人教英语选修六课文原文.docx

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Unit 1A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING

Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art

have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it

would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will
describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century

AD.






























The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)

During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious

themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing nature

and people

as they really

were.

A typical

picture

at this

symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident

began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.

The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)


time was full





of







religious







that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone














During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in


the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a

more humanistic

attitude

to

the

same time painters

Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were.

Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their

superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of

themselves,

achievements.

in perspective.

their






returned

to classical







Romanand




houses

and possessions


as


well



as

their


activities


and

One of

the

most important

This

technique

discoveries

was first

during

this

period

was how to draw things

used by Masaccio

in

1428. Whenpeople










first

saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a


wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one

would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints

were also developed at this



time,

which made the

colours

used in paintings










look







richer

and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to

see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.


Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)

In the

late

19th

century,

new cities.


Europe changed a great

deal,from

a mostly


agricultural


society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the


There were many new inventions

styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting

were the Impressionists, who lived and worke in Paris.




and social

changes also led

to

new painting













The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager


to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However,



because natural

light

changes so quickly,

the

Impressionists

had to

paint

quickly.

Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many
people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said
that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.

Modern Art(29th century to today)









At

the

time

they

were created,

the

Impressionist

paintings

were

controversial,










but today they are accepeted as the beginning of what we call


is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in

new ways. There are scores of

abstract;


modern art

styles,but

without


the

Impressionists,


many

of these painting styles might not exsist. On the one hand, some modern art is


that


is,

the

painter

does not

attempt

to paint



objects

as

we see them with

using

colour,





















our

eyes,

but

instead


concentrates

n certain

qualities


of

the

object,










line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art

are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different.

Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future




th




The Best of Manhattan


Avenue and

Street)

New Yorker,


’ s Galleries


The Frick Collection(5

Many art

lovers

Henry

Clay

Frick,

would rather

visit

a rich

this

small

art

gallery


than

any other

in

NewYork.


died in


1919, leaving


his

house,

furniture

are

well-represented

in

this


and

art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth


century


Western

paintings,

collection.


worth a visit.

You can also


and

these

excellent

explore


Frick

’ s beautiful


th
home and garden

which

are well





























Guggenheim Museum(5
th

Avenue and 88

are not

all displayed


Street)


This museum owns 5,000 modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works

at the same exhibition is always


changing. It will apeal

















to

those

who love

Impressionist

and Post-Impressionist Guggenheim

Museumbuilding











is

also world-famous. When you walk into the gallery, you fell as if you were inside

a fragile ,white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start from the


top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs, just a circular path.


The museum also has an excellent reaturant.

Metropolitan Museum of Art(5

The reputation


th









Avenue and 82nd Street)


from many parts


of

this

museumlies

in the

variety

of civilization

other

African

of introduces


if

its

art

collection.


This

covers


more than

5,000

years

Europe,

China,

Egypt,

just

the

visual

an Egyptian

delights

if

the

world,

including

ways of

living.


th

America,

countries

and South museun

you to ancient

a typical


th

diaplays

more than

You can visit




temple,

a fragrant

rd
Ming garden,


room in

an 18
th

century



French

house and other special exhibitions.


Museum of Modern Art(53










st





Street, btween 5

and 6
th

Avenues)

It is

amazing

that

so many great

works of

from

the

late

19

century

to

the

21

century

are housed in the


same museum. The collection of Western art


includes

paintings by

such

famous

artists


as

Monet,

Van

Gogh,

Picasso

and

Matisse.


th

Afew

words













of

warning:the admission price is not cheap an the meseum is often very crowded.

Whitney Museum of American Art(945 Madison Avenue, near 75

There

are no permanent

displays




Street)



The Whitney holds an excellent colection of comtemporary painting and sclpture.


in

this

museumand exhibitions

Every

two years,

the

Whitney

holds

a special

exhibition


of

new art

The museum also shows videos and films by comtemporary video artists.

Unit2A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS

change all

the time.

by living

artists.



























There are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or

describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others

try to convey certain
Someof the first

emotions. Poets use many different

poetry a young child
forms of poetry to express

is nursery rhymes. These

themselves. In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms.

learns in English
rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of children's poetry.

The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because

they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition.

The poems may not make sense

By playing with

and even seem contradictory,

but they are easy to learn and recite.

the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.

A Hush, little baby, don't say a word,

Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird.

If that mockingbird won't sing,

Papa's going to buy you a diamond ring.

If that diamond ring turns to brass,

Papa's going to buy you a looking-glass.

If that looking-glass gets broke,

Papa's going to buy you a billy-goat.

If that billy-goat runs away,

Papa's going to buy you another today.

One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things. List poems have a
flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.
Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).

I saw a fish-portal all on fire

I saw a fish-pond all on fire,

I saw a house bow to a squire,

I saw a person twelve-feet high,

I saw a cottage in the sky,

I saw a balloon made of lead,

I saw a coffin drop down dead,

I saw two sparrows run a race,

I saw two horses making lace,

I saw g girl just like a cat,

I saw a kitten wear a hat,

I saw a man who saw these too,

And said though strange they all were true.

Our first football match

We would have won ...

if Jack had scored that goal,

if we'd had just a few more minutes,

if we had trained harder,

if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,

if we'd had thousands of fans screaming,




































if I hadn't taken my eye off the ball,

if we hadn't stayed up so late the night before,

if we hadn't taken it easy,

if we hadn't run out of energy.

We would have won ...

if we'd been better!

Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a

poem made up of five lines. With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words.
Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.

Brother

Beautiful, athletic

Teasing, shouting, laughing

Friend and enemy too

Mine

Summer

Sleepy, salty

Drying, drooping, dreading

Week in, week out

Endless

A fallen blossom

Is coming back to the branch.

Look, a butterfly!

( by Moritake)

Snow having melted,

The whole village is brimful

Of happy children.

(by Issa)

Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables. It is not

a traditional form of

is easy to write
feeling

English poetry, but is very popular with English writers. It








































and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special

using the minimum of words. The two haiku poems (F and G) above are

translations from the Japanese.

Where she awaits her husband

On and on the river flows.

Never looking back,

Transformed into stone.

Day by day upon the mountain top,

wind and rain revolve.

Should the traveller return,

this stone would utter speech.,



















(by Wang Jian)

Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetry - Tang

A lot of Tang poetry has been translated

into

English.

poems from China in particular

With so many different

worth a try

Unit 3 A Health Life

It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the

garden.

I

have just

returned

from

a long bike

that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an 's my birthday

in two weeks' time and I 'll be82years old! I think my long and active life must

be due to the healthy life I live.


This brings





This Tang poem (H) is a translation from the Chinese.

forms of poetry to choose from, students

may eventually

want to write poems of their own. It is easier than you might think and certainly


ride to

an old

castle.

It seems amazing













me to

the

real

reason

for


my letter,

my dear

grandson.

Your

mother

tells







me that you started smoking some time ago and how you are finding it difficult to


give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is


to stop.

You see,

during

adolescence

I

also

smoked and became addicted

to

cigarettes.


By the

way,

did

you know that

this

is

because you become addicated

in

three different

ways. First, you can become physically addicated to nicotine, which is one of the


hundreds


of

chemicals

in

cigarettes.


This

means that

after

a while

your

body becomes







accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves our body, you get


withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain.

Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing


over and over again,


you begin

to

do it

, you can become mentally

I was happier

and more relaxed after


addicted.

I

believed

having a cigarette,


so I

began to

that

I

could











only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very

difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.


When I

was young,

I

didn't

know,

for

example,


know much about

the harmful

effects

of

smoking.

I

didn't





that

it

could

do terrible


damage to

your heart

and lungs

or that

it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didn't

Neither did

I know that

my cigarette smoke could affect

know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way.



the health of non-smokers.







However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said


my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow.



She told


me that

she wouldn't

go out


with

me again unless

I stopped!

that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much.
When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was
time t quit smoking.

I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet It might help you to stop
and strengthen

your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a
life as I have.

I

also

noticed












Love from

Grandad





















































How can you stop smoking

Here are a few suggestions.

Prapare

youself.

It is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.


Decide

on a day to

quit.

Don’ t

choose

a day that


you know is


going
































to be stressful, such as the day of an exam. Make a list of all the benefits you

will get from stopping smoking. Then throw away your last packet of cigarettes.


Be determined. Every time you fell like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that

you are a non-smoker. Reread the list of benefits you wrote earlier.


Break the habit. Instead of smoking a cigarette, do something else. Go for a walk,

clean your teeth, frink some water, clean the house; in fact, do anything to keep

ypur mind and especially your hands busy.



Relax. If you start to feel nervous or stressed, do not raech for a cigarette. Try

stressed.


some deep breathing instead. Do some relaxationg exercises every time you feel


Get help

if

you need it.

your problems,or join a

gum.


Arrange

to

stop

smoking

with

a friend

so

you can talk

stop-smoking group.



about

If you feel



desperate , you





might like



to talk to a doctor or chemist about something to help you, like nicotine chewing


Keep trying.

Don’t

be disappointed

if


you have to

try several

times

before

you finally

stop smoking. If

you weaken and have a cigarette,do


not

feel

ashamed. Just

try

again.


You will succeed finally.


HIVAIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK

thing



HIV is

a virus.

are many different


A virus

is

a very

small

living

viruses,

that

causes

disease.






There

for

example,

the


flu

virus

or the


SARSvirus.

HIV weakens




a person's immune system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease. You

can have HIV in your

blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your

illness

is

called

AIDS. If

you develop

AIDS,

your

chances of

survival


immune system so much that you body can no longer fight disease. This stage of the

HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes during sex. For

a person

to become infected, blood


find a cure for HIVAIDS.

to make sure you stay safe.

If you inject drugs:

or in the needle. If





are

very

small.


or sexual


fluid that carries



the virus, has

















to

get inside the body through broken skin or by injection. One day scientists will


Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. Here are some things you can do
























do not share your needle with anyone else. Blood from another person can stay on



a person has HIV and you use the same needle, you could




inject


the virus into your own blood.


do not share anything else

on it.


that


a person

has

used while

injecting could


have

spilt











If you have sex with a male or a female:

use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from one person to another.

The following statements are NOT true.

A person cannot get HIV the first time they have . If one sexual partner has HIV,
the other partner could become infected.

You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they have . Many people carrying

HIV look perfectly

healthy. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that

with H1VAIDS risks

a person begins to look sick.

Only homosexuals get . Anyone who has sex with a person infected
getting the virus. Women are slightly more likely to become infected than men. If
you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in their home, you will get
HIV can only get the disease from blood or sexual , people with HIV sometimes
lose their friends because of people are afraid that they will get HIVAIDS from
those infected with HIV!AIDS. For the same reason, some AIDS patients cannot find
anyone to look after them when they are sick.

You can get HIVAIDS from . There is no evidence of this.












Unit 4

















THE EARTH IS BECOMIG WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER

Fahrenheit.

During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree


That

probably


does not seem much to

you or

natural

me, but it

is

when compared to

other

a rapid

increase

changes.

So how has this

come about

and does it

matter


Earth care's Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.


There is

no doubt

that

the

earth

activity

that

phenomenon.


has

caused

this global





is becoming warmer(see Graph 1)

and that

it


is human

warmig rather than a




random

but


natural


All scientists

subscribe

to

the view that

fuels

the

increase

in

the

earth's



temperature



is due to

the

burning

of

fossil

like

coal,

natural

gas and oil

to

produce

energy.


Some byproducts of this process are called

one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains:


phenomenon that


scientists


of gases in the atmosphere,

the earth

call

like

the



effect

is

when small

amounts

trap heat


carbon

dioxide,

methane and water

vapour,


from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the'greenhouse effect

would

be about

thirty-three

degrees

Celsciu

those gases. The problem

begins when we add huge quantities



cooler

than

it

is.

So,

we need

of extra



carbon

dioxide








into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the


atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.

We know that


the levels



of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last


100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate


He found

that

between these

years the carbon

dioxide

around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2)

All

scientists

accept

this

data.


measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997.



in the

atmosphere

went

up from


They also

agree

that

it

is

the

burning

of more







and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how













high will the temperature increase go Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100


years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to degrees Celsius, but it could

be as high as 5 degrees.


However,

the

attitude

of

scientists

towards this


rise

in

completely



different.





On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature


by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says,

enough to

know what to

expect,

her think

storms,


but

it

could

be very

of several

serious.

Others

who agree with

or

predict










there

may be a rise

floods,

droughts,

metres in

the

sea

level,


severe

famines,

the

spread

of

diseases

and the

disappearance of



species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed

to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide

in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental

consequences.

In

fact,

thing.

It


will

Hambley states,



dioxide

crops

will


make plants

grow quicker;

is

actually






a positive

encourage







produce

more;

it

will

a greater range of animals-all of which will make life for human beings better.

Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start

going

to

keep on warming for


reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is

decades or

centuries.


warming. Does that mean we should do nothing Or, are the risks too great




No one knows the

effects



of global


WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING














Dear Earth Care,

that

individuals

I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. Sometimes I feel

can have little

1 still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.

As I'm not sure where to start with my project, I would appreciate any suggestions


you may have.

Thank you!



































































effect

on such huge environmental


problems.

However,



















Ouyang Guang


Dear Ouyang Guang,

There are

many people

who have a commitment

like

yours,

but

they

do not believe

have the

power to

do anything

to

improve

our

environment.

That is

not

true.


they

Together,


individuals can make a difference. We do not have to put up with pollution.

of many things

we do every

day.

Here are

a few suggestions


The growth

of

the

greenhouse

gas, carbon

dioxide

in

the

air

actually


comes as a result

They


on how to

reduce

it.

should get you started with your project.


1 We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OK to leave an electrical appliance
on so long as you are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not be casual about this.
So if you are not using

the lights, the TV, the





computer, and so on, turn them off.



2 Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can.
3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you
to. It takes

a lot of energy

to make things from new

materials, so, if you can, buy







things made from recycled materials.










4 Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy - this includes

cars as well as smaller things like fridges and microwaves.

5 Plant trees

the air and

refresh your spirit when you look at them.



in

your

garden

or

your

school

yard,

as they absorb

carbon

dioxide
















from

6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your family and friends

about global warming and tell them what you have learned.

Remember - your contribution counts!


Earth Care

Unit 5

























































AN EXCITING JOB

I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work


alongside

an office,

people

from

all


over

the

world.

sometimes

using

scientific



Sometimes working

outdoors,

my job

is occasionally

sometimes in

equipment

and sometimes

meeting

local people

dangerous, I don't

one of the most powerful


and tourists, I am never bored.


mind because danger

excites


forces n earth-the volcano.

I was appointed

the information,



Although

me and makes me feel

alive.


However, the most important


thing

about my job is

that

I

help

protect

as volcanologist

ordinary

people

from

information

for

a database

to

predict

about Mount Kilauea,

and evaluated

will










which

is

one of the

most active

I help other

volcanoes

in

Hawaii.

Having

collected

scientists


where lava from the

volcano

flow next and how fast. Our work has saved man lives because people in the path of


the lava can be warned to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot move their

ground.



homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the











When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes

less damage than you might imagine. This is because no one lives near the top of

Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly like a wave down

the mountain causes far

the molten rock.

more damage because it buries everything in its

itself

is

really

exciting

However,

the

eruption

path under









to watch

and I

shall




never forget my first sight of one. It was in the second week after I arrived in


Hawaii. Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. I was fast asleep when

suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train

passing my window. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already,



I didn't

take

much notice.


I

was about

to

go back to

sleep when suddenly

became as bright as day. I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could
see Mount Kilauea in the distance. There had been an eruption from the side of
the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. It
was an absolutely fantastic sight.

The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at
it. Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as
possible to the crater that had been formed duing the eruption. Having earlier
collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any

my bedroom








closer. All three of us looked like spacemen. We had white protective suits that


covered our whole body, helmets,big boots and special gloves. It was not easy to

walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked

down into the red, boiling centre. The other two climbed down into the crater
to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed
at the top and watched them.

Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. Having

studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed their beauty as well as their potential to
cause great damage.







THE LRKE OF HERVEN

Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast of this beautiful, mountainous

area is

thick

forest

. Changbaishan is

of

the land varies

black

bears,

China's

largest

in its natural state for the people of China and visitors from all over the world

to enjoy. The height

animals

are

from 700 metres above sea level

leopards

and

tigers.


nature reserve


and it is


kept

to

over

2,000


metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals. Among the rare


cranes,


Changbaishan to study its unique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the


mountains, to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools.

However, the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve is

Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.

of the

mountain.



Many

people










come to






Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on top


The lake is

2,194 metres above sea level,

deep. In winter the surface freezes over. It takes about an hour to climb from the

only with the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen

mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.


and more than










200 metres








end of the road to the top of the mountain. When you arrive you are rewarded not




There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-known concerns three

young women from heaven. They were bathing in Tainchi when a bird flew above them

and dropped a small fruit onto the dress of the youngest girl. When she picked up




the fruit

to

smell

it,

it

flew

into her

swallowed

the

fruit,

the girl

and later gave birth to a handsome boy. It is said that this boy, who had a
great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.

became pregnant


If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don't
forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your love will be as
deep and lasting as the lake itself.

杯中窥人-竖蛋


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