近的地铁站怎么走吗？
夫人：呃……地铁？哦，往左边拐过去，一直往前走，走过两条街，地铁就是右边。
艾米：多谢了。
朋友：艾米，她说什么？
艾米：她叫我们往左边拐过去，一直往前走，走过两条街，地铁就是右边。
【意思相同的词】
subway←→underground （地铁）
right-hand side←→right （右边）
street←→block 街道，街区|||

第三单元 Travel journal JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG
PART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLAN
My name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed
about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she
persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college
in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the
Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got
them interested in cycling too. After graduating from finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I
asked my sister,
entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for
the trip.
I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn.
Although she didn't know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip
properly. Now, I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her,
leaving and when are we coming back?
she hadn't; my sister doesn't care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in
Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined look—the kind that said she would not change her
mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she
seemed to be excited about it. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very
cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up
her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in.
Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas
with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the
Mekong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain. At first the river is small and the water is
clear and cold. Then it begins to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys,
travelling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters
wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China
and the high altitude,the Mekong becomes wide，brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its
pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.
At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.
沿湄公河而下的旅行
第一部分 梦想与计划
我的名字叫王坤。从高中 起，我姐姐和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行。两年前，
她买了一辆价钱昂贵的山地自行车，然后 她还说服我也买了一辆。去年她去看望了我们的表
兄弟—在昆明读大学的刀伟和宇航。他们是傣族人，在 云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大，
湄公河在中国境内的这一段叫澜沧江，流经其他国家后就叫湄公河。 很快，王薇使表兄弟也
对骑车旅行产生了兴趣。到大学毕业后，我们终于有了作一次骑车旅行的机会。我 问姐姐：“我
们要去哪里？”首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅行的是我的姐姐。现在，她正为这 次
旅行制订计划。

我很喜欢我姐姐，但是她有一个严重的缺点，她有时确 实很固执。尽管她对到某些地方
的最佳路线并不清楚，她却坚持要把这次旅行安排的尽善尽美。现在我知 道了这个尽善尽美
的方式总是她的方式。我老是问她：“我们什么时候动身？什么时候回来？”我问她是 否已经
看过地图。当然她并没有看过，我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的。于是我告诉她湄公河的源头在
青海省。她给了我一个坚定的眼神—这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。当我告诉她我们的
旅行将从5 000多米的的高地出发时，她似乎显得很兴奋。当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸会
很困难，而且天气会 很冷时，她却说这将是一次很有趣的经历。我非常了解我的姐姐，她一
旦下了决心，就什么也不能使她改 变。最后，我只好让步了。
在我们旅行前的几个月，王薇和我去了图书馆。我们找到了一本大型的 地图册，里面有
一些世界地理的明细图。我们从图上可以看到，湄公河源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初， 河
很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它开始快速流动。它穿过深谷时就变成了急流。流经云南西部。
有时，这条河形成瀑布进入宽阔的峡谷。我们惊奇的发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。当流
出中国，流出 高地后，湄公河就变宽，变暖了。河水也变成了黄褐色。而当它进入东南亚以
后，流速减慢，河水变宽慢 慢地穿过低谷，到了长着稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各
支流流入中国南海。
Reading and discussing
JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG
PART 2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINS
Although it was autumn, the snow was already beginning to fall in legs were so heavy and
cold that they felt like blocks of ice. Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles? That's what we
looked like! Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us. In the late
afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles ,the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun
and looked Wei rode in front of me as is very reliable and I knew I did't need to encourage
climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us,we were surprised by the seemed
to be able to see for one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through we
began going down the was great fun especially as it gradually became much the valleys
colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green this point we
had to change our caps,coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts.
In the early evening we always stop to make put up our tent and then we supper Wang Wei
put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed midnight the sky became clearer
and the stars grew brighter. It was so was almost no wind-only the flames of our fire for I lay
beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled.
We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon,where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will
join can hardly wait to see them!|||
Unit 4 Earthquakes Reading A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN'T SLEEP
Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeast three days the water in the
village wells rose and fell,rose and noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in smelly gas
came out of the the farmyards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervois to ran out of the

fields looking for places to jumped out of their bowls and about 3:00 am on july 28,1976,some
people saw bright lights in the sound of planes could be heard outside the city of Tangshan even
when no planes were in the the city,the water pipes in some buildings cracked and the one
million people of the city,who thiught little of these events,were asleep as usual that night.
At 3:42 am everything began to seemed as if the world was at an end!Eleven kilometres
directly below the city the greatest earthquake of the 20th century had was felt in Beijing,which is
more than two hundred kilometres of the nation felt huge crack that was eight kilometres long
and thirty metres wide cut across houses,roads and burst from holes in the hills of rock became
rivers of fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in suffering of the people was of them died or
were left without number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.
But how could the survivors believe it was natural?Everywhere they looked nearly everything
was of the city's hospitals,75%of its factories and buildings and 90% of its homes were covered
the ground like red autumn wind,however,could blow them dams fell and most of the bridges
also fell or were not safe for railway tracks were now useless pieces of of thousands of cows
would never give milk a million oigs and millions of chickens were now filled the wells instead
of were ,later that afternoon,another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook
of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the buildings fell ,food,and electricity were
hard to begab to wonder how long the disaster would last.
All hope was not after the quakes,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to help the
rescue of thousands of people were army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped
and to bury the the north of the city,most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines
built shelters for survivors whose homes had been water was taken to the city bu train,truck
and ,the city began to breathe again.
Office of the City Government
Tangshan,Hebei
China
July5,2007
Dear____,
Congratulations!We are pleased to tell you that you have won the high school speaking
competition about new Tangshan. Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom
agreed that it was the best one this year. Your parents and your school should be very proud of you!
Next month the city will open a new park to honour those who died in the terrible disaster. The
park will also honour those who helped the survivors. Our office would like to have you speak to
the park vistors on July 28 at 11:00 am. As you know,this is the day the quake happened
thirty-____years ago.
We invite you to bring your family and friends on that special day.

Sincerely,
Zhang Sha|||
Unit 5 ELIAS’ STORY
My name is Elias. I am a poor black worker in South Africa. The time when I first met Nelson
Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. I was twelve years old. It was in 1952 and Mandela
was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. He offered guidance to poor black people on their
legal problems. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
I needed his help because I had very little education. I began school at six. The school where I
studied for only two years was three kilometers away. I had to leave because my family could not
continue to pay the school fees and the bus fare. I could not read or write well. After trying hard, I
got a job in a gold mine. However, this was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in
Johannesburg. Sadly I did not have it because I was not born there, and I worried about whether I
would become out of work.
The day when Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest. He told my how to get the
correct papers so I could stay in Johannesburg. I became more hopeful about my future. I never
forgot how kind Mandela was. When he organized the ANC Youth League, I joined it as soon as I
could. He said:
“The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress,
until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.”
It was the truth. Black people could not vote or choose their leaders. They could not get the
jobs they wanted. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people. The
places outside the towns where they were sent to live were the poorest parts of South Africa. No
one could grow food there. In fact as Nelson Mandela said:
“…we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important or
fight the government. We chose to attack the laws. We first broke the law in a way which was
peaceful; when this was not allowed…only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
As a matter of fact, I do not like violence…but in 1963 I helped him blow up some
government buildings. It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison. But I
was happy to help because I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white
people equal.
THE REST OF ELIAS' STORY
You cannot imagine how the name of Robben Island made us afraid. It was a prison from
which no one escaped. There I spent the hardest time of my life. But when I got there Nelsom
Mandela was also there and he helped me. Mr Mandela began a school for those of us who had little
learning. He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.
We read books under our blankets and used anything we could find to make candles to see the

words. I became a good student. I wanted to study for my degree but I was not allowed to do that.
Later, Mr Mandela allowed the prison guards to join us. He said they should not be stopped from
studying for their degrees. They were not cleverer than me , but they did pass their exams. So I
knwe I could get a degree too. That made me feel good about myself.
When I finished the four years in prison, I went to find a job. Since I was better educated, I got
a job working in an office. However, the police found out and told my boss that I had been in
prinson for blowing up government buildings. So I lost my job. I did not work again for twenty
years until M r Mandela and the ANC came to power in 1994. All that time my wife and children
had to beg for good and help from relatives or friends. Luckily Mr Mandela remembered me and
gave me a job taking tourists around my old prison on Robben Islannd. I felt bad the first time I
talked to a group. All the terror and fear of that time came back to me. I remembered the beatings
and the cruelty of the guards and my friends who had died. I felt I would not be able to do it, but my
family encouraged me. They said that the job and the pay from the new South African government
were my reward after working all my life for equal rights for the Blacks. So now at 51 I am proud to
show visitors over the prison, for I helped to make our people free in their own land.|||
必修2 unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM
Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to
the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which
was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was
selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy
style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the
country's best artists about ten years to make .
In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ.
However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged,
decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of
his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St four metres
long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors .
Later,Catherine Ⅱ had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she
spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed
the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone
like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is
now missing .
In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two
countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to
remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis
secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty- seven
woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was
at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room
remains a mystery .

Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By
studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old
one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of
their city .
A FACT OR AN OPINION?
What is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fact is anything that can be proved.
For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This
is a fact.
Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved.
So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are
better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some people may not agree with
this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right.
In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. The
judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works.
Heshe only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts
rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence.
Unit 2 AN INTERVIEW
Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on
March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan,
a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.
P: My name is Pausanias. I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about
the Olympic Games a long time ago. I’ve come to your time to find out about the present-day
Olympic Games because I know that in 2004 they were held in my homeland. May I ask you some
questions about the modern Olympics?
L: Good heavens! Have you really come from so long ago? But of course you can ask any
questions you like. What would you like to know?
P: How often do you hold your Games?
L: Every four years. There are two main sets of Games-the Winter and Summer Olympics, and
both are held every four years on a regular basis. The Winter Olympics are usually held two years
before the Summer Games. Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will
be admitted as competitors. They may come from anywhere in the world.
P: Winter Games? How can the runners enjoy competing in winter? And what about the
horses?
L: Oh no! There are no running races or horse riding events. Instead there are competitions like
skiing and ice skating which need snow and ice. That’s why they’re called the Winter Olympics.

It’s in the Summer Olympics that you have the running races, together with swimming, sailing and
all the team sports.
P: I see. Earlier you said that athletes are invited from all over the world. Do you mean the
Greek world? Our Greek cities used to compete against each other just for the honour of winning.
No other countries could join in, nor could slaves or women!
L: Nowadays any country can take part if their athletes are good enough. There are over 250
sports and each on has its own standard. Women are not only allowed, but play a very important
role in gymnastics, athletics, team sports and …
P: Please wait a minute! All those events, all those countries and even women taking part!
Where are all the athletes housed?
L: For each Olympics, a special village is built for them to live in, a main reception building,
several stadiums for competitions, and a gymnasium as well.
P: That sounds very expensive. Does anyone want to host the Olympic Games?
L: As a matter of fact, every country wants the opportunity. It’s a great responsibility but also a
great honour to be chosen. There’s as much competition among countries to host the Olympics as to
win Olympic medals. The 2008 Olympics will be held in Beijing, China. Did you know that?
P: Oh yes! You must be very proud.
L: Certainly. And after that the 2012 Olympics will be held in London. They have already
started planning for it. A new village for the athletes and all the stadiums will be built to the east of
London. New medals will be designed of course and …
P: Did you say medals? So even the olive wreath has been replaced! Oh dear! Do you compete
for prize money too?
L: No, we don’t. it’s still all about being able to run faster, jump higher and throw further.
That’s the motto of the Olympics, you know-“Swifter, Higher and Stronger.”
P: Well, that’s good news. How interesting! Thank you so much for your time.
THE STORY OF ATLANTA
Atlanta was a Greek princess. She was very beautiful and could run faster than any man in
Greece. But she was not allowed to run and win glory for herself in the Olympic Games. She was so
angry that she said to her father that she would not marry anyone who could not run faster than her.
Her father said that she must marry, so Atlanta made a bargain with him. She said to him,
my rules. When a man says he wants to marry me, I will run against him. If he cannot run as fast as
me, he will be killed. No one will be pardoned.
Many kings and princes wanted to marry Atlanta, but when they heard of rules they knew it
was hopeless. So many of them sadly went home, but others stayed to run the race. There was a

man called Hippomenes who was amazed when he heard of Atlanta's rules,
foolish?
princess?
mind.
The race started and although the man ran very fast, Atlanta ran faster. As Hippomenes
watched he thought,
for help. She promised to help him and gave him three golden apples. She said,
front of Atlanta when she is running past. When she stops to pick it up, you will be able to run past
her and win.
Hippomenes took the apples and went to the King. He said,
King was sad to see another man die, but Hippomenes said,
race began.|||
Unit 3 WHO AM I?
Over time I have been changed quite a lot. I began as a calculating machine in France in 1642.
Although I was young I could simplify difficult sums. I developed very slowly and it took nearly
two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage. After I was
programmed by an operator who used cards with holes, I could “think” logically and produce an
answer quicker than any person. At that time it was considered a technological revolution and the
start of my “artificial intelligence”. In 1936 my real father, Alan Turing, wrote a book about how I
could be made to work as a “universal machine” to solve any difficult mathematical problem. From
then on, I grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower. By the 1949s I had grown as large as a room,
and I wondered if I would grow any larger. However, this reality also worried my designers. As
time went by, as was make smaller. First as a PC(personal computer) and then as a laptop, I have
been used in offices and homes since the 1970s.
These changes only became possible as my memory improved. First it was stored in tubes,
then on transistors and later on very small chips. As a result I totally changed my shape. As I have
grown older I have also grown smaller. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an
elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! And my memory became so large that even I
couldn’t believe it! But I was always so lonely standing there by myself, until in early 1960s they
gave me a family connected by a network. I was able to share my knowledge with others through
the World Wide Web.
Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for my. I have become very important
in communication, finance and trade. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile
phones as well as help with medical operations. I have even been put into space rockets and sent to
explore the Moon and Mars. Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality. I
am now truly filled with happiness that I am a devoted friend and helper of the human race!
ANDY – THE ANDROID
I’m part of an android football team. About once a year we are allowed to get together to play
a game of football. I’m as big as a human. It fact, I look like one too. On the football team I’m a

striker so I have to be able to run very fast. My computer ships help me to move and think like a
human. For example, I have learned to signal to my teammates in computer language to give me the
ball when I am open and have a good for a goal.
My first football competition was in Nagoya, Japan several years ago. Last year our team went
to Seattle, Washington in the USA. We won second place. Personally, I think the team that won
first place cheated. They had developed a new type of program just before the competition. So we
need to encourage our programmer to improve our intelligence too. We are determined to create an
even better system. In a way our programmer is like our coach. She programs us with all the
possible moves she has seen while watching human games. Then she prepares reliable moves to use
if a new situation arises. In this way I can make up new moves using my “artificial intelligence”. I
could like to play against a human team, for I have been programmed to act just like them. After all,
with the help of my electronic brain which never forgets anything, using my intelligence is what
I’m all about! |||
Unit 4 HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE
Daisy had always longed to help endangered species of wildlife. One day she woke up and
found a flying carpet by her bed. “Where do you want to go?” it asked. Daisy responded
immediately. “I’d like to see some endangered wildlife,” she said. “Please take me to a distant land
where I can find the animal that gave fur to make this sweater.” At once the carpet flew away and
took her to Tibet. There daisy saw and antelope looking sad. It said, “We’re being killed for the
wool beneath our stomachs. Our fur is being used to make sweaters for people like you. As a result,
we are now an endangered species.” At that Daisy cried, “I’m sorry I didn’t know that. I wonder
what is being done to help you. Flying carpet, please show me a place where there’s some wildlife
protection.”
The flying carpet traveled so fast that next minute they were in Zimbabwe. Daisy turned
around and found that she was being watched by and elephant. “Have you come to take my photo?”
it asked. In relief Daisy burst into laughter. “Don’t laugh,” said the elephant, “We used to be an
endangered species. Farmers hunted us without mercy. They said we destroyed their farms, and
money from tourists only went to the large tour companies. So the government decided to help.
They allowed tourists to hunt only a certain number of animals if they paid the farmers. Now the
farmers are happy and our numbers are increasing. So good things are being done here to save local
wildlife.”
Daisy smiled, “That’s good news. It shows the importance of wildlife protection, but I’d like to
help as the WWF suggests.” The carpet rose again and almost at once they were in a thick rainforest.
A monkey watched them as it rubbed itself. “What are you doing?” asked Daisy. “I’m protecting
myself from mosquitoes,” it replied. When I find a millipede insect, I rub it over my body. It
contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes. You should pay more attention to the rainforest
where I live the appreciate how the animals live together. No rainforest, no animals, no drugs.”
Daisy was amazed. “Flying carpet, please take me home so I can tell WWF and we can begin
producing this new drug. Monkey, please come and help.” The monkey agreed. The carpet flew
home. As they landed, things began to disappear. Two minutes later everything had gone- the

monkey, too. So Daisy was not able to make her new drug. But what an experience! She had
learned so much! And there was always WWF…
ANIMAL EXTINCTION
Many animals have disappeared during the long history of the most famous of these animals
are lived on the earth tens of millions of years ago, long before humans came into being and their
future seemed secure at that time.
There were many different kinds of dinosaur and a number of them used to live in eggs of
twenty-five species have been found in Xixia,County,Nanyang, Henan long ago a rare new
species of bird-like dinosaur was discovered in Chaoyang County,Liaoning scientists inspeacted
the bones,they were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not only run like the others but also
climb learned this from the way the bones were joined together.
Dinosaurs died out suddenly about 65 million years ago. Some scientists think it came after an
unexpected incident when a huge rock from space hit the earth and put too much dust into the
think the earth got too hot for the dinosaurs
to live on any knows for sure why and how dinosaurs disappeared from the earth in such a
short time.
We know many other wild plants, animals,insects and birds have died out more to a UN
report,some 844 animals and plants have disappeared in the last 500 dodo is one of lived on the
Island of Mauritius and was a very friendly listen to a story of the dodo and how it disappeared
frome the earth.|||
Unit 5 THE BAND THAT WASN’T
Have you ever wanted to be part of a band as a famous singer or musician? Have you ever
dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert, at which everyone is clapping and
appreciating your music? Do you sing karaoke and pretend you are a famous singer like Song
Zuying or Lin Huan? To be honest, a lot of people attach great importance to becoming rich and
famous. But just how do people form a band?
Many musicians meet and form a band because they like to write and play their own music.
They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s
hours is the first step to fame. Sometimes they may play to passers-by in the street or subway so
that they can earn some extra money for themselves or to pay for their instruments. Later they may
give performances in pubs or clubs, for which they are paid in cash. Of course they hope to make
records in a studio and sell millions of copies to become millionaires!
However, there was one band hat started in a different way. It was called the Monkees and
began as a TV show. The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music, most of
which was based loosely on the beatles. The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who
could act as well as sing. They put an advertisement in a newspaper looking for rock musicians, but

they could only find one who was good enough. They had to use actors for the other three members
of the band.
As some of these actors could not sing well enough, they had to rely on other musicians to help
them. So during the broadcasts they just pretended to sing. Anyhow their performances were
humorous enough to be copied by clubs in order to get more familiar with them. Each week on TV,
the Mondees would play and sing songs written by other musicians. However, after a year or so in
which they became more serious about their work, the Monkees started to play and sing their own
songs like a real band. Then they produced their own records and started touring and play their own
music. In the USA they became even more popular than the Beatles and sold even more records.
The band broke up about 1970, but happily the reunited in the mid-1980s. they produced a new
record in 1996, with which they celebrated their former time as a real band.
FREDDY THE FROG(II)
Not long after Freddy and the band became famous,they visited Britain on a brief showed
their devotion by waiting for hours to get tichkets for their was now quite confident when he went
into a concert enjoyed singing and all the congratulations afterwards!His most exciting invitation
was to perform on a programme called
expensive suit and give a performance to a TV felt very as soon as the programme was over,the
telephones which were in the same room started was asking when they could see Freddy and his
band again. They were truly stars.
Then things went and his band could not go out anywhere without being when they wore
sunglasses or beards people recognized them. Fans found them even when they went into the tried
to hide in the reading rooms of libraries,but it was was always there!Their personal life was
regularly discussed by people who did not know them but talked as if they were close friends. At
last feeling very upset and sensitive,Freddy and his band to which they were never to return,and
went back to the lake.|||
必修3 unit1
Festivals and celebrations
Festivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient ancient
festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather,planting in spring and harvest in celebratewould
be held after hunters had caught that time people would starve if food was difficult to
find,especially during the cold winter ’s festivals have many origins ,some religious,some seasonal,
and some for special people or events.
Festivals of the Dead
Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors,who might return either
to help or to do the Japanese ,people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of
their also light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to
Mexico,people celebrate the Day of the Dead in early this impoutant feast day,people eat food in
the shape of skulls and cakes with”bones”on offer food,flowers and gifts to the Western holiday

Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits of dead people. It is now a
children’s festival,when they can dress up and to to their neighbours’homes to ask for neighbours
do not give any sweets,the children might play a trick on them.
Festivals to Honour People
Festivals can also be held to honour famous people .The Dragon Boat Festival in China
honours the famous ancient poet,Qu the USA Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of
Christopher Columbus in New has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas
Gandhi,the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain.
Harvest Festivals
Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy are grateful because their food is
gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is European countries,people will usually
decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit,and will get together to have people might
win awards for their farm produce,like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome and Japan
have mid-autumn festivals,when people admire the moon and in China,enjoy mooncakes.
Spring Festivals
The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter
and to the coming of the Spring Festival in China,people eat dumplings,fish and meat and may
give children lucky money in red are dragon dances and carnivals,and families celebrate the Lunar
New Year Western countries have very exciting carnivals,which take place forty days before
Easter,usually in carnivals might include parades,dancing in the streets day and night,loud music
and colourful clothing of all is an important religious and social festival for Christians aroud the
celebrates the return of Jesus from the dead and the coming of spring and new ’s Cherry Blossom
Festival happens a little country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as thought it is covered
with pink snow.
People love to get together to eat , drink and have fun with each let us enjoy life,be proud of
our customs and forget our work for a little while
A SAD LOVE STORY
Li Fang was was Valentine’s Day and Hu Jin had said she would meet him at the coffee shop
after work. But she didn’t turn up. She could be with her friends right now laughing at said she
would be there at seven o’clock, and he thought she would keep her word. He had looked forward
to meeting her all day, and now he was alone with his roses and chocolates, like a fool. Well, he
was not going to hold his breath for her to apologize. He would drown his sadness in coffee.
It was obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave-he wiped
the tables, then sat down and turned on the TV-just what Li Fang needed! A sad Chinese story
about lost love.

The granddaughter of the Goddess of Heaven visted the earth. Her name was Zhinü,the
weaving girl. While she was on earth she met the herd boy Niulang and they fell in love.(“Just like
me and Hu Jin,”thought Li Fang.)They got married secretly, and they were very happy.(“We could
be like that,”thought Li Fang.)When the Goddess of Heaven knew that her granddaughter was
married to a human, she became very angry and made the weaving girl return to tried to follow
her, but the river of stars,the Milly Way, stopped that Zhinü was heart-broken, her grandmother
finally decided to let the couple cross the Milky Way to meet once a year. Magpies make a bridge
of their wings so the couple can cross the river to meet on the seventh day of the seventh lunar
month. People in China hope that the weather will be fine on that day, because if it is raining, it
means that Zhinü is weeping and the couple won’t be able to meet.
The announcer said,”This is the story of Qiqiao foreigners hear about the story, they call it a
Chinese Valentine’s ’s a fine day today, so I hope you can all meet the one you love.”
As Li Fang set off for home, he thought,”I guess Hu Jin doesn’t love me .I’ll just throw these
flowers and chocolates away. I don’t want them to remind me of her.” So he did.
As he sadly passed the tea shop on the corner on his way home, he heard a voice calling him.
There was Hu Jin waving at him and calling , “why are you so late?I’ve been waiting for you for a
long time!And I have a gift for you!”
What would he do? He had thrown away her Valentine gifts!She would never forgive him.
This would not be a happy Valentine’s Day!|||
必修3 UNIT2 COME AND EAT HERE (1)
Wang Peng sat in his empty restaurant feeling very frustrated. It had been a very strange
morning. Usually he got up early and prepared his menu of barbecued mutton kebabs,
roast pork, stir-flied vegetables and fried rice. Then by lunchtime they would all be sold. By
now his restaurant ought to be full of people. But not today! Why was that? What could
have happened? He thought of his mutton, beef and bacon cooked in the hottest, finest oil. His
cola was sugary and cold, and his ice cream was made of milk, cream and delicious fruit.
could be better,
called.
must have happened if Li Chang was not coming to eat in his restaurant as he always did.
Wang Peng followed Li Chang into a new small restaurant. He saw a sign in the window.
Tired of all that fat? Want to lose weight?
Come inside Yong Hui’s slimming restaurant.
Only slimming foods served here.
Make yourself thin again!

Curiosity drove Wang Peng inside. It was full of people. The hostess, a very thin lady, came
forward.
weeks if you eat here every day.
food and drink on it: just rice, raw vegetables served in vinegar, fruit and water. Wang Peng was
amazed at this and especially at the prices. It cost more than a good meal in his restaurant! He could
not believe his eyes. He threw down the menu and hurried outside. On his way home he thought
about his own menu. Did it make people fat? Perhaps he should go to the library and find out. He
could not have Yong Hui getting away with telling people lies! He had better do some research!
At the library Wang Peng was surprised to find that his restaurant served far too much fat and
Yong Hui’s far too little. Even though her customers might get thin after eating Yong Hui’s food,
they were not eating enough energy-giving food to keep them fit. They would become tired very
quickly. Wang Peng felt more hopeful as he drove back home. Perhaps
with a discount and a new sign he could win his customers back. So he wrote:
Want to feel fit and energetic?
Come and eat here! Discounts today!
Our food gives you energy all day!
The competition between the two restaurants was on!
到这里来用餐吧（1）
王鹏做 在他那空荡荡的餐馆里，感到很沮丧。这个上午真是怪的很。通常他很早就起床，
准备他的菜肴—烤羊肉 串、烤猪肉、炒菜和炒饭。然后到午饭时分，这些菜都会卖完。到了
这个时候，他的餐馆本该宾客盈门的 ，但今天却不是！为什么会这样？发生了什么事？他想
起了他用滚烫的精制油烹制的羊肉串、牛排和腊肉 。他的可乐又甜又冷，冰激凌用牛奶、奶
油和水果制成的。他想：“再没有比这些更好吃的了”。突然间 ，他看到自己的朋友李昌匆匆
地走过。他喊道，“喂，老李！你还是吃老一套的吧？”可是李昌似乎没有 听到。怎么会事呢？
要是李昌不像往常那样到他店里吃饭，那问题一定严重了。
王鹏跟着 李昌来到街尾一家新开张的小餐馆。窗子上的标牌写着这样一些字：“肥腻的东
西吃厌了吧！想变瘦吗？ 请到雍慧减肥餐馆来。此地只供应减肥食品，让你恢复苗条！”
王鹏受到好奇心的驱使，走了进去 。里面坐满了人。店老板，一个清瘦的女人走上前来
说道：“欢迎光临！我叫雍慧。您要是每天来这儿用 餐，我可以保证在两周内去掉您的全部脂
肪，”然后，她递给王鹏一张菜谱，菜谱上有很少几样食物和饮 料：米饭、蘸醋吃的生蔬菜、
水果和水。王鹏对此感到吃惊，特别是对它们的价格。这比在他的餐馆里吃 一顿好饭花的钱
还要多。他几乎不能相信他的眼睛！他甩了菜谱就急急往外走。在回家的路上，他想起了 自
己的菜谱。那些菜让人发胖了吗？也许他该去图书馆查查看。他可不能让雍慧哄骗人们后跑
掉 。他最好做一番调查！
在图书馆，王鹏很惊讶地发现，他餐馆的食物脂肪含量太高，而雍慧餐馆的 食物脂肪含
量又太低。尽管顾客吃她的餐馆里的饭会变得苗条，但他们摄取不到足够的热量来保持健康，

很快就会感到疲乏。开车回家时，王鹏觉得又有了希望。也许写个新的标牌、打点折，能 够
帮他赢回顾客！于是他写下了他的标牌：
“想保持苗条、健康又精力旺盛吗？
到这里来用餐吧！今天打折！
我们的食物能够给您提供一整天所需的热量！”
这两家餐馆之间的竞争开始了！
COME AND EAT HERE(2)
A week later, Wang Peng' s restaurant was nearly full and he felt happier. Perhaps he would be
able to earn his living after all and not have to close his restaurant. He did not look forward to being
in debt because his restaurant was no longer popular. He smiled as he welcomed some customers
warmly at the door but the smile left his face when he saw Yong Hui walking in. She did not look
happy but glared at him.
you were a new customer and now I know that you only came to spy on me and my menu,
shouted.
gone last week. I followed one of them and found them in your restaurant. I don' t want to upset you,
but I found your menu so limited that I stopped worrying and started advertising the benefits of my
food. Why don' t you sit down and try a meal?
Yong Hui agreed to stay and soon they were both enjoying dumplings and breast of chicken
cooked with garlic. When they were served the ice cream,Yong Hui began to look ill.
with all this fat and heavy food,
a second plate of dumplings so he sighed.
fatty pork. Don't you get tired quickly?
you think it would be better if you were a bit thinner? I’m sure you ' d feel much healthier.
They began to talk about menus and balanced diets.
restaurant nor mine offers a balanced diet,
you don' t offer enough body-building and energy-giving food. Perhaps we ought to combine our
ideas and provide a balanced menu with food full of energy and fibre.
They served raw vegetables with the hamburgers and boiled the potatoes rather than frying them.
They served fresh fruit with the ice cream. In this way they cut down the fat and increased the fibre
in the meal. Their balanced diets became- such a success that before long Wang Peng became
slimmer and Yong Hui put on more weight. After some time the two found that their business
cooperation had turned into a personal one. Finally they got married and lived happily ever after!
到这里来用餐吧（2）
一周后，王鹏的 餐馆几乎坐满了人，他感到高兴些了。也许他仍然能够谋生，而不至于
关闭自己的餐馆。他不希望由于餐 馆不受欢迎而负债。他微笑地站在门口热情地迎接他的客
人。但他一见到雍慧走进来，脸上的笑容马上就 消失了。雍慧瞪着他，看上去不太高兴。“请
问你那天到我餐馆里来干什么？”她大声问道，“我本来以 为你是一位新顾客，现在我才发现

你只是过来打探我和我的菜谱的。”王鹏心平气和地解 释说，“很对不起，上周我想知道我的
顾客是上哪儿吃饭去了。我并不想让你心烦，不过我发现你的菜谱 上的菜太少了，所以我也
就不着急了，我也开始宣传我餐馆食物的好处。你为什么不坐下吃顿饭呢？”
雍慧同意留下来。没过一会，他们两人就津津有味地吃起饺子和蒜蓉及胸。当要吃冰激
凌时 ，雍慧开始感到不舒服了。她说，“吃了这么多油腻的、难消化的食物，我都觉得恶心了。
我想吃我的蔬 菜和水果。”这时候，王鹏正在吃第二盘饺子，他叹了一口气，说道，“同样地，
（如果在你的餐馆）我 还想吃我的饺子和肥肉呢。你不觉得自己很容易疲乏么？”“是的，我
的确经常需要休息；”雍慧承认了 ，“不过，难道你不认为你瘦一点更好么？我相信，那样你
会觉得更健康些。”
他们开始 谈论菜谱和平衡膳食的问题。王鹏解释道，“我的研究表明，你我两家所提供的
都不是平衡膳食。我没有 提供足够的纤维食物，而你提供的食物没有足够的营养和热量。也
许我们应该把我们的想法综合起来，作 出一份富于营养、热量和纤维的平衡食谱。”于是，他
们就照此做了。他们用生蔬菜配汉堡包，煮土豆不 是油炸土豆，还拿新鲜水果配上冰激凌。
这样，他们减少了饭菜中的脂肪含量，增加了纤维素。他们的平 衡食谱非常有效，王鹏很快
就瘦了，而雍慧却胖了，过了不久，这两个人发现，他们生意上的合作变成了 私人的合作了。
最后，他们结了婚，过上了幸福美满的生活。|||
必修3 Unit 3 THE MILLION POUND BANK NOTE Act I, Scene 3
NARRATOR: It is the summer of 1903. Two old and wealthy brothers, Roderick and Oliver,
have made a bet. Oliver believes that with a million pound bank note a man could survive a month
in London. His brother Roderick doubts it. At this moment, they see a penniless young man
wandering on the pavement outside their house. It is Henry Adams, an American businessman, who
is lost in London and does not know what he should do.
RODERICK:?? Young man, would you step inside a moment, please?
HENRY:????????? Who? Me, sir?
RODERICK:?? Yes, you.
OLIVER:????????? Through the front door on your left.
HENRY:?????????? (A servant opens a door) Thanks.
SERVANT:????? Good morning, sir. Would you please? come in? Permit me to lead the way,
sir.
OLIVER:?????????? (Henry enters) Thank you, James. That will be all.
RODERICK:???? How do you do, Mr ... er ...?
HENRY:??????????? Adams. Henry Adams.
OLIVER:????????? Come and sit down, Mr Adams.

HENRY:?????????? Thank you.
RODERICK:??? You're an American?
HENRY:?????????? That's right, from San Francisco.
RODERICK:??? How well do you know London?
HENRY:?????????? Not at all, it's my first trip here.
RODERICK:?? I wonder, Mr Adams, if you'd mind us asking a few questions.
HENRY:????????? Not at all. Go right ahead.
RODERICK:?? May we ask what you're doing in this country and what your plans are?
HENRY:????????? Well, I can't say that I have any plans. I'm hoping to find work. As a matter
of fact, I landed in Britain by accident.
OLIVER:???????? How is that possible?
HENRY:????????? Well, you see, back home I had my own boat. About a month ago, I was
sailing out of the bay ... (his eyes stare at what is left of the brother's dinner on table)
OLIVER:???????? Well, go on.
HENRY:????????? Oh, yes. Well, towards nightfall I found myself carried out to sea by a
strong wind. It was all my fault. I didn't know whether I could survive until morning. The next
morning I'd just about given myself up for lost when I was spotted by a ship.
OLIVER:???????? And it was the ship that brought you to England.
HENRY:????????? Yes. The fact is that I earned my passage by working as an unpaid hand,
which accounts for my appearance. I went to the American embassy to seek help, but ... (The
brothers smile at each other.)
RODERICK:? Well, you mustn't worry about that. It's an advantage.
HENRY:????????? I'm afraid I don't quite follow you, sir.
RODERICK:? Tell us, Mr Adams, what sort of work did you do in America?
HENRY:????????? I worked for a mining company. Could you offer me some kind of work
here?
RODERICK:? Patience, Mr Adams. If you don't mind, may I ask you how much money you
have?

HENRY:????????? Well, to be honest, I have none.
OLIVER:???????? (happily) What luck! Brother, what luck! (claps his hands together)
HENRY:????????? Well, it may seem lucky to you but not to me! On the contrary, in fact. If
this is your idea of some kind of joke, I don't think it's very funny. (Henry stands up to leave) Now
if you'll excuse me, I think I'll be on my way.
RODERICK:?? Please don't go, Mr Adams~ You mustn't think we don't care about you. Oliver,
give him the letter.
OLIVER:???????? Yes, the letter. (gets it from a desk and gives it to Henry like a gift) The
letter.
HENRY:????????? (taking it carefully) For me?
RODERICK:?? For you. (Henry starts to open it) Oh, no, you mustn't open it. Not yet. You
can't open it until two o'clock.
HENRY:????????? Oh, this is silly.
RODERICK:? Not silly. There's money in it. (calls to the servant) James?
HENRY:???????? Oh, no. I don't want your charity. I just want an honest job.
RODERICK:? We know you're hard- working. That's why we've given you the letter. James,
show Mr Adams out.
OLIVER:??????? Good luck, Mr Adams.
HENRY:???????? Well, why don't you explain what this is all about?
RODERICK: You'll soon know. (looks at the clock) In exactly an hour and a half.
SERVANT:??? This way, sir.
RODERICK:? Mr Adams, not until 2 o'clock. Promise?
HENRY:????????? Promise. Goodbye.
THE MILLION POUND BANK NOTE
Act I, Scene 4
(Outside a restaurant Henry looks at the envelope without opening it and decides to go in. He
sits down at a table next to the front window.)

OWNER:?? (seeing Henry's poor appearance) That one's reserved. This way, please. (to the
waiter) Take this gentleman's order, Horace.
HENRY:???? (after sitting down and putting the letter on the table) I'd like some ham and eggs
and a nice big steak. Make it extra thick. I'd also like a cup of coffee and a pineapple?? dessert.
WAITER:?? Right, sir. I'm afraid it'll cost a large amount of money.
HENRY:??? I understand. And I'll have a large glass of beer.
WAITER:?? OK. (The waiter leaves and soon returns with all the food.)
HOSTESS:? My goodness! Why, look at him. He eats like a wolf.
OWNER:?? We'll see if he's clever as a wolf, eh?
HENRY:?? (having just finished every bit of food) Ah, waiter. (waiter returns) Same thing
again, please. Oh, and another beer.
WAITER:?? Again? Everything?
HENRY:??? Yes, that's right. (sees the look on the waiter's face) Anything wrong?
WAITER:?? No, not at all. (to the owner) He's asked for more of the same.
OWNER:?? Well, it is well-known that Americans like to eat a lot. Well, we'll have to take a
chance. Go ahead and let him have it.
WAITER:?? (reading the bill after the meal) All right. That's two orders of ham and eggs, two
extra thick steaks, two large glasses of beer, two cups of coffee and two desserts.
HENRY:??? (looking at the clock on the wall) Would you mind waiting just a few minutes?
WAITER:?? (in a rude manner) What's there to wait for?
OWNER:?? All right, Horace. I'll take care of this.
HENRY:??? (to owner) That was a wonderful meal. It's amazing how much pleasure you get
out of tile simple things in life, especially if you can't have them for a while.
OWNER:?? Yes, very interesting. Now perhaps, sir, if you pay your bill I can help the other
customers.
HENRY:??? (looking at the clock on the wall again) Well, I see it's two o'clock. (he opens the
envelope and holds a million pound bank note in his hands. Henry is surprised but the owner and
waiter are shocked) I'm very sorry. But ... I ... I don't have anything smaller.

OWNER:?? (still shocked and nervous) Well .. er ... just one moment. Maggie, look! (the
hostess screams, the other customers look at her and she puts a hand to her mouth) Do you think it's
genuine?
HOSTESS:? Oh, dear, I don't know. I simply don't know.
OWNER:?? Well, I did hear that the Bank of England had issued two notes in this amount ...
Anyway, I don't think it can be a fake. People would pay too much attention to a bank note of this
amount. No thief would want that to happen.
HOSTESS: But he's in rags!
OWNER:?? Perhaps he's a very strange, rich man. (as if he has discovered something for the
first time) Why, yes! That must be it!
HOSTESS: (hits her husband's arm) And you put him in the back of the restaurant! Go and see
him at once.
OWNER:?? (to Henry) I'm so sorry, sir, so sorry, but I cannot change this bank note.
HENRY:??? But it's all I have on me.
OWNER:?? Oh, please, don't worry, sir. Doesn't matter at all. We're so very glad that you even
entered our little eating place. Indeed, sir, I hope you'll come here whenever you like.
HENRY:??? Well, that's very kind of you.
OWNER:?? Kind, sir? No, it's kind of you. You must come whenever you want and have
whatever you like. Just having you sit here is a great honour! As for the bill, sir, please forget it.
HENRY:??? Forget it? Well ... thank you very much. That's very nice of you.
OWNER:?? Oh, it's for us to thank you, sir and I do, sir, from the bottom of my heart. (The
owner, hostess and waiter all bow as Henry leaves.)|||
必修3 Unit 4 HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH
No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to
a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a that,
atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.
For several billion years after the
was to become was uncertain until between and billion years ago when the dust settled into a
solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It
exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour
and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere. What is even more important is that as
the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.

Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared
later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve
harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it
possible for life to develop.
Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of
the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later
development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They
were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to
live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the
first time. They produced young enerally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called
dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.
However,
65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still
remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. These
animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby
animals and produced milk to feed them.
Finally about million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet,
appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important
animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life
will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be
solved.
A VISIT TO THE MOON
Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li
Yanping, an astronomer. We visited the moon in our spaceship!
Before we left, Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times
on our journey and that the first change would be the most powerful. Then we were off. As the
rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the
pull of the earth's gravity. It was so hard that we could not say anything to each other. Gradually the
weight lessened and I was able to talk to him.
On the earth if I fall from a tree I will fall to the ground.
now to feel its pull,
the moon, we shall feel its gravity pulling us, but it will not be as strong a pull as the earth's.
cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth
become smaller and the moon larger.
When we got there, I wanted to explore immediately.
mass will be less than on the earth because the moon is smaller and I will be able to move more
freely. I might even grow taller if I stay here long enough. I shall certainly weigh less!

and climbed down the steps from the spaceship. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was
carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
practice now that gravity has changed.
ourselves.
Leaving the moon's gravity was not as painful as leaving the earth's. But returning to the earth
was very frightening. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the
earth's gravity increased. Again we were pushed hard into our seats as we came back to land.
was very exhausting but very exciting too,
think we could visit some stars next time?
to?
必修3 Unit 5 A TRIP ON
Li Daiyu and her cousin Liu Qian were on a trip to Canada to visit their cousins in Montreal on
the Atlantic coast. Rather than take the aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver and
then take the train west to east across Canada. The thought that they could cross the whole continent
was exciting.
Their friend, Danny Lin, was waiting at the airport. He was going to take them and their
baggage to catch
about their trip.
thousands of lakes and forests, as well as wide rivers and large cities. Some people have the idea
that you can cross Canada in less than five days, but they forget the fact that Canada is 5,500
kilometres from coast to coast. Here in Vancouver, you're in Canada's warmest part. People say it is
Canada's most beautiful city, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Skiing in the Rocky
Mountains and sailing in the harbour make Vancouver one of Canada's most popular cities to live in.
Its population is increasing rapidly. The coast north of Vancouver has some of the oldest and most
beautiful forests in the world. It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring
over 90 metres.
That afternoon aboard the train, the cousins settled down in their seats. Earlier that day, when
they crossed the Rocky Mountains, they managed to catch sight of some mountain goats and even a
grizzly bear and an eagle. Their next stop was Calgary, which is famous for the Calgary Stampede.
Cowboys from all over the world come to compete in the Stampede. Many of them have a gift for
riding wild horses and can win thousands of dollars in prizes.
After two days' travel, the girls began to realize that Canada is quite empty. At school, they
had learned that most Canadians live within a few hundred kilometres of the USA border, and
Canada's population is only slightly over thirty million, but now they were amazed to see such an
empty country. They went through a wheat-growing province and saw farms that covered thousands
of acres. After dinner, they were back in an urban area, the busy port city of Thunder Bay at the top
of the Great Lakes. The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
Because of the Great Lakes, they learned, Canada has more fresh water than any other country in
the world. In fact, it has one-third of the world's total fresh water, and much of it is in the Great
Lakes.

That night as they slept, the train rushed across the top of Lake Superior, through the great
forests and southward towards Toronto.
“THE TURE NORTH”FROM TORONTO TO MONTREAL
The next morning the bushes and maple trees outside their windows were red, gold and orange,
and there was frost on the ground, confirming that fall had arrived in Canada.
Around noon they arrived in Toronto, the biggest and most wealthy city in Canada. They were
not leaving for Montreal until later, so they went on a tour of the city. They went up the tall CN
Tower and looked across the lake. In the distance, they could see the misty cloud that rose from the
great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake. The water flows into the Niagara River
and over the falls on its way to the sea.
They saw the covered stadium, home of several famous basketball teams. As they walked
north from the harbour area, Li Daiyu said,
I should phone her from a telephone booth.
They met Lin Fei around dusk in downtown Chinatown, one of the three in Toronto. Over
dinner at a restaurant called The Pink Pearl, the cousins chatted with Lin Fei, who had moved to
Canada many years earlier.
most of the Chinese people here come from South China, especially Hong Kong. It's too bad you
can't go as far as Ottawa, Canada's capital. It's approximately four hundred kilometres northeast of
Toronto, so it would take too long.
The train left late that night and arrived in Montreal at dawn the next morning. At the station,
people everywhere were speaking French. There were signs and ads in French, but some of them
had English words in smaller letters.
downtown. Old Montreal is close to the water.
visiting artists in their workplaces beside the water. As they sat in a buffet restaurant looking over
the broad St Lawrence River, a young man sat down with them.

wondering where you are from.
they had only one day in Montreal.
restaurants and clubs. Most of us speak both English and French, but the city has French culture and
traditions. We love good coffee, good bread and good music.
That night as the train was speeding along the St Lawrence River toward the Gulf of St
Lawrence and down to the distant east coast, the cousins dreamed of French restaurants and red
maple leaves.|||
必修4 Unit 1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE
It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. Following
Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Jane has studied
these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like

humans. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. This means going
back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. Everybody sits and
waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. Then we follow as
they wander into the forest. Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of
showing love in their family. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the
afternoon and she is right. However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. We watch the mother
chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the
night. We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human
family.
Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. She spent years observing and
recording their daily activities. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their
own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was
unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few
months was she allowed to begin her project. Her work changed the way people think about chimps.
For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. Until then
everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. She actually observed chimps as a group
hunting a monkey and then eating it. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other,
and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.
For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world
understand and respect the life of these animals. She has argued that wild animals should be left in
the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. She has helped to set up special places
where they can live safely. She is leading a busy life but she says:
crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. It affects me when I watch the
wild chimps. I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?
though they have done nothing wrong. Once you have seen that you? can never forget ...
She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment,
gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. She inspires
those who want to cheer the achievements of women.
WHY NOT CARRY ON HER GOOD WORK?
I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at
university? I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do
some research on great women of China.
By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women's
diseases. She lived from 1901 to 1983. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career,
travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles. One of them caught my eye. It was
a small
book explaining how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. She gave some
simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness. Why did she write
that? Who were the women that Lin Qiaozhi thought needed this advice? I looked carefully at the
text and

realized that it was intended for women in the countryside. Perhaps if they had an emergency
they could not reach a doctor.
Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time. That
was a generation when girls' education was always placed second to boys'. Was she so much
cleverer than anyone else? Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination
as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. What made her succeed later on was
the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. There was story after story of how
Lin Qiaozhi, tired after a day's work, went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor family who
could not pay her.
By now I could not wait to find out more about her. I discovered that Lin Qiaozhi had devoted
her whole life to her patients and had chosen not to have a family of her own. Instead she made sure
that about 50,000 babies were safely delivered. By this time I was very excited. Why not study at
medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work? It was still not too late for me to
improve my studies, prepare for the university entrance examinations, and….|||
必修4 Unit 2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a
farmer, for he works the land to do his research. Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim,
strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the
past five decades. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice. In 1974, he became
the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. This special strain of
rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields. Now more than 60%
of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.
Born into a poor farmer's family in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural
College in 1953. Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal. As a young man,
he saw the great need for increasing the rice output. At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem
in many parts of the countryside. Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without
expanding the area of the fields. In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of
rice. In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produced. These
increased harvests mean that 22% of the world's people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in
China. Dr Yuan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed
countries to increase their rice harvests. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle
to rid the world of hunger. Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as
before.
Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life. However, he doesn't care about being famous. He feels
it gives him less freedom to do his research. He would much rather keep time for his hobbles. He
enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading. Spending money on
himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him. Indeed, he believes that a person
with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles. He therefore gives millions of yuan to
equip others for their research in agriculture.

Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing. Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice
plants as tall as sorghum. Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as
huge as a peanut. Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that
could feed more people. Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so
that it can be grown around the globe. One dream is not always enough, especially for a person who
loves and cares for his people.
CHEMICAL OR ORGANIC FARMING?
Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming.
Many farmers welcomed them as a great way to stop crop disease and increase production. Recently,
however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the
land and, even more dangerous, to people's health.
What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? First, they damage the land by
killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. Chemicals also stay in the ground
and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since
chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply
build up in people's bodies over time. Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.
In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to
be full of much nutrition. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than
vitamins and minerals.
With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic
farming. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. They focus on keeping
their soil rich and free of disease. A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and
healthy. Organic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. They
feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile. This also keeps the
air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.
Organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. They often change the
kind of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next
year peas or soybeans. Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil,
making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. Organic farmers also
plant crops to use different levels of soil, for example, planting peanuts that use the ground's surface
followed by vegetables that put down deep roots. Some organic farmers prefer planting grass
between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the
ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next year's crop. These many different organic farming
methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people's
health.|||
必修4 Unit 3 A MASTER OF NONVERBAL HUMOUR
As Victor Hugo once said,
up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin. He brightened the lives of
Americans and British through two world wars and the hard years in between. He made people
laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.

Not that Charlie's own life was easy! He was born in a poor family in 1889. His parents were
both poor music hall performers. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as
soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. Such training was common in acting
families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain. Unfortunately his
father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick
mother and his brother. By his teens, Charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most
popular child actors in England. He could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks. No
one was ever bored watching him -his subtle acting made everything entertaining.
As time went by, he began making films. He grew more and more popular as his charming
character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world. The tramp, a poor, homeless man
with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat. He walked
around stilly carrying a walking stick. This character was a social failure but was loved for his
optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties. He was the underdog who was kind even
when others were unkind to him.
How did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? Here is an example from one of his
most famous films, The Gold Rush. It is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been
discovered in California. Like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in
search of gold, but without success. Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain
during a snowstorm with nothing to eat. They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather
shoes for their dinner. Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti. Then
he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak. Finally he tries cutting and
chewing the bottom of the shoe. He eats each mouthful with great enjoyment. The acting is so
convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted!
Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films he starred in. In 1972 he was given a
special Oscar for his outstanding work in films. He lived in England and the USA but spent his last
years in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977. He is loved and remembered as a great actor
who could inspire people with great confidence.
ENGLISH JOKES
1 There are thousands of jokes which use
question which expects a particular reply. Instead, what he gets is another kind of answer which
makes the situation funny. Now read some of these customer and waiter jokes. Can you match the
joke with the explanation?
1???? C: What's that fly doing in my soup?
W: Swimming, I think!
2???? C: What's that?
W: It's bean soup.
C: I don't want to know what it's been. I want? to know what it is now.

3??? C: Waiter, will the pancakes be long?
W: No, sir. Round.
2? Some jokes are longer and tell a short, funny story. The following is one of those jokes
about the famous detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend Doctor Watson. Read it and decide
which of these two kinds of jokes you like better. Give your reasons.
Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson went camping in a mountainous area. They were lying in
the open air under the stars. Sherlock Holmes looked up at the stars and whispered,
you look at that beautiful sky, what do you think of?
and how long the universe has lasted.
of?.
said Holmes. Watson tried a third time.
can be in their beds.
stolen our tent!
必修4 Unit 4
COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM?
Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the
Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. They were coming to study at
Beijing University. We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen.
After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting
area looking around curiously. I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them.
The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith
from Britain. After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised. Tony
approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! She stepped back appearing
surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. I guessed that there was probably a major
misunderstanding. Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook
from Canada. As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student. Just at
that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand. They both
apologized - another cultural mistake!
Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. When we met yesterday, he
moved very close to me as I introduced myself. I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a
question and then shook my hand. When Darlene Coulon from France came dashing through the
door, she recognized Tony Garcia's smiling face. They shook hands and then kissed each other
twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know. Ahmed
Aziz., on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls. Men from Middle Eastern and other Muslim
countries will often stand quite close to other men to talk but will usually not touch women.
As I get to know more international friends, I learn more about this cultural
Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with
touching or distance between people. In the same way that people communicate with spoken

language, they also express their feelings using unspoken
actions or posture. English people, for example, do not usually stand very close to others or touch
strangers as soon as they meet. However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American
countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them. Most people around the world
now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the
Japanese, who prefer to bow.
These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed. I
have seen, however, that cultural customs for body language are very general - not all members of a
culture behave in the same way. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly
help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!
SHOWING OUR FEELINGS
Body language is one of the most powerful means of communication, often even more
powerful than spoken language. People around the world show all kinds of feelings, wishes and
attitudes that they might never speak aloud. It is possible to
not intend for us to catch their unspoken communication. Of course, body language can be misread,
but many gestures and actions are universal.
The most universal facial expression is, of course, the smile – its function is to show happiness
and put people at ease. It does not always mean that we are truly happy, however. Smiles around the
world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry. There are unhappy smiles, such
as when someone
show good feelings.
From the time we are babies, we show unhappiness or anger by frowning. In most places
around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger. Making a fist and
shaking it almost always means that someone is angry and threatening another person.
There are many ways around the world to show agreement, but nodding the head up and down
is used for agreement, almost worldwide. Most people also understand that shaking the head from
side to side means disagreement or refusal.
How about showing that I am bored? Looking away from people or yawning will, in most
cases, make me appear to be uninterested. However, if I turn toward and look at someone or
something, people from almost every culture will think that I am interested. If I roll my eyes and
turn my head away, I most likely do not believe what I am hearing or do not like it.
Being respectful to people is subjective, based on each culture, but in general it is probably not
a good idea to give a hug to a boss or teacher. In almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand
too close to someone of a higher rank. Standing at a little distance with open hands will show that I
am willing to listen.
With so many cultural differences between people, it is great to have some similarities in body
language. We can often be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand
each other as well as we do!|||

必修4 Unit 5
THEME PARKS — FUN AND MORE THAN FUN
Which theme park would you like to visit? There are various kinds of theme parks, with a
different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history. Some parks
are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights
and sounds of a culture. Whichever and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you!
The theme park you are probably most familiar with is Disneyland. It can be found in several
parts of the world. It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether
traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon
character. As you wander around the fantasy amusement park, you may see Snow White or Mickey
Mouse in a parade or on the street. Of course Disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant
swinging ships to terrifying free- fall drops. With all these attractions, no wonder tourism is
increasing wherever there is a Disneyland. If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to
Disneyland!
Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern
USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world. Dollywood shows and celebrates
America's traditional southeastern culture. Although Dollywood has rides, the park's main attraction
is its culture. Famous country music groups perform there all year in indoor and outdoor theatres.
People come from all over America to see carpenters and other craftsmen make wood, glass and
iron objects in the old- fashioned way. Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that
American southerners made 150 years ago, or take a ride on the only steam- engine train still
working in the southeast USA. You can even see beautiful bald eagles in the world's largest bald
eagle preserve. And for those who like rides, Dollywood has one of the best old wooden roller
coasters, Thunderhead. It is world-famous for having the most length in the smallest space. Come to
Dollywood to have fun learning all about America's historical southeastern culture!
If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies,
princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you. Every area of the park is
modelled after life in the days of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. In one place,
you can watch magic shows with Merlin the Wizard. If you want to see fighting with swords or on
horseback, then the jousting area is a good place to visit. If you do well there, King Arthur may
choose you to fight in the big jousting tournament. Do you like animals? Then visit the farm area,
and learn how people in ancient England ran their farms and took care of their animals. To enter a
world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!
FUTUROSCOP —EXCITEMENT AND LEARNING
Last week I took a journey deep into space, to the end of the solar system, and was pulled into
a black hole. Then I took a trip to Brazil and experienced surviving an airplane crash in the jungle.
After that, I joined some divers and went to the bottom of the ocean to see strange blind creatures
that have never seen sunlight. For a break, I took part in some car racing and then skied down some

of? the most difficult mountains in the world. I ended my travels by meeting face to face with a
dinosaur, the terrible T-Rex, and survived the experience!
I did all this in one great day at Futuroscope. Opened in 1987, Futuroscope is one of the largest
space-age parks in the world. This science and technology-based theme park in France uses the
most advanced technology. Its 3-D cinemas and giant movie screens provide brand new experiences
of the earth and beyond. Visitors can get close to parts of the world they have never experienced,
going to the bottom of the ocean, flying through the jungle or visiting the edges of the solar system.
The amazing, up-to-date information together with many opportunities for hands-on learning makes
the world come to life in a completely new way for visitors. Learning centres throughout the park
let visitors try their own scientific experiments, as well as learn more about space travel, the
undersea world and much mote.
I bought tickets for myself and my friends at the park's entrance, but tickets are also available
online. Futuroscope is not only for individuals, but is also the perfect mix of fun and learning for
class outings. Classes or other large groups that let Futuroscope know their plans in advance can get
the group admission rate. For anyone coming from out of town, Futuroscope has many excellent
hotels nearby, most of which provide a shuttle service to the park. If driving, Futuroscope is within
easy reach of the freeway. Plan your trip well before starting, since Futuroscope has so many shows,
activities and great souvenir shops that it is difficult to see them all. Come ready to walk a lot - be
sure to wear some comfortable sneakers or other walking shoes!|||
必修5 Unit 1
JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria
as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people
exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was
understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John
Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be
controlled until its cause was found.
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The
first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it
found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with
their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person
died.
John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when
another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread
quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the
cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to
find out why.
First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a
valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad

Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21
Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he
made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge
Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that
the water was to blame.
Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it
came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished
people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon
afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a
cloud of gas.
In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were
linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the
water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her
daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to
announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.
To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water
supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water
any more. Finally
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to
ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the
centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in
the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church
would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world
and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.
The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to
stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less
bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets
went round it.
Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He
had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.
But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually
improving his theory until he felt it was complete.
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were
revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it
and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it
went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness
of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus

was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he
lay dying in 1543.
Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was
against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus' theory is now
the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of
gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.
Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link
between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.|||
必修5 Unit 2
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England,
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.
First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people
refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland
in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to
accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as
well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United
Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of
Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined
with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world
in a new flag called the Union Jack.
To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and
international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland,
England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football
teams for competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three
zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the
Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population
settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.
Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous
football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the
nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but
smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.
The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres,
parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest
port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in
the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets
of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the
Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the

vocabulary and place- names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and
introduced new words for food.
If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You
must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and
worthwhile.
SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON
Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see
in London. Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders
of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand the
buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her
great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on
special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.
There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666. It looked
splendid when first built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting. It contained statues in
memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she came out of the abbey,
Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour. She finished the day by
looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much to
tell her friends!
The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the
world time. What interested her most was the longitude line. It is an imaginary line dividing the
eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation. It passes through
Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.
The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed strange that the
man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London. Not only that, but he
had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum. Sadly the library had
moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone. But she was
thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. When she
saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she
felt very proud of her country.
The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle.
she wondered as she fell asleep.|||
必修5 Unit 3
FIRST IMPRESSIONS
Spacemall?? 15113008 (Earthtime)
Dear Mum and Dad, I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year. I
have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008. Worried about the journey, I was

unsettled for the first few days. As a result, I suffered from “Time lag”. This is similar to the “jet
lag” you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.
So I was very nervous and uncertain at first. However, my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was very
understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a lot. Well-known for their expertise,
his parents' company, called
I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we
climbed in through a small opening. The seats were comfortable and after a calming drink, we felt
sleepy and closed our eyes. The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and
dreaming. A few minutes later, the journey was completed and we had arrived. I was still on the
earth but one thousand years in the future. What would I find?
At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate. The air seemed thin, as though its
combination of gases had little oxygen left. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. Just as I tried
to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared.
advised.
to a small room nearby for a rest. I felt better in no time. Soon I was back on my feet again and
following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer. These carriages float above the
ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat, you can move swiftly. Wang Ping fastened
my safety belt and showed me how to use it. Soon I could fly as fast as him. However, I lost sight of
Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying
by in all directions. He was swept up into the centre of them. Just at that moment I had a
flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008. I realized that I had been
transported into the future of what was still my hometown! Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again
and flew after him.
Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room. It had a
green wall, a brown floor and soft lighting. Suddenly the wall moved - it was made of trees! I found
later that their leaves provided the room with much- needed oxygen. Then Wang Ping flashed a
switch on a computer screen, and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.

travel trip. Just relax, since there is nothing planned on the timetable today. Tomorrow you'll be
ready for some visits.
the floor. After he left, I had a brief meal and a hot bath. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast
asleep.
More news later from your loving son,
Li Qiang
I HAVE SEEN AMAZING THINGS
My first visit was to a space station considered the most modem in space. Described as an
enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth's gravity. Inside was
an exhibition of the most up-to- date inventions of the 31 st century. A guide (G) showed us around
along a moveable path.

G:? Good morning to all our visitors from 2008. First we're going to examine one of the latest
forms of communication among our space citizens. No more typists working on a typewriter or
computer! No more postage or postcodes! Messages can now be sent using a
place the metal band over your head, clear your mind, press the sending button, think your message
and the next instant it's sent. It's stored on the
environmentally friendly. The only limitation is if the user does not think his or her message clearly,
an unclear message may be sent. But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user, can we?
During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called
They just looked like metal ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I was observing them, the
path moved us on.
G:?? And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the
waste in dustbins. Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I fight? (We nodded.) Well,
now there's a system where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology. A giant
machine, always greedy for more, swallows all the waste available. The rubbish is turned into
several grades of useful material, such as
wasted, and everything, even plastic bags, is recycled. A great idea, isn't' it?
I stared at the moving model of the waste machine, absorbed by its efficiency. But again we
moved on.
G:?? Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices. Manufacturing
no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one. A group of engineers
programme robots to perform tasks in space. The robots produce goods such as drugs, clothes,
furniture, hovering carriages, etc. There is no waste, no pollution and no environmental damage!
However, the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements.
They have to monitor the robots and the production. When the goods are ready they're transported
by industrial spaceship back to earth.
My mind began to wander. What job would I do? My motivation increased as I thought of the
wonderful world of the future.|||
必修5 Unit 4 Making the news- Reading
MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT

Never will Zhou Yang (ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English
newspaper. His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was to strongly influence his life as a
journalist.
HX: Welcome. We're delighted you're coming to work with us. Your first job here will be an
assistant journalist. Do you have any questions?
ZY:?? Can I go out on a story immediately?

HX:? (laughing) That' s admirable, but I' m afraid it would be unusual ! Wait till you' re more
experienced. First we'll put you as an assistant? to? an experienced journalist. Later you can cover a
story and submit the article yourself.
ZY:?? Wonderful. What do I need to take with me? I already have a notebook and camera.
HX:? No need for a camera. You'll have a professional photographer with you to take
photographs. You'll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate
on photography later if you' re interested.
ZY:?? Thank you. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at
university to update my skills.
HX:? Good.
ZY:?? What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?
HX:? You need to be curious. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the
information you need to know. We say a good journalist must have a good
means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole troth and then try to
discover it. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.
ZY:??? What should I keep in mind?
HX:?? Here comes my list of dos and don'ts: don't miss your deadline, don't be rode, don't talk
too much, but make sure you listen to the? interviewee carefully.
ZY:?? Why is listening so important?
HX:? Well, you have to listen for detailed facts. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next
question depending on what the person says.
ZY:?? But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?
HX:? This is a trick of the trade, If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the
facts straight. It's also useful if a person wants to challenge you. You have the evidence to support
your story.
ZY:?? I see! Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the
wrong end of the stick?
HX:? Yes, but it was a long time ago. This is how the story goes. A footballer was accused of
taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win. We went to
interview him. He denied taking money but we were sceptical. So we arranged an interview
between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him. When we saw them together we guessed
from the footballer's body language that he was not telling the truth. So we wrote an article
suggesting he was guilty. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if
we were wrong. He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were proved right.

ZY:?? Wow! That was a real
Perhaps I'll get a scoop too!
HX:?? Perhaps you will. You never know.
GETTING THE

other newspapers. This is a scoop.
with a famous film star.
Department.
His first task was to write his story, but he had to do it carefully. Although he realized the man
had been lying, Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly. He would have to be accurate.
Concise too! He knew how to do that. Months of training had taught him to write with no wasted
words or phrases. He sat down at his computer and began to work.
The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department. He checked the
evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor. She began to edit the piece and design
the main headline and smaller heading. “This will look very good on the page,” she said.
a good picture of this man?
took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style. She was also very
happy with Zhou Yang's story.
Zhou Yang smiled with happiness. Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it.
he said to Zhou Yang.
straight.” “I’ll bring it to you immediately,
The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all
the pages were set. All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives. This was
the first stage of the printing process. They needed four negatives, as several colours were going to
be used on the story. Each of the main colours had one negative sheet and when they were
combined they made a coloured page for the newspaper. After one last check the page was ready to
be printed. Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready.
friend whispered.
scoop!
必修5 Unit 5 First aid-Reading
FIRST AID FOR BURNS
The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin
which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's harmful rays. The functions of your skin
are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water;
it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if
your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is a very important first step in the treatment
of bums.

Causes of burns
You can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to
high heat or fire, etc), the sun, electricity or chemicals.
Types of burns
There are three types of burns. Burns are called first, second or third degree burns, depending
on
which layers of the skin are burned.
◎ First degree burns??? These affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not serious
and should feel better within a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by
touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a mordent.
◎ Second degree burns? These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin. These
bums are serious and take a few weeks to heal. Examples include severe sunburn and bums caused
by hot liquids.
◎ Third degree burns?? These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs
under the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol
fires. These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.
Characteristics of burns
First degree burns
◎ dry, red and mildly swollen
◎ mildly painful
◎ turn white when pressed
Second degree burns
◎ rough, red and swollen
◎ blisters
◎ watery surface
◎ extremely painful
Third degree burns
◎ black and white and charred

◎ swollen; often tissue under them can be seen
◎ little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be pain around edge of injured area.
First aid treatment
1??? Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. Take off other
clothing and jewellery near the burn.
2??? Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water. It is best to place burns under gently
running water for about 10 minutes. (The cool water stops the burning process, prevents the pain
becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not put cold water on third degree burns.
3??? For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad.
For second degree burns, keep cloths cool by? putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing
them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is
not so bad.
4?? Dry the burned area gently. Do not rob, as this may break any blisters and the wound may
get infected.
5?? Cover the burned area with a dry, clean bandage that will not stick to the skin. Hold the
bandage in place with tape. Never put butter, oil or ointment on bums as they keep the heat in the
wounds and may cause infection.
6?? If bums are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible. If bums are on the
face, the victim should sit up.
7?? If the injuries are second or third degree bums, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or
hospital at once.
HEROIC TEENAGER RECEIVES AWARD
Seventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was honoured at the Lifesaver Awards last night in
Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.
John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people
who had saved the life of another.
John was studying in his room when he heard screaming. When he and his father rushed
outside, a man ran from the scene. They discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three, had been
stabbed repeatedly with a knife. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily. Her hands
had almost been cut off.
It was John's quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slade's life. He
immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but when nobody could put their hands
on any, his father got some tea towels and tape from their house. John used these to treat the most

severe injuries to Ms Slade's hands. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds
until the police and ambulance arrived.

John had taken part in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school. When congratulating
John, Mr Alan Southerton, Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said,
John's quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade's life. It shows that
a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.
Before receiving their awards last night, John and the nine other Life Savers attended a special
reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.|||
选修6 Unit 1 Art-Reading
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed
many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe
all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones,
starting from the sixth century AD.
The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A
conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really
were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created? feeling of respect
and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like
Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.
The Renaissance (15th to 16th century)
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replaced those held in the Middle
began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the
same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint
people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they
could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of
themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in
perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings,
they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the roles of
perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.
By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in
paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be
able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.

Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from a mostly agricultural society to a
mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many
new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among
the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who
lived and worked in Paris.
The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how
light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so
quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of
earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angr about it.
They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.
Modern Art (20th century to today)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they
are accepted as the beginning of what we call
encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles,
but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand,
some modem art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with
our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to
represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like
photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the
future?
THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’S ART GALLERIES
The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and Street)
Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry
Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the
American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are
well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and
garden which are well worth a Visit.
Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)
This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works
are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those
who love Impressionist and Post- Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is
also world-famous. When you walk into gallery, you feel as if you
were inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top
floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs just a circular path. The museum also has an
excellent restaurant.

Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)
The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than
5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt,
other African countries and South America. The museum displays more than just the visual delights
of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant
Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.
Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)
It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are
housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists
as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few words of warning: the admission price is not
cheap and the museum is often very crowded.
Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)
The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture.
There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two
years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows
videos and films by contemporary video artists.|||
选修6 Unit 2 Poems-Reading
A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS
There are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe
something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others try to convey certain
emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. In this text, however, we
will look at a few of the simpler forms.
Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. These rhymes like
the one on the right (A) are still a common type of children's poetry. The language is concrete but
imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of
repetition. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn
and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.
A???? Hush, little baby, don't say a word, Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird. If that
mockingbird won't sing, Papa's going to buy you a diamond ring. If that diamond ring turns to brass,
Papa's going to buy you a looking-glass. If that looking-glass gets broke, Papa's going to buy you a
billy- goat. If that billy-goat runs away, Papa's going to buy you another today.
One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things. List poems have a
flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem. Some
rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).
B???? I saw a fish-portal all on fire

I saw a fish-pond all on fire,
I saw a house bow to a squire,
I saw a person twelve-feet high,
I saw a cottage in the sky,
I saw a balloon made of lead,
I saw a coffin drop down dead,
I saw two sparrows run a race,
I saw two horses making lace,
I saw g girl just like a cat,
I saw a kitten wear a hat,
I saw a man who saw these too,
And said though strange they all were true.
C??? Our first football match
We would have won ...
if Jack had scored that goal,
if we'd had just a few more minutes,
if we had trained harder,
if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,
if we'd had thousands of fans screaming,
if I hadn't taken my eye off the ball,
if we hadn't stayed up so late the night before,
if we hadn't taken it easy,
if we hadn't run out of energy.
We would have won ...
if we'd been better!

Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of
five lines. With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words. Look at the
examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.
D??? Brother Beautiful, athletic Teasing, shouting, laughing Friend and enemy too Mine
E???? Summer Sleepy, salty Drying, drooping, dreading Week in, week out Endless
F???? A fallen blossom Is coming back to the branch. Look, a butterfly!
( by Moritake)
G??? Snow having melted, The whole village is brimful Of happy children.
(by Issa)
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables. It is not a traditional form
of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers. It is easy to write and, like the cinquain ,
can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using the minimum of words. The two haiku
poems (F and G) above are translations from the Japanese.
H???? Where she awaits her husband On and on the river flows. Never looking
back,Transformed into by day upon the mountain top,wind and rain the traveller return,this
stone would utter speech.,
(by Wang Jian)
Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetry - Tang poems from
China in particular? A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English. This Tang poem (H) is a
translation from the Chinese.
With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may eventually want to write
poems of their own. It is easier than you might think and certainly worth a try!
I'VE SAVED THE SUMMER
I've saved the summer
And I give it all to you
To hold on winter mornings
When the snow is new.
I've saved some sunlight
If you should ever need

A place away from darkness
Where your mind can feed.
And for myself I've kept your smile
When you were but nineteen,
Till you're older you'll not know
What brave young smiles can mean.
I know no answers
To help you on your way
The answers lie somewhere
At the bottom of the day.
But if you've a need for love
I'll give you all l own
It might help you down the road
Till you've found your own.
(by Rod McKuen)|||
选修6 Unit 3 A healthy life-Reading
ADVICE FROM GRANDAD
Dear James,
It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. I have?
just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my age I am still? fit
enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. It's my birthday in two weeks time and I'll be? 82
years old! I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live.
This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that?
you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. Believe me, I
know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. You see, during adolescence I
also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes.
By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways??
First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in

cigarettes. This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So
when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered
and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do
the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. Lastly, you can become
mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to
think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very
difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.
When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful effects of smoking. I didn't know,
for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for
smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didn't know their babies may have a smaller birth
weight or even be abnormal in some way. Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect
the health of non-smokers. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible.
She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told
me that she wouldn't go out with me again unless I stopped! I also noticed that I became breathless
quickly, and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much. When I was taken off the school football team
because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking.
I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. It might help you to stop and strengthen
your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
Love from
Grandad
Reading and discussing
Before you read the poster below, discuss what you know about HIVAIDS with your
classmates. Make a list of words that you might come across in this poster.
HIVAIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK?
HIV is a virus. A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease. There are many
different viruses, for example, the flu virus or the SARS virus. HIV weakens a person's? immune
system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease. You can have HIV in your? blood for a long
time, but eventually HIV will damage your immune system so much that you body can no longer
fight disease. This stage of the illness is called AIDS. If you develop AIDS, your chances of
survival are very small.
HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes during sex. For a person? to
become infected, blood or sexual fluid that carries the virus, has to get inside the body through
broken skin or by injection. One day scientists will find a cure for HIVAIDS.
Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. Here are some things you can do to make sure
you stay safe.
If you inject drugs:

do not share your needle with anyone else. Blood from another person can stay on or in the
needle. If a person has HIV and you use the same needle, you could inject the virus into your own
blood.
do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting could have spilt on it.
If you have sex with a male or a female:
use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from one person to another.
The following statements are NOT true.
A person cannot get HIV the first time they have . If one sexual partner has HIV, the other
partner could become infected.
You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they have . Many people carrying HIV look
perfectly healthy. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person begins to look
sick.
Only homosexuals get . Anyone who has sex with a person infected with H1VAIDS risks
getting the virus. Women are slightly more likely to become infected than men.
If you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in their home, you will get HIV
can only get the disease from blood or sexual , people with HIV sometimes lose their friends
because of people are afraid that they will get HIVAIDS from those infected with HIV!AIDS.
For the same reason, some AIDS patients cannot find anyone to look after them when they are sick.
You can get HIVAIDS from . There is no evidence of this.|||
选修6 Unit 4 Global warming-Reading
THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER?
During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit. That
probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other
natural changes. So how has this come about and does it matter? Earth Care’s Sophie Armstrong
explores these questions.
There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is human activity
that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the
burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this
process are called
Foster explains:
when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour,
trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the 'greenhouse effect', the earth

would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem
begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more
heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.
We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150
years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million
(see Graph 2).
All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil
fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature
increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as
low as 1 to degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.
However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. On the one hand,
Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe.
She says,
serious.
predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of
species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view,
believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that
any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states,

produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals - all of which will make life for human
beings better.
Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades
or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing?
Or, are the risks too great?
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING?
Dear Earth Care,
I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. Sometimes I feel that
individuals can have little effect on such huge environmental problems. However, 1 still think
people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today. As I'm not sure where to
start with my project, I would appreciate any suggestions you may have.
Thank you!
Ouyang? Guang

Dear Ouyang Guang,
There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they do not believe they have
the power to do anything to improve our environment. That is not true. Together, individuals can
make a difference. We do not have to put up with pollution.
The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually comes as a result of many
things we do every day. Here are a few suggestions on how to reduce it. They should get you started
with your project.
1? We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as
you? are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not be casual about this. So if you are not using the lights,
the TV, the computer, and so on, turn them off. If you are cold, put on more clothes instead of
turning up the heat.
2? Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can.
3? Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to. It takes a
lot of energy to make things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things made from recycled
materials.
4 Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy - this includes cars as well as
smaller things like fridges and microwaves.
5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorb carbon dioxide from the air
and? refresh your spirit when you look at them.
6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your family and friends about global
warming and tell them what you have learned.
Remember - your contribution counts!
Earth Care|||
选修6 Unit 5 The power of nature-Reading
AN EXCITING JOB
I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from
all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific
equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored.
Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because danger excites me and makes
me feel alive. However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect? ordinary?
people from one of the most powerful forces on earth - the volcano.
I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
twenty years ago. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is

one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help
other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has
saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses.
Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered
with lava or burned to the ground.
When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than
you might imagine. This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall.
The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it
buries everything in its path under the molten rock. However, the eruption itself is really exciting to
watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one. It was in the second week after I arrived in
Hawaii. Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed
began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window. Having
experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice. I was about to go
back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. I ran out of the house into the
back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance. There had been an eruption from the
side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. It was an
absolutely fantastic sight.
The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. Two other
scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that had
been formed during the eruption. Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we
put them on before we went any closer. All three of us looked like had white protective suits that
covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves. It was not easy to walk in these
suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling
centre. The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this
being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.
Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. Having studied
volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause
great damage.
THE LRKE OF HERVEN
Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast of this beautiful, mountainous area is thick
forest . Changbaishan is China's largest nature reserve and it is kept in its natural state for the people
of China and visitors from all over the world to enjoy. The height of the land varies from 700
metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and
animals. Among the rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers. Many people come to
Changbaishan to study its unique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the mountains, to see
the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools. However, the attraction that arouses the
greatest appreciation in the reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.
Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on top of the mountain.
The lake is 2,194 metres above sea level, and more than 200 metres deep. In winter the surface
freezes over. It takes about an hour to climb from the end of the road to the top of the mountain.

When you arrive you are rewarded not only with the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of
the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.
There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-known concerns three young women
from heaven. They were bathing in Tainchi when a bird flew above them and dropped a small fruit
onto the dress of the youngest girl. When she picked up the fruit to smell it, it flew into her
swallowed the fruit, the girl became pregnant and later gave birth to a handsome boy. It is said that
this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don't forget to drop a
coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your love will be as deep and lasting as the lake itself.|||
选修7 Unit 1 Living well-Reading
MARTY’S STORY
Hi, my name is Marry Fielding and I guess you could say that I am
words, there are not many people like me. You see, I have a muscle disease which makes me very
weak, so I can't run or climb stairs as quickly as other people. In addition, sometimes I am very
clumsy and drop things or bump into furniture. Unfortunately, the doctors don't know how to make
me better, but I am very outgoing and have learned to adapt to my disability. My motto is: live One
day at a time.
Until I was ten years old I was the same as everyone else. I used to climb trees, swim and play
football. In fact, I used to dream about playing professional football and possibly representing my
country in the World Cup. Then I started to get weaker and weaker, until I could only enjoy football
from a bench at the stadium. In the end I went into hospital for medical tests. I stayed there for
nearly three months. I think I had at least a billion tests, including one in which they cut out a piece
of muscle from my leg and looked at it under a microscope. Even after all that, no one could give
my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.
One problem is that I don't look any different from other people. So sometimes some children
in my primary school would laugh, when I got out of breath after running a short way or had to stop
and rest halfway up the stairs. Sometimes, too, I was too weak to go to school so my education
suffered. Every time I returned after an absence, I felt stupid because I was behind the others.
My life is a lot easier at high school because my fellow students have accepted me. The few
who cannot see the real person inside my body do not make me annoyed, and I just ignore them. All
in all I have a good life. I am happy to have found many things I can do, like writing and computer
programming. My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up.
Last year invented a computer football game and a big company has decided to buy it from me. I
have a very busy life with no time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. As well as going to the
movies and football matches with my friends, I spend a lot of time with my pets. I have two rabbits,
a parrot, a tank full of fish and a tortoise. To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time but I
find it worthwhile. I also have to do a lot of work, especially if I have been away for a while.

In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more
independent. I have to work hard to live a normal life but it has been worth it. If I had a chance to
say one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not
satisfying. So don't feel sorry for the disabled or make fun of them, and don't ignore them either.
Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you
do.
Thank you for reading my story.
A LETTER TO AN ARCHITECT
Look at the pictures. Discuss the problems that people with walking difficulties? might have in
a cinema.
Ms L Sanders????????????????????????????????????????? ???? Alice Major
Chief architect???????????? ?????????????????????????????? 64 Cambridge Street
Cinema Designs??????????????????????????????????????????? Bankstown
44 Hill Street
Bankstown
24 September, 200__
Dear Ms Sanders,
I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect for the new Bankstown hope
you will not mind me writing to ask if you have thought about the needs of disabled customers. In
particular I wonder if you have considered the following things:
1? Adequate access for wheelchairs. It would be handy to have lifts to all parts of the cinema.
The buttons in the lifts should be easy for a person in a wheelchair to reach, and the doors be wide
enough to enter. In some cinemas, the lifts are at the back of the cinema in cold, unattractive? places.
As disabled people have to use the lifts, this makes them feel they are not as important as other
customers.
2? Earphones for people who have trouble hearing. It would help to fit sets of earphones to all
seats, not just to some of them. This would allow hearing-impaired customers to enjoy the company
of their hearing friends rather than having to sit in a special area.
3? Raised seating. People who are short cannot always see the screen. So I'd like to suggest
that the seats at the back be placed higher than those at the front so that everyone can see the screen
easily. Perhaps there could be a space at the end of each row for people in wheelchairs to sit next to
their friends.

4 Toilets. For disabled customers it would be more convenient to place the toilets near the
entrance to the cinema. It can be difficult if the only disabled toilet is in the basement a long way
from where the film is showing. And if the doors could be opened outwards, disabled customers
would be very happy.
5? Car parking. Of course, there are usually spaces specially reserved for disabled and elderly
drivers. If they are close to the cinema entrance andor exit, it is easier for disabled people to get to
film in comfort.
Thank you for reading my letter. I hope my suggestions will meet with your approval.
Disabled? people should have the same opportunities as able-bodied people to enjoy the cinema and
to do so with am sure many people will praise your cinema if you design it with good access for
disabled people. It will also make the cinema owners happy if more people go as they will make
higher profits!
Yours sincerely,
Alice Major|||
选修7 Unit 2 Robots - Reading
SATISFACTION GURANTEED
Larry Belmont worked for a company that made robots. Recently it had begun experimenting
with a household robot. It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife, Claire.
Claire didn't want the robot in her house, especially as her husband would be absent for three
weeks, but Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed. It would
be a bonus. However, when she first saw the robot, she felt alarmed. His name was Tony and he
seemed more like a human than a machine. He was tall and handsome with smooth hair and a deep
voice although his facial expression never changed.
On the second morning Tony, wearing an apron, brought her breakfast and then asked her
whether she needed help dressing. She felt embarrassed and quickly told him to go. It was
disturbing and frightening that he looked so human.
One day, Claire mentioned that she didn't think she was clever. Tony said that she must feel
very unhappy to say that. Claire thought it was ridiculous to be offered sympathy by a robot. But
she began to trust him. She told him how she was overweight and this made her feel unhappy. Also
she felt her home wasn't elegant enough for someone like Larry who wanted to improve his social
position. She wasn't like Gladys Claffern, one of the richest and most powerful women around.
As a favour Tony promised to help Claire make herself smarter and her home more elegant. So
Claire borrowed a pile of books from the library for him to read, or rather, scan. She looked at his
fingers with wonder as they turned each page and suddenly reached for his hand. She was amazed
by his fingernails and the softness and warmth of his skin. How absurd, she thought. He was just a
machine.

Tony gave Claire a new haircut and changed the makeup she wore. As he was not allowed to
accompany her to the shops, he wrote out a list of items for her. Claire went into the city and bought
curtains, cushions, a carpet and bedding. Then she went into a jewellery shop to buy a necklace.
When the clerk at the counter was rude to her, she rang Tony up and told the clerk to speak to him.
The clerk immediately changed his attitude. Claire thanked Tony, telling him that he was a
As she turned around, there stood Gladys Claffern. How awful to be discovered by her, Claire
thought. By the amused and surprised look on her face, Claire knew that Gladys thought she was
having an affair. After all, she knew Claire's husband's name was Larry, not Tony.
When? Claire got home, she wept with anger in her armchair. Gladys was everything Claire
wanted to be.
friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larry was to return. By that time, Tony
expected the house to be completely transformed.
Tony worked steadily on the improvements. Claire tried to help once but was too fell off a
ladder and even though Tony was in the next room, he managed to catch her in time. He held her
firmly in his arms and she felt the warmth of his body. She screamed, pushed him away and ran to
her room for the rest of the day.
The night of the party arrived. The clock struck eight. The guests would be arriving soon and
Claire told Tony to go into another that moment, Tony folded his arms around her, bending his
face close to hers. She cried out
the next day and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. Then the front door bell rang.
Tony freed her and disappeared from sight. It was then that Claire realized that Tony had opened
the curtains of the front window. Her guests had seen everything !
The women were impressed by Claire, the house and the delicious cuisine. Just before they left,
Claire heard Gladys whispering to another woman that she had never seen anyone so handsome as
Tony. What a sweet victory to be envied by those women! She might not be as beautiful as them,
but none of them had such a handsome lover.
Then she remembered -Tony was just a machine. She shouted
bed. She cried all night. The next morning a car drove up and took Tony away.
The company was very pleased with Tony's report on his three weeks with Claire. Tony had
protected a human being from harm. He had prevented Claire from harming herself through her
own sense of failure. He had opened the curtains that night so that the other women would see him
and Claire, knowing that there was no risk to Claire's marriage. But even though Tony had been so
clever, he would have to be rebuilt -you cannot have women failing in love with machines.
A BIOGRAPHY OF ISAAC ASIMOV
Isaac Asimov was an American scientist and writer who wrote around 480 books that included
mystery stories, science and history books, and even books about the Holy Bible and Shakespeare.
But he is best known for his science fiction stories. Asimov had both an extraordinary imagination
that gave him the ability to explore future worlds and an amazing mind with which he searched for
explanations of everything, in the present and the past.

Asimov's life began in Russia, where he was born on 2 January, 1920. It ended in New York
on 6 April, 1992, when he died as a result of an HIV infection that he had got from a blood
transfusion nine years earlier.
When Asimov was three, he moved with his parents and his one-year-old sister to New York
City. There his parents bought a candy store which they ran for the next 40 or so years. At the age
of nine, when his mother was pregnant with her third child, Asimov started working part-time in the
store. He helped out through his school and university years until 1942, a year after he had gained a
master's degree in chemistry. In 1942 he joined the staff of the Philadelphia Navy Yard as a junior
chemist and worked there for three years. In 1948 he got his PhD in chemistry. The next year he
became a biochemistry teacher at Boston University School of Medicine. In 1958 he gave up
teaching to become a full-time writer.
It was when Asimov was eleven years old that his talent for writing became obvious. He had
told a friend two chapters of a story he had written. The friend thought he was retelling a story from
a book. This really surprised Asimov and from that moment, he started to take himself seriously as
a writer. Asimov began having stories published in science fiction magazines in 1939. In 1950 he
published his first novel and in 1953 his first science book.
Throughout his life, Asimov received many awards, both for his science fiction books and his
science books. Among his most famous works of science fiction, one for which he won an award
was the Foundation trilogy (1951-1953), three novels about the death and rebirth of a great empire
in a galaxy of the future. It was loosely based on the fall of the Roman Empire but was about the
future. These books are famous because Asimov invented a theoretical framework which was
designed to show how ideas and thinking may develop in the future. He is also well known for his
collection of short stories, I, Robot (1950), in which he developed a set of three
For example, the first law states that a robot must not injure human beings or allow them to be
injured. Some of his ideas about robots later influenced other writers and even scientists researching
into artificial intelligence.
Asimov was married twice. He married his first wife in 1942 and had a son and a daughter.
Their marriage lasted 31 years. Soon after his divorce in 1973, Asimov married again but he had no
children with his second wife.
|||
选修7 Unit 3 Under the sea - Reading
OLD TOM THE KILLER WHALE
I was 16 when I began work in June 1902 at the whaling station. I had heard of the killers that
every year helped whalers catch huge whales. I thought, at the time, that this was just a story but
then I witnessed it with my own eyes many times.
On the afternoon I arrived at the station, as I was I sorting out my' accommodation, I heard a
loud noise coming from the bay. We ran down to the shore in time to see an enormous animal

opposite us throwing itself out of the water and then crashing down again. It was black and white
and fish-shaped. But I knew it wasn't a fish.

there's a whale out there for us.
Another whaler yelled out,
about to be a whale hunt.

George didn't like being kept waiting, so even though I didn't have the right clothes on, I raced after
him.
Without pausing we jumped into the boat with the other whalers and headed out into the bay. I
looked down into the water and could see Old Tom swimming by the boat, showing us the way. A
few minutes later, there was no Tom, so George started beating the water with his oar and there was
Tom, circling back to the boat, leading us to the hunt again.
Using a telescope we could see that something was happening. As we drew closer, I could see
a whale being attacked by a pack of about six other killers.


blow-hole to stop it breathing. And those others are stopping it diving or fleeing out to sea,
told me, pointing towards the hunt. And just at that moment, the most extraordinary thing happened.
The killers started racing between our boat and the whale just like a pack of excited dogs.
Then the harpoon was ready and the man in the bow of the boat aimed it at the whale. He let it
go and the harpoon hit the spot. Being badly wounded, the whale soon died. Within a moment or
two, its body was dragged swiftly by the killers down into the depths of the sea. The men started
turning the boat around to go home.


surface for around 24 hours.
its lips and tongue,
Although Old Tom and the other killers were fierce hunters, they, never harmed or attacked
people. In fact, they protected them. There was one day when we were out in the bay during a hunt
and James was washed off the boat.

The sea was rough that day and it was difficult to handle the boat. The waves were carrying
James further and further away from us. From James's face, I could see he was terrified of being
abandoned by us. Then suddenly I saw a shark.

It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw
James being firmly held up in the water by Old Tom. I couldn't believe my eyes.
There were shouts of
the boat. And then Old Tom was off and back to the hunt where the other killers were still attacking
the whale.
A NEW DIMENSION OF LIFE
19th January
I'm sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting on the day – a day
of pure magic! I went snorkelling on the reef offshore this morning and it was the most fantastic
thing I have ever done. Seeing such extraordinary beauty, I think every cell in my body woke up. It
was like discovering a whole new dimension of life.
The first thing I became aware of was all the vivid colours surrounding me - purples, reds,
oranges, yellows, blues and greens. The corals were fantastic - they were shaped like fans, plates,
brains, lace, mushrooms, the branches of trees and the horns of deer. And all kinds of small, neat
and elegant fish were swimming in and around the corals.
The fish didn't seem to mind me swimming among them. I especially loved the little orange
and white fish that hid in the waving long thin seaweed. And I also loved the small fish that clean
the bodies of larger fish - I even saw them get inside their mouths and clean their teeth! It seemed
there was a surprise waiting for me around every corner as I explored small caves, shelves and
narrow passages with my underwater flashlight: the yellow and green parrotfish was hanging upside
down, and sucking tiny plants off the coral with its hard bird-like mouth; a yellow-spotted red
sea-slug was sliding by a blue sea-star; a large wise-looking turtle was passing so close to me that I
could have touched it.
There were other creatures that I didn't want to get too close to - an eel with its strong sharp
teeth, with only its head showing from a hole, watching for a tasty fish (or my tasty toe!); and the
giant clam halt buried in some coral waiting for something to swim in between its thick green lips.
Then there were two grey reef sharks, each about one and a half metres long, which suddenly
appeared from behind some coral. I told myself they weren't dangerous but that didn't stop me from
feeling scared to death for a moment!
The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended, there was a steep drop to the sandy
ocean floor. It marked a boundary and I thought I was very brave when I swam over the edge of the
reef and hung there looking down into the depths of the ocean. My heart was beating wildly - I felt
very exposed in such deep clear water.

What a wonderful, limitless world it was down there! And what a tiny spot I was in this
enormous world!
|||选修7 Unit 4 Sharing- Reading
A LETTER HOME
Dear Rosemary,
Thanks for your letter, which took a fortnight to arrive. It was wonderful to hear from you. I
know you're dying to hear all about my life here, so I've included some photos which will help you
picture the places I talk about.
You asked about my high school. Well, it's a bush school – the classrooms are made of
bamboo and the roofs of grass. It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a muddy
track. When I reach the school grounds there are lots of
Many of them have walked a long way, sometimes up to two hours, to get to school.
There's no electricity or water and even no textbooks either! l'm still trying to adapt to these
conditions. However, one thing is for sure, I've become more imaginative in my teaching. Science is
my most challenging subject as my students have no concept of
doing experiments. In fact there is no equipment, and if I need water I have to carry it from my
house in a bucket! The other day I was showing the boys the weekly chemistry experiment when,
before I knew it, the mixture was bubbling over everywhere! The boys who had never come across
anything like this before started jumping out of the windows. Sometimes I wonder how relevant
chemistry is to these students, most of whom will be going back to their villages after Year 8
anyway. To be honest, I doubt whether I'm making any difference to these boys' lives at all.
You asked whether I'm getting to know any local people. Well, that's actually quite difficult as?
I don't speak much of the local English dialect yet. But last weekend another teacher, Jenny, and 1
did visit a village which is the home of one of the boys, Tombe. It was my first visit to a remote
village. We walked for two and a half hours to get there - first up a mountain to a ridge from where
we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below. When we arrived at the
village, Tombe's mother, Kiak, who had been pulling weeds in her garden, started crying
We shook hands with all the villagers. Everyone seemed to be a relative of Tombe's.
Tombe's father, Mukap, led us to his house, a low bamboo hut with grass sticking out of the
roof - this shows it is a man's house. The huts were round, not rectangular like the school buildings.
There were no windows and the doorway was just big enough to get through. The hut was dark
inside so it took time for our eyes to adjust. Fresh grass had been laid on the floor and there was a
newly made platform for Jenny and me to sleep on. Usually Kiak would sleep in her own hut, but
that night she was going to share the platform with us. Mukap and Tombe were to sleep on small
beds in another part of the hut. There was a fireplace in the centre of the hut near the doorway. The
only possessions I could see were one broom, a few tin plates and cups and a couple of jars.

Outside Mukap was building a fire. Once the fire was going, he laid stones on it. When hot, he
placed them in an empty oil drum with kau kau (sweet potato), corn and greens. He then covered
the vegetables with banana leaves and left them to steam. I sniffed the food; it smelled delicious.
We ate inside the hut sitting round the fire. I loved listening to the family softly talking to each
other in their language, even though I could not participate the conversation. Luckily, Tombe could
be our interpreter.
Later, I noticed a tin can standing upside down on the grill over the fire. After a short time
Tombe threw it out of the was puzzled. Tombe told me that the can was heated to dry out the
leftover food. They believe that any leftovers attract evil spirits in the night, so the food is dried up
in the can and the can is then thrown out of the hut. Otherwise they don't waste anything.
We left the village the next morning after many goodbyes and firm handshakes. My muscles
were aching and my knees shaking as we climbed down the mountain towards home. That evening I
fell happily into bed. It was such a privilege to have spent a day with Tombe's family.
It's getting late and I have to prepare tomorrow's lessons and do some paperwork. Please write
soon.
Love
Jo
THE WORLD'S MOST USEFUL GIFT CATALOGUE
Would you like to donate an unusual gift? Then this is the catalogue for you. The gift you give
is not something your loved one keeps but a voluntary contribution towards the lives of people who
really need it. Choose from this catalogue a really useful gift for some of the world's poorest and
bring hope for a better future to a community in need.
When you purchase an item, we will send you an attractive card for you to send to your special
person. You can use the cards for any special occasion- weddings ,births, birthdays,Christmas or
anniversaries, etc.
To………………………………………………
To let you know that I am thinking of you, I have purchased a gift from the World’s Most
Useful Gift Catalogue for you to give to some of the world’s poorest.
This gift will train a whole village of around 40 families in India, Kenya, or Bangladesh in new
agricultural methods, and provide seeds and simple agricultural equipment. Just 20% more produce
will mean the difference between sickness and health, between families going hungry and families
providing for themselves.
From…………………………………………….
选修7 Unit 5 Travelling abroad- Reading

KEEP IT UP,XIE LEI
CHINESE STUDENGT FITTING WELL
Six months ago Xie Lei said goodbye to her family and friends in China and boarded a plane
for London. It was the first time she had ever left her motherland.
excited because I had dreamed of this day for so long. But I was also very nervous as I didn't know
what to expect,
lectures.
Xie Lei, who is 21 years old, has come to our university to study for a business qualification.
She is halfway through the preparation year, which most foreign students complete before applying
for a degree course. Xie Lei highly recommends it.
said.

take up all your concentration in the beginning,
same city in China. She told me that she had had to learn almost everything again.
like a child,
shopkeeper for things I didn't know the English for. When I got lost and had to ask a passer-by for
directions, I didn't always understand. They don't talk like they do on our listening tapes,
laughing.
Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. Although some foreign
students live in student accommodation or apartments, some choose to board with English families.
Living with host families, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to
learn more about the new culture.
family for help,
substitute family to be with.
Xie Lei's preparation course is helping her to get used to the academic requirements of a
Western university.
on the Internet that seemed to have exactly the information I needed. So I made a summary of the
article, revised my draft and handed the essay in. I thought I would get a really good mark but I got
an E. I was numb with shock! So I went to my tutor to ask the reason for his revision. First of all, he
told me, I couldn't write what other people had said without acknowledging them. Besides, as far as
he was concerned, what other people thought was not the most important thing. He wanted to know
what I thought, which confused me because I thought that the author of the article knew far more
than I did. My tutor explained that I should read lots of different texts that contain different opinions
and analyse what I read. Then, in my essay, I should give my own opinion and explain it by
referring to other authors. Finally he even encouraged me to contradict the authors I'd read! At first
I lacked confidence, but now I'm beginning to get the idea and my marks have improved. More
importantly, I am now a more autonomous learner.
Xie Lei told me that she feels much more at home in England now, and what had seemed very
strange before now appears quite normal.
occupied with work that I haven't had time for social activities. I think it's important to have a

balance between study and a social life, so I'm going to join a few clubs. Hope- fully I'll make some
new friends.
We will follow Xie Lei's progress in later editions of this newspaper but for now, we wish Xie
Lei all the best in her new enterprise. She deserves to succeed.
PERU
Peru offers a variety of experiences from ancient ruins and centuries- old Spanish villages to
thick forests, high mountains and desert coastline. TRAVEL PERU offers tours for all ages and
tastes. The following tours are based at Cuzco, the site of the ancient capital of the Inca civilization.
Tour 1
Experience the jungle and its diverse wildlife close up. During this four-day walking tour, you
will be amazed by mountain scenery and the ancient ruins we pass on our hike. On the last day, we
arrive at the ruins of Machu Picchu in time to see the sunrise over the Andes. Spend the day visiting
the ruins of this ancient Inca city before catching the train back to Cuzco.
Tour 2
A full-day trip by road from Cuzco to Puno with fantastic views of the highland countryside.
From Puno, we travel by boat across Lake Titicaca, stopping on the way at the floating islands of
the Uros people. These floating islands and the Uros Indian's houses are made of the water plants
that grow in the lake. A full-day stay with a local family gives you an opportunity to learn more
about their life. Return to Puno on the fourth day for your flight back to Lima.
Tour 3
Spend four days high in the-Andes at Cuzco. Learn about its history and visit the museums.
Admire the Spanish architecture, enjoy some excellent Spanish cuisine and take some time to
bargain for some souvenirs at the colourful markets. Take the train up to Machu Picchu for a guided
tour of the ruins and the royal tomb of the Inca king.
Tour 4
A short flight from Cuzco takes you from the Andes into the lowlands of the Amazon Jungle.
From here you'll travel by boat to your accommodation in a forest reserve, which holds the record
for the most bird sightings in one area. From the guesthouse you can explore the jungle in the
company of a local guide.|||
选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading
CALIFORNIA
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the
distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over

the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity
of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.
NATIVE AMERCANS
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years
ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by
means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the
Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In
addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these
terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other
state.
THE SPANISH
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South
America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land.
Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest
coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority
were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the
people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In
1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to
give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is
why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
RUSSIANS
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in
California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.
GOLD MINERS
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The
dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore
the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from
Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or
returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.
They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first
federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
LATER A RRIVALS
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building
of

the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California
in the 1860s. Today, Chinese- Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage
have chosen to stay in the
Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in
California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their
own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well
established in Hollywood, California. The industry boom attracted Europeans including many
Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.
Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since
the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in California since the
1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945
to work in the ship and aircraft industries.
MOST RECENT ARRIVALS
In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including
Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer
industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.
THE FUTURE
People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still
immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that
there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and
cultures.
GEORGE’S DIARY 12TH—14TH JUNE
Monday 12th, June
Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and
shave. Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a
spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable car system was
invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams.
Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the
conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses
with it.
Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What. This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to
San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. Now it's a tourist area with
lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island
and other places in the Bay.
Did so much exploring at Fisherman's What. Am exhausted and don't feel like doing anything
else. Early bed tonight!

Tuesday 13th, June
Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. Spent all day driving
around the city. There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. It has blue and white signs with
seagulls on them to show the way to go. It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist
spots. Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take
photographs. Now have a really good idea of what the city's like.
In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in this area in
the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China.
Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. Also art
galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history
of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. Will go back during the day. Had a delicious
meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.
Wednesday 14th, June
In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a
good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration
station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. The cells in the station were
very small, cold and damp; some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go.
Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote
poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil
authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the
opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.
|||选修8 Unit 2 Cloning-Reading
CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of
another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to
make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced
from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.
Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial
quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical
research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It
is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the
determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of
Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:
On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone,
Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came
the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find
that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and
a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected

other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were:
a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections
were made in their research procedure?
On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on
the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to
the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.
Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to
obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.
Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative.
Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other
countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that
cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and
where it is leading us.
THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?
The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And
they are not the only ones! The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones
several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into
people's hearts. But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists
are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is still a
new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:
1950s cloning of f rogs?????????????????????????????????????????????? ? 1996 first clone of
a mammal: Dolly the sheep
1970s research using the embryos of mice???????????? 2000 cow gave birth to a bison
1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice????????????? 2001 China's first cloned twin calves
1981 first experimental clones of mice???????????????????? 2002 first cloned cats
1983 first experimental clones of cows???????????????????? 2005 first cloned dog
…
From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought
back to life through cloning. Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible or
unsuitable. There are many reasons.
◎ The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information for how
cells
are to grow).

◎ All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group
to overcome illnesses. Diversity in a group means
having animals with their genes arranged in different ways. The advantage is that if there is a
new illness some of these animals may die,
but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. The
great drawback to cloning a group of
animals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genes and so might die of the
same illness. Then none of them would be left to
continue the species.
◎ It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo. A suitable
habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life.
Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than
10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs
ever returning to the earth is merely a dream.
|||选修8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions-Reading
THE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES
When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.
are some snakes in our courtyard,
they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them
please?
merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt
these living creatures!
The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only
seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about
researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small
and that made the solution easier.
Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches: firstly,
removing their habitat; secondly, attracting them into a trap using male or female perfume or food;
and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easily caught. I decided to
use the last one. I bought an ice- cream maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the
outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled. I put the
bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.
The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. I placed the frozen bowl over the
snakes' habitat and the ice- cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. Finally I covered the whole
thing with a large bucket. Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. The

snakes were less active but they were still too fast for me. They abruptly disappeared into a
convenient hole in the wall. So I had to adjust my plan.
For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the
snakes' habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool. Then as before, I covered the
bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. Early the next morning I returned to see the
result. This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy.
But once picked up, they tried to bite me. As they were poisonous snakes, I clearly needed to
improve my design again.
My third attempt repeated the second procedure. The next morning I carried in my hand a
small net used for catching fish. This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again. But
monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all went according to plan. I collected
the passive snakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into the wild.
Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for
my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have had that
recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. The criteria are so strict that it is
difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. In addition, no invention will get a
patent if it is:
◎a discovery
◎a scientific idea or mathematical model
◎literature or art
◎a game or a business
◎a computer programme
◎a new animal or plant variety
Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really
is different from everyone else's. There are a large number of patent examiners, too, whose
only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. If it passes all the tests, your application
for a patent will be published 18 months from the date you apply. So I have filled in the form and
filed my patent application with the Patent Office. Now it's a matter of waiting and hoping. You'll
know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! Wish me luck!
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland, but when he was young his family
moved to Boston, USA. His mother was almost entirely deaf, so Alexander became interested in
helping deaf people communicate and in deaf education. This interest led him to invent the

microphone. He found that by pressing his lips against his mother's forehead, he could make his
mother understand what he was saying.
He believed that one should always be curious and his most famous saying was:

certain to find something that you have never seen before. Follow it up, explore all around it, and
before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind. All really
big discoveries are the result of thought.
It was this exploring around problems and his dynamic spirit that led to his most famous
invention - the telephone in 1876. Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying
to design was a multiple telegraph. This original telegraph sent a message over distances using
Morse code (a series of dots tapped out along a wire in a particular order). But only one message
could go at a time. Bell wanted to improve it so that it could send several messages at the same time.
He designed a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations
to be held at the same time. But he found the problem difficult to solve. One day as he was
experimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man's ear drum and the other to a piece of
smoked glass, Bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on the glass.
Suddenly he had a flash of inspiration. If sound waves could be reproduced in a moving electrical
current, they could be sent along a wire. In searching to improve the telegraph,
Bell had invented the first telephone!
Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wrote to his father:
– and
friends will talk to each other without leaving home.
The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first
telephone message to his assistant Watson. The words have now become famous:

Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in many other areas of
invention. He experimented with helicopter designs and flying machines. While searching for a kite
strong enough to carry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and
discovered the tetrahedron shape. Being very stable, it has proved invaluable in the design of
bridges.
Bell was an inventor all his life. He made his first invention at eleven and his last at seventy-
five. Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a
continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody's life.
选修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion- Reading
PYGMALION

MAIN CHARACTERS:
Eliza Doolittle (E):???? a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself
Professor Higgins (H):? an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a person's English
decides hisher position in society
Colonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets him a
task
Act One????????????????????????????????????????????? FATEFUL? MEETINGS
11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. It is pouring with rain and cab
whistles are blowing in all directions. A man is hiding from the rain listening to people's language
and watching their reactions. While watching, he makes notes. Nearby a flower girl wearing dark
garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain. A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates
for a moment.
E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.
G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.
E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.
G: (surprised) For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.
E:? (hopefully) Oah! Oh, do buy a flower off me,? Captain. Take this for three pence. (holds
up some dead flowers)
G: (uncomfortably) Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl. (looks in his wallet and
sounds more friendly) But, wait, here's some small change. Will that be of any use to you? It's
raining heavily now, isn't it? (leaves)
E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing) Thank you, sir. (sees a
man taking notes and feels worried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to that gentleman.
I've a right to sell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thief. I'm an honest girl I am! (begins to cry)
H: (kindly) There! There! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for? (gives
her a handkerchief)
E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.
H: Do I look like a policeman?
E: (still worried) Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether 'ou took
me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!
H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)

E: What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read that. (pushes it back at him)
H: I can. (reads imitating Eliza)
(in his own voice) There you are and you were born
in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.
E: (looking confused) What if I was? What's it to you?
CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That's quite brilliant! How did you
do that, may I ask?
H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech. That's my profession
and? also my hobby. You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place any spoken
conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London sometimes.
CP: Let me congratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?
H: Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newly rich. People begin their working
life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with 100?
thousand. But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths. Now once taught by me,
she'd become an upper class lady ...
CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!
H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the
gutter to the end of her days. But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak? properly, that girl could
pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party. Perhaps I could even
find her a place as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.
E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!
H: (ignores her) Can you believe that?
CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...
H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?
CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?
H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.
CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!
E: What about me? How'll you help me?
H: Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket) We must have a
celebration, my dear man. (leave together)

E: (looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. A whole pound! A fortune!
That'll help me, indeed it will. Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins. Just you wait and see! All
that talk of (imitates him)
for me ... (goes out)
Act Two, Scene 1???????????????????????????? MAKING THE BET
It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are
sitting deep in conversation.
H:??? Do you want to hear any more sounds?
CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel
sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish most of them.
H:?? (laughing) Well, that comes with practice.
There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some
cream and two cups.
MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you.
H:??? A young girl! What does she want?
MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty thought perhaps you wanted her to
talk into your machines.
H:??? Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll her in, Mrs Pearce.
MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs)
H:??? This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ...
MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs
Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.)
H:??? (disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw the other day.
She's? no use at all. Take her away.
CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady?
E:??? (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street. But they
won't take me 'less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not asking for any favours -
and he treats me like dirt.
H: How much?

E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two shillings an
hour from a real Frenchman. You wouldn't have the face to ask me for the same for teaching me as
yer would for French. So I won't give yer more than a shilling.
H: (ignoring Eliza and speaking to Pickering) If you think of how much money this girl has -
why, it's the best offer I've had! (to Eliza) But if I teach you, I'll be worse than a father.
CP: I say, Higgins. Do you remember what you said last night? I'll say you're the greatest
teacher alive if you can pass her off as a lady. I'll be the referee for this little bet and pay for the
lessons too ...
E:? (gratefully) Oh, yer real good, yer are. Thank you, Colonel.
H: Oh, she is so deliciously low. (compromises) OK, I'll teach you. (to Mrs Pearce) But she'll
need to be cleaned first. Take her away, Mrs Pearce. Wash her and burn her horrible clothes. We'll
buy her new ones. What's your name, girl?
E: I'm Eliza Doolittle and I'm clean. My clothes went to the laundry when I washed last week.
MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bath every morning. If these two
gentlemen teach you, you'll have to do the same. They won't like the smell of you otherwise.
E: (sobbing) I can't. I dursn't. It ain't natural and it'd kill me. I've never had a bath in my life;
not? over my whole body, neither below my waist nor taking my vest off. I'd never have come if I'd
known about this disgusting thing you want me to do ...
H: Once more, take her away, Mrs Pearce, immediately. (Outside Eliza is still weeping with
Mrs Pearce) You see the problem, Pickering. It'll be how to teach her grammar, not just
pronunciation. She's in need of both.
CP: And there's another problem, Higgins. What are we going to do once the experiment is
over?
H:?? (heartily) Throw her back.
CP: But you cannot overlook that! She'll be changed and she has feelings too. We must be
practical, mustn't we?
H:??? Well, we'll deal with that later. First, we must plan the best way to teach her.
CP: How about beginning with the alphabet. That's usually considered very effective ... (fades
out as they go offstage together)
|||选修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors-Reading
A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES

A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit. An
archaeologist (A) is showing them round.
A:? Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet you
students from England, who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware that it's here that we
found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. We've been
excavating here for many years and ...
S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.
A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones in
those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think it is reasonable to
assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.
S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do. It must
have been very uncomfortable.
A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires. That would
have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well. We have been
excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire
burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at
the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.
S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?
A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were
their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early
people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)
S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?
A: What else do you think it might have been used for?
S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone. I
wonder how they made the hole for the ...
S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the
material?
A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?
Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them?
I'm? sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.
A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We continue
discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools. It seems that they used the sharpened stone
tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove
the fat and meat from the skin. After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to

make it soft. Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task!
Now look at this. (shows a necklace)
S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace. Did early people really care about their appearance like we
do? It's lovely!
A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.
S4et me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of
shells.
A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside.
Can you identify any other bones?
S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?
A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be
part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.
S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here?
Aerhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their
journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals. They didn't grow their
own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That's why they are called hunters
and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?
THE? FEAST: 18,000 BC
Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection
of nuts, melons and other fruit. It was the custom of family groups to separate and then gather again
at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across the grasslands. A wrinkle
appeared on her forehead. If only it could be just like last year! At that time she had been so happy
when Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children. He was the best toolmaker in the group
and it was a great honour for her to be chosen. She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins.
She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice. If only she had looked
ahead and planned better this year! Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.
Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves
fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. She had no man with his spear to
protect her. She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and
she stopped. So the men had brought home the meat for the feast! The smell of cooking meat filled
the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy with hunger. She could see her mother and the
older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire. Her aunts were making clothes with
animal skins. Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
Lala smiled with relief. It was good to have her family around her.

Just then a tall man came up behind her. He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced
eyebrows and cheekbones. Over his shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under
his arm. Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who smiled and went outside
the cave to begin his task.
First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled out
some more tools. They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads. He chose
one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed
sharpening. Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his hand before continuing
his task. He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the meat and scrape the
fish. As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive
for dinner. Lala's spirits rose. Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful as last year! She smiled to
herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her friends and neighbours.|||
选修9 Unit 1 Breaking records-Reading

Ashrita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breaking Guinness records. Over the
last 25 years, he hasbroken approximately 93 Guinness records. More than twenty of these he still
holds, including the record for having the most records. But these records are not made in any
conventional sport like swimming or soccer. Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in very
imaginative events and in very interesting places.
Recently, Ashrita achieved his dream of breaking a record in all seven continents, including
hula hooping in Australia, pogo stick jumping under water in South America, and performing deep
knee bends in a hot air balloon in North America.
While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, in reality
they require an enormous amount of strength and fitness as well as determination.
Think about the fine neck adjustments needed to keep a full bottle of milk on your head while
you are walking. You can stop to rest or eat but the bottle has to stay on your head.
While Ashrita makes standing on top of a 75 cm Swiss ball look easy, it is not. It takes a lot of
concentration and a great sense of balance to stay on it. You have to struggle to stay on top
especially when your legs start shaking.
And what about somersaulting along a road for 12 miles? Somersaulting is a tough event as
you have to overcome dizziness, extreme tiredness and pain. You are permitted to rest for only five
minutes in every hour of rolling but you are allowed to stop briefly to vomit.
Covering a mile in the fastest time while doing gymnastically correct lunges is yet another
event in which Ashrita is outstanding. Lunges are extremely hard on your legs. You start by
standing and then you step forward with the fight foot while touching the left knee to the ground.
Then you stand up again and step forward with the left foot while touching the fight knee to the
ground. Imagine doing this for a mile!

Yet this talented sportsman is not a natural athlete. As a child he was very unfit and was not at
all interested in sports. However, he was fascinated by the Guinness Book of World Records.
How Ashrita came to be a sportsman is an interesting story. As a teenager, he began searching
for a deeper meaning in life. He studied Eastern religions and, aged 16, discovered an Indian
meditation teacher called Sri Chinmoy who lived in his neighbourhood in New York City. Since
that time in the early 1970s, Ashrita has been one of Sri Chinmoy's students. Sri Chinmoy says that
it is just as important for people to develop their bodies as it is to develop their minds, hearts and
spiritual selves. He believes that there is no limit to people's physical abilities.
When Ashrita came third in a 24-hour bicycle marathon in New York's Central Park in 1978,
he knew that he would one day get into the Guinness Book of World Records. He had been urged
by his spiritual leader to enter the marathon even though he had done no training. So, when he won
third place, he came to the understanding that his body was just an instrument of the spirit and that
he seemed to be able to use his spirit to accomplish anything. From then on, Ashrita refused to
accept any physical limitation.
With this new confidence, Asharita broke his first Guinness record with 27,000 jumping jacks
in 1979. The motivation to keep trying to break records comes through his devotion to Sri Chinmoy.
Every time Ashrita tries to break a record, he reaches a point where he feels he cannot physically do
any more. At that moment, he goes deep within himself and connects with his soul and his teacher.
Ashrita always acknowledges his teacher in his record-breaking fact, he often wears a T-shirt
with Sri Chinmoy's words on the back. The words are:

FOCUS ON ...
Lance Armstrong
Date of Birth: 8th September, 1971
Country: USA
Lance Armstrong's Guinness record for the fastest average speed at the Tour de France was set
in 1999 with an average speed of kmhr. In his teens he was a triathlete but at 16 he began to
concentrate on cycling. He was an amateur cyclist before the 1992 Olympic Games but turned
professional after he had competed in the Games. In the following few years, he won numerous
titles, and by 1996 he had become the world's number one. However, in October 1996, he
discovered he had cancer and
had to leave cycling. Successfully fighting his illness, Armstrong officially returned to racing
in 1998. In 1999 he won the Tour de France and in 2003 he achieved his goal of winning five Tours
de France.
Michellie Jones

Date of Birth: 9th June, 1969
Country: Australia
In 1988 Michellie Jones helped establish the multi-sport event, the triathlon, in Australia. After
completing her teaching qualifications in 1990, she concentrated on the triathlon. In 1991, she
finished third at the world championships. In 1992 and 1993, she was the International Triathlon
Union World Champion. Since then, she has never finished lower than fourth in any of the world
championships she has competed in. At the Sydney Olympics in 2000 she won the silver medal in
the Women's Triathlon, the first time the event had been included in the Olympic Games. Recently,
for the first time in 15 years, Jones was not selected as part of the national team and therefore did
not compete in the 2004 Olympics in Athens.
Fu Mingxia
Date of Birth: 16th August, 1978
Country: China
Fu Mingxia first stood on top of the 10-metre diving platform at the age of nine. At 12 years
old she won a Guinness Record when she became the youngest female to win the women's world
title for platform diving at the World Championships in Australia in 1991. At the 1992 Barcelona
Olympic Games, she took the gold medal in the women's 10-metre platform, becoming the
youngest Olympic diving champion of all time. This was followed by great success at the 1996
Atlanta Olympic Games where she won gold for both the 10-metre platform and the three-metre
springboard. This made her the first woman in Olympic diving history to win three gold medals.
She retired from diving after Atlanta and went to study economics at university. While there she
decided to make a comeback and went on to compete at the Sydney Olympic Games, where she
won her fourth Olympic gold, again making Olympic history.
Martin Strel
Date of Birth: 1st October, 1954
Country: Slovenia
Strel was trained as a guitarist before he became a professional marathon swimmer in 1978. He
has a passion for swimming the world's great rivers. In 2000, he was the first person ever to swim
the entire length of the Danube River in Europe - a distance of 3,004 kilometres in 58 days. For this,
he attained his first entry in the Guinness Book of World Records. Then in 2001 he broke the
Guinness record for non-stop swimming - kilometres in the Danube River in 84 hours and 10
minutes. Martin won his third entry in the Guinness Book of World Records in 2002 when he beat
his own record for long distance swimming by swimming the length of the Mississippi River in
North America in 68 days, a total of 3,797 kilometres. Then in 2003 he became the first man to
have swum the whole 1,929 kilometres of the difficult Parana River in South 2004, Strel again
broke his own Guinness record by swimming the length of the dangerous Changjiang River (4,600
km), the third longest fiver in the world.

|||选修9 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans-Reading
SRILING THE OCERNS
We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it
possible to plot a ship's position on a map. The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show
that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.
So how did they navigate so well? Read these pages from an encyclopedia.
Page 1:
Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline
This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the
minimum amount of risk.
Using celestial bodies
North Star
At the North Pole the North Star is at its highest position in the sky, but at the equator it is
along the horizon. So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions.
Sun
On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday
to navigate by. They can use the height of the sun to work out their latitude.
Clouds
Sea captains observed the clouds over islands. There is a special cloud formation which
indicates there is land close by.
Using wildlife
Seaweed
Sailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could tell by the colour and smell how long it had
been them. If it was fresh and smelled strongly,then the ship was close to land.
Birds
Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen. In the
evening nesting birds return to land and their nests. So seamen could follow the birds to land even if
they were offshore and in the open sea.
Using the weather

Fog
Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers. Seamen used it to help identify the position
of a stream or river when they were close to land.
Winds
Wise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing. They could accelerate the speed, but they
could also be dangerous. So the Vikings would observe the winds before and during their outward
or return journeys.
Using the sea
Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to their skills helped
sailors explore the seas and discover new lands. They increased their ability to navigate new seas
when they used instruments.
Page 2:
Using navigational instruments to help
Finding longitude
There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British
solved this theoretical problem. Nobody knew? that the earth moved westwards 15 degrees every
hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude using speed? and time.
An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of
the ship. The rope was tied to a log which was then thrown into the sea. As the ship advanced
through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman's hands. The number of
knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles
per hour.
Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate
longitude using complicated mathematical tables. The compass has a special magnetic pointer
which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to
go. In this way the ship could set a straight course even in the middle of the ocean.
Finding latitude
The Bearing Circle
It was the first instrument to measure the sun's position. A seaman would measure the sun's
shadow and compare it with the height of the sun at midday. Then he could tell if he was sailing on
his correct rather than a random course.
A Bearing Circle
The Astrolabe

The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected. They are developments of one another.
The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation
to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky. This gave the seamen the local time and
allowed them to find their latitude at sea. However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of
reference was the moving ship itself.
The Quadrant
This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe. It measured how high stars
were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of the was easier to handle
because it was more portable. Its shortcoming was that it still used the moving ship as one of the
fixed points of reference. As the ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be
accurate with any reading.
The sextant
The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency
to make mistakes. It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational
instruments. It works by measuring the angle between two fixed objects outside the ship using two
mirrors. This made the calculations more precise and easier to do.
THE GREATEST NAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY:A LESSON IN SURVIVAL
I am proud to have sailed with Captain Bligh on his journey of over 40 days through about
4,000miles in an open boat across the Pacific Ocean in 1789. Our outward voyage in the
to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be my stories when I
returned home. But how wrong I was! On our departure from Tahiti, some of the crew took over the
deposited the captain into a small boat to let him find his own way home. But who else was to go
with him? Those of us on board the
death by sitting close together on a small, crowded open boat with very little food and water? Or
should one stay on the
caught? The drawback of staying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was
to treat Captain Bligh in this way. So I joined him in the small boat. As dusk fell, we seemed to face
an uncertain future. We had no charts and the only instruments the captain was allowed to take with
him were a compass and a quadrant.
Once we were at sea, our routine every day was the same. At sunrise and sunset the captain
measured our position using the quadrant and set the course using the compass. It was extremely
difficult for us to get a correct reading from the quadrant as the boat moved constantly. The captain
used a system called
position. So his task was to make sure we stayed on that course. As you can see from the map we
kept to a straight course pretty well. In addition, the captain kept us all busy reading the tables to
work out our position. Although this took a great deal of time, it didn't matter. Time was, after all,
what we had a lot of!
Our daily food was shared equally among us all: one piece of bread and one cup of water. It
was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically.

Imagine all that water around you, but none of it was safe to drink because the salt in it would drive
you mad! All the time the captain tried to preserve our good spirits by telling stories and talking
hopefully about what we would do when we got back to England. We only half believed him.
The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared. We
could foresee that we would die if we could not reach land very soon and we sank gradually into a
sleepy, half-alive state. The captain was as weak as the rest of us, but he was determined not to give
up. He continued his navigational measurements every day. He kept us busy and tried to take our
minds off our stomachs and our thirst. He kept us alive.
You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when arriving in
Timor over forty days after being set loose in our small boat. Our clothes were torn, we had fever
and our faces showed the hardships we had suffered. But after a rest, some good meals and some
new clothes, everything changed. We couldn't stop talking about our voyage and everybody wanted
to hear about it. We were the heroes who had escaped the jaws of death by completing the greatest
navigational feat of all time!
选修9 Unit 3 Australia- Reading
GLIMPSES OF AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIA
Capital: Canberra???????????????? Offcial name: Commonwealth of Australia
Area: 7,686,850 km2??????????? Population: 20 million
Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko, 2,228 metres above sea level
Lowest point: Lake Eyre, 15 metres below sea level
Australia is the only country that is also a continent. It is the sixth largest country in the world
and is in the smallest continent - Oceania. It is a mainly dry country with only a few coastal areas
that have adequate rainfall to support a large population. Approximately 80 of Australians live in
the south-eastern coastal area, which includes Australia's two largest cities – Melbourne and Sydney.
The centre of the continent, which is mainly desert and dry grassland, has few settlements.
Australia is famous for its huge, open spaces, bright sunshine, enormous number of sheep and
cattle and its unusual wildlife, which include kangaroos and koalas. Australia is a popular
destination with tourists from all over the world who come to experience its unique ecology.
Australia is made up of six states. Like the states in America, Australian states are autonomous
in some areas of government. However, Australia has a federal government responsible for matters
that affect people all over the country, such as defence, foreign policy and taxation. The federal
parliament is located in Canberra.
CITIZENSHIP CEREMONIES PLANNED AROUND AUSTRALIA

On 26 January, Australia Day, in over 200 locations across the nation , more than 9,000 people
will become Australian citizens.

different cultural and social backgrounds into our communities and our nation,
for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs.
many birthplaces are an excellent way to encourage tolerance, respect and friendship among all the
people of Australia.
Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singing and dancing from many
of the migrants' homelands and the tasting of food from all over the world.
Go by plane and see clouds
Go by TRAIN and see Australia
Enjoy 3 nights on board the Indian-Pacific
On this 4,352-km journey from Sydney to Perth via Adelaide you'll view some ot Australias
unique scenery from the superb Blue Mountains to the treeless plains of the Nuliarbor. Along the
way you will spot a fascinating variety of wildlife.
Enjoy 2 nights on board the Ghan
As you travel from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs, you'll observe some of Australia's
most spectacular landscapes - from the rolling hills surrounding Adelaide to the rusty reds of
Australia's centre and the tropical splendour of Darwin.
For more information, timetables and fares go to Dear Shen Ping,
I wish you could see this amazing rock. It is part of one of Australia's 14 Worm Heritage Sites
and
rises about 335 metres out of a vast, flat sandy plain. A t different times of the day it appears to
change coour, from grey-red at sunrise, to golden and finally to burning red at dusk.
Aboriginal people have lived near Uluru for thousands of years and yout can walk around it with an
Aboriainal guide to learn about their customs, art, religion and day-to-day life. It is also possible to
climb the rock, but most people don't do this out of respect for the Aboriginal people who consider
the rock to be sacred. I’ll be back in Sydney in a fortnight because I've made a reservation on the
Indian Pacific train to Perth.
love Jack
Tours outside Hobart

Drive 250 km northwestwards from Hobart along the A10 highway and you'll arrive at the
southern end of the magnificent Cradle Mountain National Park and World Heritage area. This park
is famous for its mountain peaks, lakes and ancient forests. A popular attraction for active tourists is
the 80-km walking track that joins the southern and northern ends of the park. There are also a
range of short walks.
Reading and discussing
Before you read the following text, read the title and look at the pictures. Discuss with a
partner what you expect to read about in the text.
AUSTRALIA’S DANGEROUS CREATURES
Australia is home to more than 170 different kinds of snake and 115 of these are poisonous. In
fact, Australia has more kinds of venomous snake than any other country in the world. Luckily, the
poison of most snakes can kill or paralyze only small few varieties, however, can kill humans, so
it is just as well that snakes are very shy and usually attack only if they are disturbed and feel
threatened.
There are also approximately 2,000 different kinds of spider in Australia and, like snakes, most
have a poisonous bite. However, the majority have no effect on humans or cause only mild a few
have venom that is powerful enough to kill a human being. While a small number of Australians are
bitten by spiders each year, most recover without any medical treatment.
The seas around Australia contain over 160 different kinds of shark, which vary in size from
just 20 centimetres to over 14 metres. However, although they look dangerous because of their wide
mouths and sharp teeth, all but two or three kinds are harmless to humans.
Another potentially dangerous sea animal is the jellyfish. Most kinds of poisonous jellyfish can
cause severe pain to anyone who touches them but the poison of the box jellyfish can actually kill a
human, especially if that person has a weak heart. The tiniest amount of poison from a box jellyfish
can kill in less than five minutes and it is probably the most poisonous animal in the world.
There is one other dangerous animal in Australia worth mentioning, and that is the crocodile.
Although two types of crocodile live in Australia, only the saltwater crocodile has been known to
kill humans. This crocodile moves very quickly when it sees something it considers to be food, and
from time to time a crocodile has snatched someone before he or she is even aware that the
crocodile is there.
You might think that with all these dangerous animals Australia is an unsafe place to live in or
visit. However, this is far from the truth. There are no more than a handful of shark attacks each
year and only three deaths have been reported in the last five , in the last three years there have been
only two reported deaths from crocodile attacks. Since 1956, when an anti- venom treatment for
redback spider bites was developed, there have been no deaths from redbacks, and since 1981 when
a treatment was developed for funnelweb spider poison, there have been no deaths from this spider
either. Treatments for jellyfish stings and s~aakebites have also been developed and in the last five

years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from
snakebites.
|||选修9 Unit 4 Exploring plants-Reading
PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES
The plants in our gardens look so familiar that often we do not realize that many of them
actually come from countries far away. Collecting
the earliest times. Many ancient civilisations saw the value of bringing back plants from distant
lands. The first plant collecting expedition recorded in history was around 1500 BC when the Queen
of Egypt sent ships away to gather plants, animals and other goods.
However, it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the
botanical world began on a large scale. Europe had become interested in scientific discovery and the
European middle classes took great interest in collecting new plants. This
attraction to exotic plants grew as European nations, like the Netherlands, Britain and Spain,
moved into other parts of the world like Asia and Australia. Brave young men took the opportunity
of going on botanical expeditions, often facing many dangers including disease,near-starvation,
severe environments and conflicts with the local people.
An important group of collectors were Frencn Catholic missionaries who, by the middle of the
18th century, were beginning to set themselves up in China. One such missionary, Father
d'Incarville, was sent to Beijing in the 1740s. He collected seeds of trees and bushes including those
of the Tree of Heaven. Just before he died, he sent some Tree of Heaven seeds to England. They
arrived in 1751 and plants from these seeds were grown throughout Europe and later, in 1784, the
species was introduced in North America.
Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector, who accompanied James Cook on
his first voyage from England to Oceania. The purpose of the trip for Banks was to record the plant
and animal life they came across. He and his team collected examples whenever they went onto dry
land. In 1769, Banks collected vast quantities of plants in the land now known as Australia. None of
these plants had been recorded by Europeans before. Cook called the bay where the Endeavour had
anchored Botany Bay.
Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge. Large
numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and
Europe. One plant explorer lost several years' work when his plants were mined with seawater.
The world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Ward's invention of
a tightly sealed portable glass container. This invention, called the Wardian case, allowed plants to
be transported on long journeys. In 1833, Ward shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney,
Australia. All the plants survived the six- month journey. In 1835, the cases made a return trip with
some Australian species that had never been successfully transported before. After eight months at
sea, they arrived safely in London.

A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian
cases. He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859. At that time, there were restrictions
on the movement of Europeans and so, in order to travel unnoticed, he developed his fluency in
Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, even shaving his head in the Chinese style. He experienced
many adventures including huge thunderstorms in the Yellow Sea and pirates on the Yangtze River.
Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped
20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industry was established.
The second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant exploration.
During this time many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from France. They valued the study
of the natural sciences and many of the missionaries knew a lot about plants and animals. Their
expeditions resulted in huge plant collections, which were sent back to France. One of the collectors
was Father Farges, who collected 37 seeds from a tree that had appealed to him. This tree was later
called the Dove Tree. He sent the seeds back to France in
1897 but only one seed grew.
Although the missionaries collected large numbers of soecimens. there was not enough
material for growing particular species in Western gardens. However, European botanists were very
excited with the knowledge that China had a vast variety of plants, so many plant collectors were
sent on collecting trips to China. One of these collectors was E H Wilson who, in 1899, was able to
collect a large quantity of seeds of the Dove Tree that Father Farges had discovered. Wilson and
other plant collectors introduced many new plants to Western gardens.
Reading and discussing
Before you read the text on page 38, have a quick glance at it. What is the text about? What do
the pictures show you? What is the chart about?
FLOWERS AND THEIR ANIMAIL POLLINATORS
Over time, many flowering plants and their animal pollinators have evolved together. The
plant needs the animal to pollinate it and the animal is rewarded with food called nectar when it
visits the flowers. Pollen becomes attached to the animal during its visit to a flower and is then
passed on to another plant's blossom on its next visit. So pollination takes place, therefore
increasing the chances of the survival of the plant species.
Through evolution, most flowers have adapted to attract specific types of pollinators. Bees,
moths and butterflies are the most important
pollinators. Flies, wasps, beetles and other animals such as birds and bats are less common.
The type of pollinator depends on the characteristics of the flower such as its colour, shape,
size and smell. For example, yellow flowers attract bees, while red flowers attract butterflies. The
nectar in some flowers can only be reached by a bird with a long bill or a long-tongued moth or
butterfly. The chart below describes some features of flowers that attract certain kinds of
pollinators.

Pollinator Typical flower characteristics
Bees Colour: bright yellow, blue; the flower often has a special pattern to guide the bees to the
nectar inside.
Shape: the petals are wide enough for bees to land on;usually the nectar is at the end of a small,
narrow tube whose length is the same as the tongue of a particular species.
Smell: delicate, fragrant.
Butterflies Colour: red, orange.
Shape: the petals form a tube of a suitable length for butterflies. Tiny flowers are often in tight
bunches that provide a place for butterflies to land on, eg daisies.
Smell: odourless.
Moths Colour: white, light-coloured so moths can see them at night.
Shape: the petals form a deep tube to match the length of a specific moth's tongue. The petals
lie fiat or bend back so the moth can get close to the flower.
Smell: strong, sweet perfume, typically only given out
at night.
Flies Colour: dull-coloured, brownish red.
Smell: strong like rotting meat.
Humming-birds Colour: brightly coloured, especially red and orange.
Shape: tube- shaped; petals bent back so birds can get close.
Smell: no odour.
Bats Colour: white, light-coloured so bats can see them at night.
Shape: open at night; large, strong with wide mouths for long tongues.
Smell: musty, fruity smell.
|||选修9 Unit 5 Inside advertising-Reading
HOW ADVERTISINC WORKS
Do you know how many advertisements you are exposed to in your daily life? Every day, we
pass by advertisements on buses and billboards, on trains and in train stations, in shop windows,

outside restaurants and on public notice boards. At home, we see advertisements in magazines and
newspapers and in the middle of our favourite television programmes. We hear advertisements on
the radio and come across them on the Internet. Even some of the casual garments we wear have
brand names attached to them which turn us into walking advertisements. With so many messages
from advertisers filling our daily lives, it is important to understand how advertisements work. Then
we can avoid being controlled by them.
What is an advertisement?
An advertisement is a message or announcement that informs or influences people. It can use
words, pictures, music or film to communicate its message. Adverts are not only made and paid for
by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate
the public.
How do advertisers make effective advertisements?
Identify your target
Advertisers must pay the media for displaying their ads. Their money would be wasted if the
message didn't reach its target audience, in other words the people the advertisement intends to
persuade. For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other
group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. Having identified the
target group, researchers find out as much as possible about those in the target group, such as their
likes and dislikes, and how the product would fit into their lives. This information then forms the
basis for decisions about what type of advertising techniques to use with this group.
Appeal to your target
In order to persuade people to do something, advertisements often appeal to our hopes and
dreams or our emotions. For example, the one on the right, which advertises sports shoes, shows
young people doing exciting things. The colours and the flames also suggest excitement. The
message it is sending is:
above, with the star in it, is for a new radio station. It appeals to people's desire to
part of the group. The message is:
you'd better listen too.
Some advertisements appeal to people's desire to save money. Others are more likely to be
noticed if they are funny. Ads that feature rich and famous people will grab the attention of those
who admire people like that. Some adverts, like the environmental protection advertisement below,
appeal to our conscience or our desire to be worthy citizens.
Use a suitable medium
As well as reaching the fight audience with the fight technique, advertisers must also place
their ads in the right medium. Obviously, cost will play part in this decision. Television adverts
are expensive to make and to show. You have to be a big corporation with a big budget to afford
television ads. Advertisements in newspapers, on the other hand, are much cheaper.

As well as worrying about the expense, advertisers must also consider which media are most
appropriate for their product and which their target audience is most likely to see or hear. Because
most cars have radios, ads broadcast via radio can reach a lot of drivers very easily. For this reason,
it would be appropriate to use radio to advertise goods and services relating to cars. However, it
would be no use advertising products on radio if the ad relies on visual effects. Television adverts
are great for generating emotional responses to a product, but magazines and newspapers can give
more detail.
How effective are advertisements?
However good an advertisement is, people are unlikely to be persuaded if the product is
unsuitable for them. For example, no matter how good an ad for a car stereo system is, people who
don't own cars are unlikely to run out and buy one. Look at the advertisements in this unit. How
many of the goods or services suit your interests or lifestyle? Would really good advertising
persuade you to buy products and services you are not interested in or have no use for?
On the other hand, being constantly exposed to advertisements can help to change our opinions
over time. This is why governments all over the world pay a lot of money for ads on such things as
road safety. They believe these adverts will affect the way people think about their driving habits
and will subsequently reduce the number of road accidents.
KEEPING ADVERTISEDRS HONEST
Organizations and individuals advertise because they want to persuade people to behave in
certain ways, for example to buy a certain brand of rice, stop speeding or see a movie at their
cinema. Advertisers go, to a lot of trouble and expense to make adverts and so they want to make
sure they achieve their purpose. Unfortunately, not all advertisers are good or honest people. Unless
we have ways to protect ourselves, these dishonest advertisers will tell lies or use methods that may
mislead us. Fortunately, most countries have developed ways to control advertising and prevent
false or unsuitable advertising.
The law
One way to control advertising is to make laws that prevent advertisers doing the wrong thing.
Many countries have laws that forbid ads being shown at inappropriate times or in unsuitable places.
For example, an ad that has an adult theme cannot be shown during children's television
programmes. In some countries advertising alcoholic drinks or tobacco is banned altogether. There
are also laws in most places that prevent advertisers making false statements about their products or
from promoting immoral or harmful behaviour.
Advertising organizations
Most advertisers are decent and honest, and? they are as interested as everyone else in? making
sure ads are ethical. For this reason,
most advertisers belong to advertising? organizations that not only educate and? support their
members, but also make rules? for everyone in the organization to follow.? They are called a code

of ethics and include? such rules as: Advertisements must not be? untruthful or misleading;
Advertisements must not say bad things about other? people's products. If well-known people are
used in advertisements, they must be honest and truthful about products they advertise.
Complaints organization
Even though there are laws and advertisers' codes of conduct, some bad ads do get made. This
is why many countries have a government organization which examines complaints about ads. A
consumer can complain to the organization, giving reasons for their complaint, and if the complaint
is correct, the organization can make the company stop using the offending advertisement.
The consumer
You may have heard the saying:
for checking the product before buying. When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be
educated about techniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims for themselves and not
blindly accept everything that is said in advertisements. As we are flooded with advertisements in
our modem world, many schools believe it is their duty to educate students about advertising.

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