人教英语选修六课文原文.docx
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Unit 1A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
Art is influenced by the customs and faith of
a people. Styles in Western art
have
changed many times. As there are so many different
styles of Western art, it
would be
impossible to describe all of them in such a short
text. Consequently, this text will
describe
only the most important ones. Starting from the
sixth century
AD.
The Middle
Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)
During
the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to
represent religious
themes. A conventional
artistof this period was not interested in showing
nature
and people
as they
really
were.
A typical
picture
at this
symbols,
which created a feeling of respect and love for
God. But it was evident
began to paint
religious scenes in a more realistic way.
The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)
time was full
of
religious
that ideas were changing in the 13th century
when painters like Giotto di Bondone
During the Renaissance, new ideas
and values gradually replaced those held in
the Middle Ages. People began to
concentrate less on religious themes and adopt
a
more humanistic
attitude
to
the
same time painters
Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint
people and nature as they really were.
Rich people wanted to possess their own
paintings, so they coule decorate their
superb palaces and great houses. They paid
famous artists to paint pictures of
themselves,
achievements.
in
perspective.
their
returned
to classical
Romanand
houses
and
possessions
as
well
as
their
activities
and
One of
the
most important
This
technique
discoveries
was first
during
this
period
was how to draw things
used by Masaccio
in
1428.
Whenpeople
first
saw his paintings,
they were convinced that they were looking through
a hole in a
wall at a real scene. If
the rules of perspective had not been discovered,
no one
would have been able to paint such
realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints
were also developed at this
time,
which made the
colours
used in paintings
look
richer
and deeper. Without the new
paints and the new technique, we would not be able
to
see the many great masterpieces for
which this period is famous.
Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th
century)
In the
late
19th
century,
new cities.
Europe changed a great
deal,from
a mostly
agricultural
society to a mostly
industrial one. Many people moved from the
countryside to the
There were many
new inventions
styles. Among the painters
who broke away from the traditional style of
painting
were the Impressionists, who
lived and worke in Paris.
and social
changes also led
to
new painting
The Impressionists were the first painters to
work outdoors. They were eager
to
show how light and shadow fell on objects at
different times of day. However,
because natural
light
changes
so quickly,
the
Impressionists
had to
paint
quickly.
Their paintings were not as detailed as those
of earlier painters. At first, many
people
disliked this style of painting and became very
angry about it. They said
that the painters
were careless and their paintings were
ridiculous.
Modern Art(29th century to
today)
At
the
time
they
were created,
the
Impressionist
paintings
were
controversial,
but today
they are accepeted as the beginning of what we
call
is because the Impressionists
encouraged artists to look at their environment
in
new ways. There are scores of
abstract;
modern art
styles,but
without
the
Impressionists,
many
of these painting styles might
not exsist. On the one hand, some modern art
is
that
is,
the
painter
does not
attempt
to paint
objects
as
we see them
with
using
colour,
our
eyes,
but
instead
concentrates
n
certain
qualities
of
the
object,
line and shape to
represent them. On the other hand, some paintings
of modern art
are so realistic that they
look like photographs. These styles are so
different.
Who can predict what painting
styles there will be in the future
th
The Best of
Manhattan
Avenue and
Street)
New Yorker,
’ s
Galleries
The Frick
Collection(5
Many art
lovers
Henry
Clay
Frick,
would rather
visit
a rich
this
small
art
gallery
than
any
other
in
NewYork.
died in
1919, leaving
his
house,
furniture
are
well-represented
in
this
and
art collection
to the American people. Frick had a preference for
pre-twentieth
century
Western
paintings,
collection.
worth a visit.
You can also
and
these
excellent
explore
Frick
’ s beautiful
th
home and garden
which
are well
Guggenheim Museum(5
th
Avenue and 88
are not
all
displayed
Street)
This
museum owns 5,000 modern paintings, sculptures and
drawings. These art works
at the same
exhibition is always
changing. It
will apeal
to
those
who love
Impressionist
and Post-Impressionist
Guggenheim
Museumbuilding
is
also world-famous. When you walk into the
gallery, you fell as if you were inside
a
fragile ,white seashell. The best way to see the
paintings is to start from the
top
floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no
stairs, just a circular path.
The
museum also has an excellent reaturant.
Metropolitan Museum of Art(5
The
reputation
th
Avenue and
82nd Street)
from many parts
of
this
museumlies
in
the
variety
of civilization
other
African
of
introduces
if
its
art
collection.
This
covers
more than
5,000
years
Europe,
China,
Egypt,
just
the
visual
an Egyptian
delights
if
the
world,
including
ways of
living.
th
America,
countries
and South museun
you
to ancient
a typical
th
diaplays
more than
You can
visit
temple,
a
fragrant
rd
Ming garden,
room in
an 18
th
century
French
house
and other special exhibitions.
Museum
of Modern Art(53
st
Street, btween 5
and 6
th
Avenues)
It is
amazing
that
so many great
works of
from
the
late
19
century
to
the
21
century
are
housed in the
same museum. The
collection of Western art
includes
paintings by
such
famous
artists
as
Monet,
Van
Gogh,
Picasso
and
Matisse.
th
Afew
words
of
warning:the admission price is not
cheap an the meseum is often very crowded.
Whitney Museum of American Art(945 Madison
Avenue, near 75
There
are no
permanent
displays
Street)
The Whitney holds
an excellent colection of comtemporary painting
and sclpture.
in
this
museumand exhibitions
Every
two years,
the
Whitney
holds
a special
exhibition
of
new art
The museum
also shows videos and films by comtemporary video
artists.
Unit2A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF
ENGLISH POEMS
change all
the
time.
by living
artists.
There are
various reasons why people write poetry. Some
poems tell a story or
describe something
in a way that will give the reader a strong
impression. Others
try to convey certain
Someof the first
emotions. Poets use
many different
poetry a young child
forms of poetry to express
is
nursery rhymes. These
themselves. In this
text, however, we will look at a few of the
simpler forms.
learns in English
rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still
a common type of children's poetry.
The
language is concrete but imaginative, and they
delight small children because
they
rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of
repetition.
The poems may not make
sense
By playing with
and even
seem contradictory,
but they are easy to
learn and recite.
the words in nursery
rhymes, children learn about language.
A
Hush, little baby, don't say a word,
Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird.
If that mockingbird won't sing,
Papa's
going to buy you a diamond ring.
If that
diamond ring turns to brass,
Papa's going
to buy you a looking-glass.
If that
looking-glass gets broke,
Papa's going to
buy you a billy-goat.
If that billy-goat
runs away,
Papa's going to buy you another
today.
One of the simplest kinds of poems
are those like B and C that list things. List
poems have a
flexible line length and repeated
phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to
the poem.
Some rhyme (like B) while others do
not (like C).
I saw a fish-portal all on
fire
I saw a fish-pond all on fire,
I saw a house bow to a squire,
I saw a
person twelve-feet high,
I saw a cottage
in the sky,
I saw a balloon made of
lead,
I saw a coffin drop down dead,
I saw two sparrows run a race,
I saw
two horses making lace,
I saw g girl just
like a cat,
I saw a kitten wear a hat,
I saw a man who saw these too,
And
said though strange they all were true.
Our first football match
We would have
won ...
if Jack had scored that goal,
if we'd had just a few more minutes,
if we had trained harder,
if Ben had
passed the ball to Joe,
if we'd had
thousands of fans screaming,
if I hadn't taken my eye
off the ball,
if we hadn't stayed up so
late the night before,
if we hadn't taken
it easy,
if we hadn't run out of
energy.
We would have won ...
if
we'd been better!
Another simple form of
poem that students can easily write is the
cinquain, a
poem made up of five lines.
With these, students can convey a strong picture
in just a few words.
Look at the examples (D
and E) on the top of the next page.
Brother
Beautiful, athletic
Teasing, shouting, laughing
Friend and
enemy too
Mine
Summer
Sleepy, salty
Drying, drooping,
dreading
Week in, week out
Endless
A fallen blossom
Is
coming back to the branch.
Look, a
butterfly!
( by Moritake)
Snow
having melted,
The whole village is
brimful
Of happy children.
(by
Issa)
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry
that is made up of 17 syllables. It is not
a traditional form of
is easy to
write
feeling
English poetry, but is
very popular with English writers. It
and,
like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and
create a special
using the minimum of
words. The two haiku poems (F and G) above
are
translations from the Japanese.
Where she awaits her husband
On and on
the river flows.
Never looking back,
Transformed into stone.
Day by day
upon the mountain top,
wind and rain
revolve.
Should the traveller return,
this stone would utter speech.,
(by Wang Jian)
Did you know that
English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian
poetry - Tang
A lot of Tang poetry has
been translated
into
English.
poems from China in particular
With
so many different
worth a try
Unit
3 A Health Life
It is a beautiful day here
and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of
the
garden.
I
have
just
returned
from
a long
bike
that at my age I am still fit enough
to cycle 20 kilometres in an 's my birthday
in two weeks' time and I 'll be82years old! I
think my long and active life must
be due
to the healthy life I live.
This
brings
This
Tang poem (H) is a translation from the
Chinese.
forms of poetry to choose from,
students
may eventually
want to
write poems of their own. It is easier than you
might think and certainly
ride
to
an old
castle.
It
seems amazing
me to
the
real
reason
for
my letter,
my
dear
grandson.
Your
mother
tells
me that you started smoking some
time ago and how you are finding it difficult
to
give it up. Believe me, I know how
easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it
is
to stop.
You see,
during
adolescence
I
also
smoked and became addicted
to
cigarettes.
By
the
way,
did
you know
that
this
is
because you
become addicated
in
three
different
ways. First, you can become
physically addicated to nicotine, which is one of
the
hundreds
of
chemicals
in
cigarettes.
This
means that
after
a while
your
body becomes
accustomed to
having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves our
body, you get
withdrawal symptoms. I
remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even
in pain.
Secondly, you become addicted
through habit. As you know, if you do the same
thing
over and over again,
you begin
to
do it
,
you can become mentally
I was happier
and more relaxed after
addicted.
I
believed
having a cigarette,
so I
began to
that
I
could
only feel good when I smoked.
I was addicted in all three ways, so it was
very
difficult to quit. But I did finally
manage.
When I
was young,
I
didn't
know,
for
example,
know much about
the harmful
effects
of
smoking.
I
didn't
that
it
could
do terrible
damage
to
your heart
and lungs
or that
it was more difficult for
smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly
didn't
Neither did
I know that
my cigarette smoke could affect
know
their babies may have a smaller birth weight or
even be abnormal in some way.
the health of non-smokers.
However, what I did know was
that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She
said
my breath and clothes smelt, and
that the ends of my fingers were turning
yellow.
She told
me
that
she wouldn't
go out
with
me again unless
I
stopped!
that I became breathless quickly,
and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much.
When
I was taken off the school football team because I
was unfit, I knew it was
time t quit
smoking.
I am sending you some advice I
found on the Internet It might help you to stop
and strengthen
your resolve. I do hope
so because I want you to live as long and healthy
a
life as I have.
I
also
noticed
Love from
Grandad
How can you stop smoking
Here are a
few suggestions.
Prapare
youself.
It is not easy to stop
smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so
can you.
Decide
on a day to
quit.
Don’ t
choose
a day that
you
know is
going
to be stressful, such as the day of an exam.
Make a list of all the benefits you
will
get from stopping smoking. Then throw away your
last packet of cigarettes.
Be
determined. Every time you fell like smoking a
cigarette, remind yourself that
you are a
non-smoker. Reread the list of benefits you wrote
earlier.
Break the habit. Instead
of smoking a cigarette, do something else. Go for
a walk,
clean your teeth, frink some
water, clean the house; in fact, do anything to
keep
ypur mind and especially your hands
busy.
Relax. If you
start to feel nervous or stressed, do not raech
for a cigarette. Try
stressed.
some deep breathing instead. Do some
relaxationg exercises every time you feel
Get help
if
you need it.
your problems,or join a
gum.
Arrange
to
stop
smoking
with
a friend
so
you can talk
stop-smoking
group.
about
If
you feel
desperate , you
might like
to talk to a doctor or chemist about
something to help you, like nicotine chewing
Keep trying.
Don’t
be
disappointed
if
you have
to
try several
times
before
you finally
stop
smoking. If
you weaken and have a
cigarette,do
not
feel
ashamed. Just
try
again.
You will succeed
finally.
HIVAIDS:ARE YOU AT
RISK
thing
HIV
is
a virus.
are many different
A virus
is
a very
small
living
viruses,
that
causes
disease.
There
for
example,
the
flu
virus
or the
SARSvirus.
HIV weakens
a person's immune system; that is, the
part of the body that fights disease. You
can have HIV in your
blood for a long
time, but eventually HIV will damage your
illness
is
called
AIDS. If
you develop
AIDS,
your
chances of
survival
immune system so much that you body can
no longer fight disease. This stage of the
HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that
the body makes during sex. For
a
person
to become infected, blood
find a cure for HIVAIDS.
to make sure
you stay safe.
If you inject drugs:
or in the needle. If
are
very
small.
or sexual
fluid that
carries
the virus, has
to
get inside the body through broken skin or by
injection. One day scientists will
Until that happens, you need to protect
yourself. Here are some things you can do
do not share your needle
with anyone else. Blood from another person can
stay on
a person has HIV and you
use the same needle, you could
inject
the virus into
your own blood.
do not share
anything else
on it.
that
a person
has
used while
injecting could
have
spilt
If you have sex with a male or a female:
use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid
passing from one person to another.
The
following statements are NOT true.
A
person cannot get HIV the first time they have .
If one sexual partner has HIV,
the other
partner could become infected.
You can
tell by looking at someone whether or not they
have . Many people carrying
HIV look
perfectly
healthy. It is only when the
disease has progressed to AIDS that
with
H1VAIDS risks
a person begins to look
sick.
Only homosexuals get . Anyone who
has sex with a person infected
getting the
virus. Women are slightly more likely to become
infected than men. If
you hug, touch or kiss
someone with AIDS or visit them in their home, you
will get
HIV can only get the disease from
blood or sexual , people with HIV sometimes
lose their friends because of people are
afraid that they will get HIVAIDS from
those
infected with HIV!AIDS. For the same reason, some
AIDS patients cannot find
anyone to look after
them when they are sick.
You can get
HIVAIDS from . There is no evidence of this.
Unit 4
THE EARTH IS BECOMIG
WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER
Fahrenheit.
During the 20th century the temperature of the
earth rose about one degree
That
probably
does not seem much
to
you or
natural
me, but
it
is
when compared to
other
a rapid
increase
changes.
So how has this
come
about
and does it
matter
Earth care's Sophie Armstrong explores these
questions.
There is
no
doubt
that
the
earth
activity
that
phenomenon.
has
caused
this
global
is
becoming warmer(see Graph 1)
and that
it
is human
warmig
rather than a
random
but
natural
All
scientists
subscribe
to
the view that
fuels
the
increase
in
the
earth's
temperature
is due to
the
burning
of
fossil
like
coal,
natural
gas
and oil
to
produce
energy.
Some byproducts of this
process are called
one of which is carbon
dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains:
phenomenon that
scientists
of gases in the atmosphere,
the earth
call
like
the
effect
is
when small
amounts
trap
heat
carbon
dioxide,
methane and water
vapour,
from the sun and therefore warm the earth.
Without the'greenhouse effect
would
be about
thirty-three
degrees
Celsciu
those gases.
The problem
begins when we add huge
quantities
cooler
than
it
is.
So,
we need
of extra
carbon
dioxide
into the atmosphere.
It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped
in the
atmosphere causing the global
temperature to go up.
We know that
the levels
of carbon
dioxide have increased greatly over the last
100 to 150 years. It was a scientist
called Charles Keeling, who made accurate
He found
that
between
these
years the carbon
dioxide
around 315 parts to around 370
parts per million(see Graph 2)
All
scientists
accept
this
data.
measurements of the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to
1997.
in the
atmosphere
went
up from
They also
agree
that
it
is
the
burning
of more
and more fossil fuels that has resulted
in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how
high will the temperature increase
go Dr Janice Foster says that over the next
100
years the amount of warming could
be as low as 1 to degrees Celsius, but it
could
be as high as 5 degrees.
However,
the
attitude
of
scientists
towards
this
rise
in
completely
different.
On the one hand, Dr Foster
thinks that the trend which increases the
temperature
by 5 degrees would be a
catastrophe. She says,
enough to
know what to
expect,
her
think
storms,
but
it
could
be very
of
several
serious.
Others
who agree with
or
predict
there
may be a rise
floods,
droughts,
metres
in
the
sea
level,
severe
famines,
the
spread
of
diseases
and
the
disappearance of
species. On the other hand, there are those,
like George Hambley, who are opposed
to
this view, believe that we should not worry about
high levels of carbon dioxide
in the air.
They predict that any warming will be mild with
few bad environmental
consequences.
In
fact,
thing.
It
will
Hambley states,
dioxide
crops
will
make plants
grow quicker;
is
actually
a positive
encourage
produce
more;
it
will
a
greater range of animals-all of which will make
life for human beings better.
Greenhouse
gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even
if we start
going
to
keep
on warming for
reducing the amount of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the
climate is
decades or
centuries.
warming. Does that
mean we should do nothing Or, are the risks too
great
No one knows
the
effects
of
global
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL
WARMING
Dear Earth Care,
that
individuals
I am doing a project on
behalf of my school about global warming.
Sometimes I feel
can have little
1
still think people should advocate improvements in
the way we use energy today.
As I'm not
sure where to start with my project, I would
appreciate any suggestions
you may
have.
Thank you!
effect
on
such huge environmental
problems.
However,
Ouyang Guang
Dear
Ouyang Guang,
There are
many
people
who have a commitment
like
yours,
but
they
do not believe
have
the
power to
do anything
to
improve
our
environment.
That is
not
true.
they
Together,
individuals can make a
difference. We do not have to put up with
pollution.
of many things
we do
every
day.
Here are
a few
suggestions
The growth
of
the
greenhouse
gas,
carbon
dioxide
in
the
air
actually
comes as a
result
They
on how to
reduce
it.
should get you
started with your project.
1 We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is
OK to leave an electrical appliance
on so long
as you are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not
be casual about this.
So if you are not
using
the lights, the TV, the
computer, and so on, turn
them off.
2 Motor vehicles use a
lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can.
3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and
newspapers if circumstances allow you
to. It
takes
a lot of energy
to make
things from new
materials, so, if you can,
buy
things made from recycled materials.
4 Get
your parents to buy things that are economical
with energy - this includes
cars as well
as smaller things like fridges and microwaves.
5 Plant trees
the air and
refresh your spirit when you look at them.
in
your
garden
or
your
school
yard,
as they
absorb
carbon
dioxide
from
6 Finally and
most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your
family and friends
about global warming
and tell them what you have learned.
Remember - your contribution counts!
Earth Care
Unit 5
AN EXCITING
JOB
I have the greatest job in the world.
I travel to unusual places and work
alongside
an office,
people
from
all
over
the
world.
sometimes
using
scientific
Sometimes working
outdoors,
my job
is
occasionally
sometimes in
equipment
and sometimes
meeting
local people
dangerous, I don't
one of the most
powerful
and tourists, I am never
bored.
mind because danger
excites
forces n earth-the
volcano.
I was appointed
the
information,
Although
me and makes me feel
alive.
However, the most important
thing
about my job is
that
I
help
protect
as volcanologist
ordinary
people
from
information
for
a database
to
predict
about Mount
Kilauea,
and evaluated
will
which
is
one of the
most active
I help other
volcanoes
in
Hawaii.
Having
collected
scientists
where lava from
the
volcano
flow next and how
fast. Our work has saved man lives because people
in the path of
the lava can be warned
to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot
move their
ground.
homes out of the way, and many houses
have been covered with lava or burned to the
When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and
crashes back to earth, it causes
less
damage than you might imagine. This is because no
one lives near the top of
Mount Kilauea,
where the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly
like a wave down
the mountain causes
far
the molten rock.
more damage
because it buries everything in its
itself
is
really
exciting
However,
the
eruption
path under
to watch
and
I
shall
never
forget my first sight of one. It was in the second
week after I arrived in
Hawaii.
Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. I
was fast asleep when
suddenly my bed began
shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a
railway train
passing my window. Having
experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii
already,
I didn't
take
much notice.
I
was about
to
go back to
sleep when suddenly
became as bright
as day. I ran out of the house into the back
garden where I could
see Mount Kilauea in the
distance. There had been an eruption from the side
of
the mountain and red hot lava was
fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. It
was an absolutely fantastic sight.
The
day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have
a much closer look at
it. Two other scientists
and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as
close as
possible to the crater that had been
formed duing the eruption. Having earlier
collected special clothes from the
observatory, we put them on before we went any
my bedroom
closer. All three of us looked like
spacemen. We had white protective suits that
covered our whole body, helmets,big boots
and special gloves. It was not easy to
walk in these suits, but we slowly made
our way to the edge of the crater and
looked
down into the red, boiling centre.
The other two climbed down into the crater
to
collect some lava for later study, but this being
my first experience, I stayed
at the top and
watched them.
Today, I am just as
enthusiastic about my job as the day I first
started. Having
studied volcanoes now for
many years, I am still amazed their beauty as well
as their potential to
cause great damage.
THE LRKE OF
HERVEN
Changbaishan is in Jilin Province,
Northeast of this beautiful, mountainous
area is
thick
forest
.
Changbaishan is
of
the land
varies
black
bears,
China's
largest
in its natural
state for the people of China and visitors from
all over the world
to enjoy. The
height
animals
are
from
700 metres above sea level
leopards
and
tigers.
nature
reserve
and it is
kept
to
over
2,000
metres and is home to a great diversity
of rare plants and animals. Among the rare
cranes,
Changbaishan to
study its unique plants and animals. Others come
to walk in the
mountains, to see the
spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot
water pools.
However, the attraction that
arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve
is
Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.
of the
mountain.
Many
people
come to
Tianchi is a deep lake
that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on
top
The lake is
2,194
metres above sea level,
deep. In winter
the surface freezes over. It takes about an hour
to climb from the
only with the sight of
its clear waters, but also by the view of the
other sixteen
mountain peaks that surround
Tianchi.
and more than
200
metres
end of the road to the top of the mountain.
When you arrive you are rewarded not
There are many stories told about
Tianchi. The most well-known concerns three
young women from heaven. They were bathing in
Tainchi when a bird flew above them
and
dropped a small fruit onto the dress of the
youngest girl. When she picked up
the fruit
to
smell
it,
it
flew
into
her
swallowed
the
fruit,
the girl
and later gave
birth to a handsome boy. It is said that this boy,
who had a
great gift for languages and
persuasion, is the father of the Manchu
people.
became pregnant
If
you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven
with your loved one, don't
forget to drop a
coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your
love will be as
deep and lasting as the lake
itself.