人教版初中英语知识点总结大全
大个子-南阳县君谢氏墓志铭
初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习
初一年级（上
【知识梳理】
10. Welcome to….
I. 重点短语
11. What’s
…plus…? It’s….
12. I think…
1. Sit
down 13. Who’s this? This is….
2. on duty 14.
What can you see？ I can see….
3. in English
15. There is (are) ….
4. have a seat
16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s
(They’re)…
5. at home
17. Whose …is this?
It’s….
6. look like
18. What time is it?
It’s….
7. look at
8. have a look III.
交际用语
9. come on
10. at work
1. Good
morning, MissMr….
11. at school 2. Hello! Hi!
12. put on 3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet
you, too.
13. look after
4. How are you?
I’m fine, thank youthanks. And you?
14. get up
5. See you. See you later.
15. go shopping
6. Thank you! You’re welcome.
7.
Goodbye! Bye!
II. 重要句型
8. What’s your
name? My name is ….
9. Here you are. This
way, please.
1. help sb. do sth.
10. Who’s
on duty today?
2. What about…? 11. Let’s do.
3. Let’s do sth.
12. Let me see.
4.
It’s time to do sth.
5. It’s time for …
IV. 重要语法
6. What’s…? It is… It’s…
1.
动词be的用法；
7. Where is…? It’s….
2.
人称代词和物主代词的用法；
8. How old are you? I’m….
3.
名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
9. What class are you in? 4.
冠词的基本用法；
I’m in….
5. There be句型的用法。
【名师讲解】
在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。
例如：There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。There is
a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。
2.
thisthatthesethose
(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人
和事，these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点
上离讲话人更远一点的人和
事，those时that的复数形式。例如：You look in this box and I’ll
look in that one over
there.
你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。
I want this car,
not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。
Take these books
to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。
This is
mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。
These are
apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。
(2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如：
This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？
3. There be have
There be
有，其确切含意为某处或某时存在某人或某物。其结构是：There be + 某人或某物 +
表示地点或时间
的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语，be 动词的形
式要和主语在数上保持一致，be动词后面的名词是单数
或不可数名词时用is，名词是复数时用are
。例如：(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the
table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。
(2) There is a doll in the
box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。
(3) There are many apples on
the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。
总之，There
be结构强调的是一种客观存在的有。have表示拥有，占有，具有，即：某人有某物(sb. have
has sth.)。
主语一般是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：
(4) I
have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟，一个姐姐。
(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。
4. look see watch
(1)look 表示“看、瞧”，着重指认真看，
强调看的动作，表示有意识地注意看，但不一定看到，以提醒对方注意。，
如：
Look!
The children are playing computer games.
瞧！孩子们在玩电脑游戏。
Look! What’s that over there?
看！那边那个是什么？
单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人物，其后接介词at，才能带宾语，如：
He’s looking at me。他正在看着我。
(2)see强调“看”的结果，
着重的是look这个动作的结果，意思是“看到”，see是及物动词，后面能直接跟宾语。
如：
What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么？
Look at the blackboard. What did you see on
it?看黑板！你看到了什么？
(3)watch“观看，注视”，侧重于场面，表示全神贯注地观看
、观察或注视某事务的活动，强调过程，常用于“看电
视、看足球、看演出”等。如：
Yesterday we watched a football match on
TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。
4. put on in
put
on意为“穿上，戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。
in
是介词，表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如：
It’s cold
outside, put on your coat. 外面冷，穿上你的外衣。
He puts
on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子，走了出去。
The
woman in a white blouse is John’s
mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。
5. house homefamily
house ：“房子”，指居住的建筑物; Home:
“家”，指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family:
“家庭“，“家庭
成员”。例如：Please come to my house this
afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。
He is not at home.
他不在家。My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。
6.
fine, nice, good, well
四者都可用作形容词表示好之意，但前三者既可作表语又可作定语，而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于：
(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的精细，形容人时表示的是身体健康，也
可以用来指天气晴朗。例如：Your
parents are very fine.
你父母身体很健康。
That's a fine machine.那是一台很好的机器It's
a fine day for a walk today.今天是散步的好时候。
(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表，有美好，漂亮的意思，也可用于问候或赞扬别人。
例如：Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。These coats are
very nice. 那些裙子很好看。
Nice to meet you.
见到你很高兴。It's very nice of you. 你真好。
(3)good形容人时
指品德好，形容物时指质量好，是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如：Her son is a
good
student. 她儿子是一个好学生。
The red car is
very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。
(4)well只可用来形容人的身体好，但不能作定
语，它也能用作副词作状语，多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如：I'm
very well,
thanks. 我身体很好，谢谢。
My friends sing well.
我的朋友们歌唱得好。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
3.
名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There
be句型的用法。
6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
7.
本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。
初一年级（下）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. a
bottle of
2. a little
3. a lot (of)
4.
all day
5. be from
6. be over
7. come
back
8. come from
9. do one’s homework
10. do the shopping
11. get down
12.
get home
13. get to
14. get up
15. go
shopping
16. have a drink of
17. have a
look
18. have breakfast
19. have lunch
20. have supper
21. listen to
22.
not…at all
23. put…away
24. take off
25. throw it like that
26. would like
27. in the middle of the day
28. in the
morning afternoon evening
29. on a farm
30. in a factory
II. 重要句型
1. Let sb. do sth.
2. Could sb. do sth.?
3. would like sth.
4. would like to do
sth.
5. What about something to eat?
6.
How do you spell …?
7. May I borrow…?
III. 交际用语
1. —Thanks very much!
—You're welcome.
2. Put itthem away.
3. What's wrong?
4. I think so. I don't
think so.
5. I want to take some books to the
classroom.
6. Give me a bottle of orange
juice, please.
Please give it them back
tomorrow. OK.
9. What's your favourite sport?
10. Don't worry.
11.I’m (not) good at
basketball.
12. Do you want a go?
13.
That's right. That‘s all right. All right.
14.
Do you have a dictionary any dictionaries?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
15. We They have
some CDs.
We They don’t have any CDs.
16.
---What day is it today tomorrow?
---It’s
Monday.
17. ---May I borrow your colour pens,
please?
---Certainly. Here you are.
18.
---Where are you from?
---From Beijing.
19. What's your telephone number in New York?
20. ---Do you like hot dogs?
---Yes, I do.
( A little. A lot. Very much.)
---No, I
don't. ( I don't like them at all.)
21.
---What does your mother like?
---She likes
dumplings and vegetables very much.
22.
---When do you go to school every day?
---I go
to school at 7:00 every day.
23. ---What time
does he go to bed in the evening?
---He
goes to bed at 10:00. 2. 祈使句；
3.
现在进行时的构成和用法；
IV. 重要语法 4．动词have的用法；
5．一般现在时构成和用法；
1.人称代词的用法； 6．可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法
【名师讲解】
1. That's right. That‘s all
right. All right.
That’s
right意为“对的”，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，肯定对方的答案或判断。例如：
the
old man.我想我们应该帮助这位老人。
或 说得对。
That’s all
right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如：
All
right.意为“行了”、“可以”，表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好”
请把此事告诉我。 好吧。
Is your mother all
right?你妈身体好吗
2. makedo
这两个词都可以解释为“做”，但含义却不
同，不能混用。make指做东西或制东西，do指做一件具体的事。Can you
make a
paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗？
He’s doing his
homework now.他正在做他的作业。
3. sayspeaktalktell
say：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为“说出”、“说道”，着重所说的话。如：
“I
want to go there by bus” , he said .
他说，“我要坐汽车到那里去。”Please say it in English .请用英语说。
speak : “说话”，着重开口发声，不着重所说的内容，一般用作不及物动词
(即后面不能直接接宾语 ) 。如：Can you
speak about him?
你能不能说说他的情况？I don’t like to speak like this.
我不喜欢这样说话。
speak
作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。
如：She
speaks English well.她英语说得好。
talk : 与 speak
意义相近，也着重说话的动作，而不着重所说的话，因此，一般也只用作不及物动词， 不过，talk
暗
示话是对某人说的，有较强的对话意味，着重指连续地和别人谈话。如：I would like
to talk to him about it . 我想跟
他谈那件事。Old women
like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。
tell
: “告诉”,除较少情况外，一般后面总接双宾语。如：He’s telling me a
story.他在给我讲故事。
tell a lie 撒谎 tell sb. to do
sth. tell sb. not to do sth 如：.Miss Zhao often
tells us to study hard.
4. do cooking do the
cooking
do cooking 作“做饭”解，属泛指。do the cooking
特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词，不能用作复
数，但前面可用 some,
much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似的短语：do some washing
洗些衣服do some
shopping 买些东西do some reading 读书do
some writing 写些东西do some fishing 钓鱼
从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用some, much或定冠词。
go
shopping 去买东西go fishing 去钓鱼go boating 去划船go
swimming 去游泳
5. like doing sth. like to do
sth.
like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思相同，但用法
有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性；
后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如
：
He likes playing football, but he doesn‘t
like to play football with Li
Ming.他喜欢踢足球，但是他不喜欢和李明踢。
6. other others the
other another
other表其余的，别的，如：Have you any
other questions?你还有其他问题吗?
others 别的人，别的东西.如：In
the room some people are American, the others are
French.在屋子里一些人是美国人,
其他的是法国人。
the
other表另一个（二者之中）one…，the other…如：One of my two
brothers studies English, the other studies
Chinese.
我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。
another表三者以上的另一个，另一些如：There is room for
another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。
7. in the tree on the tree
in the
tree 与 on the tree.译成中文均为在树上但英语中有区别。in the tree表示某
人、某事（不属于树本身生长出
的别的东西）落在树上，表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使用
on the tree.如：There are some apples on the
tree. 那棵树上有些苹果。There is a bird in the tree.
那棵树上有只鸟。
8. some any
some和
any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要注意。
(1)some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
There is
some water in the there any water in the
glass?There isn't any water in the glass.
(2)在
说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用some。如：Woul
d you
like some tea?
9. tall high
(1)说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用tall，不用high，例如 a tall
woman 一个高个子妇女a tall horse 一个
高大的马
(2)说一个不与
地面接触的人和物的高时，要用high，而不用tall，比如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上天时，例如： He
is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。 The plane is
so high in the sky. 飞机在空中这么高。
(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或high都可以，不过high的程度比tall高。
(4)high可作副词，tall不能。
(5)tall的反义词为short,
high的反义词为low.
10. can could
(1)
can表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种动作的能力。例如：
Can you
ride a bike?你会骑自行车吗?What can I do for you？要帮忙吗？Can
you make a cake？你会做蛋糕吗？
(2)
can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的怀疑猜测或不肯定。例如：
Where can
he be？他会在什么地方呢？Can the news be true？这个消息会是真的吗？
It surely can't be six o'clock
already？不可能已经六点钟了吧？
You can't be hungry so
soon，Tom，you've just had
lunch.汤姆，你不可能饿得这么快，你刚吃过午饭。
What can he
mean？他会是什么意思？
在日常会话中，can可代替may表示允许，may比较正式。例如：You can come
in any time.你随时都可以来。
--- Can I use your
pen？我能用你的钢笔吗？--- Of course，you can.当然可以。
You
can have my seat，I'm going now.我要走了，你坐我的座位吧。
(3) could
could 是
can的过去式，表示过去有过的能力和可能性（在否定和疑问句中）。例如：
The doctor
said he could help him.（能力）医生说他能帮助他。
Lily
could swim when she was four years
old.（能力）当丽丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。
At that time we thought
the story could be true.（可能性）那时我们以为所说的可能是真的。
could可代替can表示现在时间的动作，但语气较为婉转。例如：
Could I
speak to John，please？我能和约翰说话吗？
Could
you？在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如：Could you wait half an
hour？请你等半个小时好吗？Could you please
ring again at
six？六点钟请你再打电话好吗？
(4) can的形式
只有现在式can和过去式co
uld两种形式。能表示一般现在和一般过去两种时态，有时也能表示将来。所有其他时
态（包括将来时
）须用be able to加动词不定式来表示。
例如：They have not been
able to come to Beijing.他们没有能到北京来。
11. look
for find
look for 意为“寻找”，而find意为“找到，发现”，前者强调“找
”这一动作，并不注重“找”的结果，而后者则
强调“找”的结果。例如：She can’t
find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子啦。
Tom is looking for
his watch，but he can’t find it.汤姆正在寻找他的手表，但没能找到。
12. be sleeping be asleep
be sleeping
表示动作，意思是“正在睡觉”；be asleep 表示状态，意思是“睡着了”。
如：---What are the children doing in the room?
孩子们在房间里做什么？---They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。
The children are asleep now.现在孩子们睡着了。
13. often usuallysometimes
often 表示经常，some
times表示有时候，在表示发生频率上often要高于usually，usually要高于somet
imes。这
三个词表示的是经常性，一般性的动作或情况，常与一般现在时连用，常位于主要谓语动词
的前面，其他谓语动词
（be动词，情态动词和助动词）的后面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气，
则放在句首。
We usually play basketball after
school.我们通常放学后打篮球。Sometimes I go to bed
early.有时，我睡觉很早。
He often reads English in the
morning.他经常在早晨读英语。
14. How much How many
how much常用来询问某一商品的价格，常见句式是How much is are…?
How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱？How much are
the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱？
how
much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为“多少“，how many后加可数名词的复数形式。
How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀？How many
students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人？
15. be good for be good to be good at
be
good for 表示对……有好处，而be bad for表示对……有害；be good
to表示对……友好，而be bad to表示
对……不好；be good
at表示擅长，在……方面做得好，而be bad at表示在……方面做得不好。
如：Doing
eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。
Eating too much is bad for you
health.吃的太多对你的身体有害。
Miss Li is good to all
of us.李老师对我们所有的人都很友好。
The boss is bad to
his workers.这个老板对他的工人不好。
Li Lei is good at
drawing, but I'm bad at it.李雷擅长画画，但是我不擅长。
16.
each every
each
和every都有每一个的意思，但含义和用法不相同。each从个体着眼，every从整体着眼。each
可用于两者
或两者以上，every只用于三者或三者以上。
如：We each have
a new book.我们每人各有一本新书。There are trees on each side
of the street.街的两旁有树。
He gets up early
every morning.每天早晨他都起得早。
each可以用作形容词、副词和代词；every只能用作形容词。如：Each of them
has his own duty.他们各人有各人的义
务。They each want to
do something different.他们每个人都想做不同的事情。
17.
一般现在时现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表示说话者的能力，
还有自然现象；而现在进行时表示
正在进行或发生的动作（构成方式为amis
are+doing）。
I do my homework in the
evening.我在晚上做作业。I'm doing my homework
now.我现在正在做作业。
现在进行时常与now, these days, at the
moment 或Look, listen等词连用；而一般现在时常与often, always,
sometimes,
usually, every day, in the morning,
on Mondays等连用。
We often clean the classroom
after school.我们经常放学后打扫教室。
Look! They are
cleaning the classroom .看！他们正在打扫教室呢。
初二年级（上）
【知识梳理】 11. the day after tomorrow
I. 重点短语 12. have a picnic
13. have some
problems doing sth.
1. on time 14. go the
wrong way
2. best wishes 15. hurry up
3.
give a talk 16. get together
4. for example
17. in the open air
5. short for 18. on Mid-
Autumn Day
6. a waste of time 19. come over
7. go on a field trip 20. have to
8. go
fishing 21. get home
9. I agree 22. agree
with
10. next week 23. in the country
24. in town are you going to do？
25. all the same are we going ?
26. in
front of are we going to do ?
27. on the
leftright side
9.I’m good at…
28. next to
’s not far from…
29. up and down 11. Are
you free tomorrow evening?
30. keep healthy
you and Lily like to come over to my home for
31. grow up Mid-Autumn Festival?
32. at
the same time
13.I’m glad you can come.
33. the day before yesterday for asking us.
35. last Saturday about another one?
36.
half an hour ago I have a taste?
37. a moment
ago me walk with you.
38. just now do you
have to do?
39. by the way you live on a
farm?
40. all the time do you like better,
the city or the country?
41. at first do you
like best, dogs, cats or chickens?
we go at
ten? Good idea!
II. 重要句型 23.---Let’s make it
half past one. ---OK.
24.---Why not come a
little earlier? ---All right.
1. have fun
doing sth.
me. Where’s the nearest post
office, please?
2. Why don’t you…? ’s over
there on the right.
3. We’re going to do sth.
27.I’m sorry I don’t know.
4. start with sth.
’d better…
5. Why not…?
you all the
same.
6. Are you going to…?
bus do I
take?
7. be friendly to sb. along this road.
8. You’d better do sth.
day was it
yesterday?
9. ask sb. for sth.
33.I’m
sorry to hear that.
10. say goodbye to sb.
34.I hope you’re better now.
11. Good
luck(with sb)! did you call me?
36.I
called to tell…
III. 交际用语
IV. 重要语法
e backto school! going to的用法；
me. I’m
sorry I’m late, because the traffic is bad.
2.形容词的比较级、最高级；
doesn’t matter.
3.形容词和副词的比较
Teachers’ Day !
4.一般过去时
’s a good idea.
【名师讲解】
1. on the
street in the street
表示“在街上”时，on the street 和
in the street 都可以，在美国多用on the street, 在英国多用in the
street. 例如：
We have a house in the street.
我们在街上有座房子。I met him on the street. 我在街上遇见了他。
2. would like like
would like 和
like含义不同。like 意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，而 would like
意思是“想要”。试比较： I like beer.=I’
m fond of beer.
我喜欢喝啤酒。I’d like a glass of beer= I want a glass of
beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。Do you like going to
the cinema?
你喜欢看电影吗？Would you like to go to the cinema
tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
3. another the other
(1)another 通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一个人或 物体。 例如：
May I have another apple, please?
请在给我一个苹果好吗？
This coat is too small for me.
Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。
(2)the other 通常指两者中的另一个。例如：
He has two
rulers. One is short. The other is long.
他有两把尺子，一把短的，另一把长的。 I have two brothers. One
works in Xi’an . The other works in Beijing.
我有两个兄弟，一个在西安工作，另一个在北京工作。
4. have to must
(1)have to和 must 都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必须
去做而又想去时，常用must。
如果谈论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：I
must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）They have
to
work for the boss.他们不得不为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作）
(2)have to 可用于多种时态，must 只能用于一般现在时。例如：
I’ll
have to get up early tomorrow
morning.明天早晨我必须早早起床。We had to work long hours
every day in order to
get more
money.为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间地工作。
(3)用于否定句时，mustn’t意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而don’t have
to意思是“不必”，相当于needn’t。例如：
You mustn’t be late
again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。You don’t have to go
there today. You can go there
tomorrow.
你今天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。
5. hear sb. or
sth. herar sb. or sth. do sth.
hear sb. or
sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”，而hear sb. or sth. do
sth.意思“听到某人或某物做过某事”。
试比较：I hear him singing an
English song.听见他在唱英歌曲。
I heard him sing an
English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。
类似hear 这种用法的还有see,
watch, listen, feel等感官动词。
6. any some
any和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，但some一般用在肯定句中；a
ny用在疑问句和否定
句中。试比较：I want some money. 我想要点钱。Have
you any money? 你有钱吗？I don’t have any money.
我一点
钱也没有。
some
有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励人家说“是”。例如：
Would you
like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？
Could I have
some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？
7. hear listen to
listen to 和hear 都有“听”的意思，但含义有所不同。Listen
to强调“听”的动作，hear 强调“听”的结果。例如：
Listen to me
,please! I’m going to tell you a story.
请听我说！我给你们讲个故事。
Listen! Can you hear someone
crying in the next room? 听！你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗？
I
listened, but heard nothing.我听了听，但什么也听不见。
hear
后面如果接宾语从句，常常表示“听说”。例如：
I hear some foreign
students will visit our school.我听说一些外国学生将要访问我们学校。
I hear there is going to be a film in our
school this evening.我听说今晚我们学校要演一场电影。
8. Let’s… Let us…
Let’s… 和Let us…
都表示“让我们……”, 如果us 包括听话人在内，其含义相同，附带问句用shall we.
如果
us 不包括听话人在内，其含义不同，Let us…的附带问句要用will
you。例如：Let’s go shopping, shall we? 我们去
购物好吗？
9. take bring carry get
这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思，
但含义有所不同。take意为“带走”，“拿走”，bring意为“带来”，“拿来”,
get表
示“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”，carry不强调方向，带有负重的意思。试比较：
My
parents often take me there on
holidays.我父母常常带我到那里去度假。
I’m going to take you
to Beijing.我准备带你去北京。Bring me a cup of tea,
please.请给我端杯茶来。
I’ll bring the book to you
tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带来。The waiter carried the me to
the table服务员把肉送到
桌上。The monkey carried the bag
on her back.猴子把那个包背在背上。She went back to get her
handbag.他折回去拿他
的手提包。Let me get the
doctor.让我去请医生吧。
10. far away faraway
(1)far away是一个副词短语，意思是“很远”。例如：Some are far
away. Some are
nearer.有些离得很远，有些离得近
一些的。The village is
far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。
(2)faraway是一个形容词，意思是“遥远的”，可以在句中作定语。例如：
He
lives in faraway mountain village.他住在一个遥远的小山村。
11. find look for
find和look for
都有“找”的意思，但含义不同。find 强调“找”的结果，而look for
强调“找”的过程。请看下
列例句：He is looking for his
bike.他在找他的自行车。I’m looking for my watch, but can’t
find it.我在找我的手表，
但是找不到。I hope you will soon
find your lost ring.希望你尽快找到丢失的戒指。
另外，find还有“发现”；“感到”等意思。例如：I found a wallet in
the desk.我在课桌里发现了一个钱包。
I find this book very
interesting.我觉得这本书很有意思。
12. in front of in the
front of
In front of 表示在某物的前面，不在某物的范围内。In the
front of 表示在某物的前部，在某物的范围内。试比较：
My seat is in
front of Mary’s.我的座位在玛丽座位的前面。
He is sitting in
the front of the car with the driver.他和司机坐在小车的前部。
初二年级（中）
【知识梳理】 33. stand in line
I.
重点短语 34. at the head of
35. laugh at
1.
give a concert 36. throw about
2. fall down
37. in fact
3. go on 38. at midnight
4. at
the end of 39. enjoy oneself
5. go back 40.
have a headache
6. in ahurry 41. have a cough
7. write down 42. fall asleep
8. come out
43. again and again
9. all the year round 44.
look over
10. later on 45. take
exercise
11. at times
12. ring sb. up
II. 重要句型
13. Happy New Year!
14. have a
party 1. be good for sth.
15. hold on
2.
I think …
16. hear from
3. I hope…
17.
be ready
4. I love…
18. at the moment
5. I don’t like…
19. take out
6. I’m
sure…
same as 7. forget to do sth.
21.
turn over 8. take a message for sb.
22. get-
together 9. give sb. the message
23. put on
10. help yourself to sth.
24. take a seat 11.
be famous for sth.
25. wait for
12. on
one’s way to…
26. get lost
13. make one’s
way to…
27. just then 14. quarrel with sb.
28. first of all 15. agree with sb.
29. go
wrong 16. stop sb. from doing sth.
30. make a
noise
31. get on III. 交际用语
32. get off
’s the weather like today?
'd
better catch a bus.
’s cold, but quite suuny.
may be in ... Ah, so it is
cold it is
today! must be more careful!
, but it’ll be
warmer later on.
mustn't cross the road now.
we make a snowman? you want to cross a
street, you must wait for the green
. Come on!
light.
New Year! stand in line.
I speak
to Ann, please?？ must wait for your turn.
on, please. you don't go soon, you'll be late.
a lot for inviting me to your party. 37.I
don't feel very well.
. But I’m afraid I may
be a little late.
head hurts.
I take a
message for you? mustn't eat anything until you
see the doctor.
’s OK. It doesn’t matter.
's the trouble?
14.I’m very sorry, but I
can’t come. 's the matter with…?
15.I’m sorry
to hear that.
didn't feel like eating
anything.
birthday! g serious.
you like
...? Would you like to ...?
t a pain in…
you think ...? Yes, I think so. No, I don't think
so. problem.
you agree? Yes, I agree. No,
don't really agree. I this medicine three times a
day.
really can't agree.
are a few a
lot of ... on it. IV. 重要语法
do we.
22.I'm happy you like it. 1. 一般过去时；
is
the way to ..., please? 2. 反意疑问句的用法；
rightleft at the ... crossing. 3. 一般将来时；
on
until you reach ... 4. 感叹句；
can I get to ...?
Go downupalong this road. 5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
's
the matter? 6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；
'll take you half an hour to ... 7.
时间状语从句和条件状语从句。
【名师讲解】
1. above over
on
这三个介词都表示“在……之上”，但含义不同。on指在某物的表面上，和某物接触；abo
ve指在某物的上方，不
和某物接触，但也不一定在某物的正上方；over指在某物的正上方，不和某
物接触。试比较：There is a book on the
desk.课桌上有一本书。
I raise my right hand above my head. 我把右手高举过头。
There is a stone bridge over the river.
河面上有座石桥。
2. forget to do doing sth.
forget to do sth.意思是“忘记做某事”，实际上还没做；forget
doing sth,意思是“忘记做过某事”，实际上已经做过了。
试比较：I forgot to
tell him the news.我忘记告诉他这条消息了。
I forgot
telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告诉他了，我却忘了。
类似的词还有：remember, regret等。
3. hopewish
hope和wish 在汉语中都有“希望”的意思，但其含义和用法有所不同。主要区别如下：
(1)wish可以用来表示不可实现的愿望；hope只能用来表示可能实现的愿望。例如：
I wish I were 20 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。
I hope you’ll be better soon. 我希望你能很快好起来。
I wish the weather wasn’t so cold. 但愿天气不这麽冷。
I hope he will come, too. 我希望他也能来。
(2)wish可以接sb. to do sth.
的结构，而hope不可以。例如：
Do you wish me to come back
later? 你是否希望我再来？
4. be sure to do sth. be
sure ofabout sb. or sth.
(1)be sure to do sth
.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求，意思是“务必”，也可以用来表示说话人做出的推断，意
思是“
一定”，“肯定”。例如：
Be sure to lock the door when you
leave.你离开时务必把门锁好。
It’s a good film. You are
sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影，你肯定会喜欢的。
(2)be sure
ofabout sth. 可用来表示“某人对某事有把握”。例如：
I’m sure of
his success.我相信他会成功。
I think it was three
years ago, but I’m not sure about
it.我想那是三年前的事情，但我没有把握。
5. hear fromhear of
hear意思是“听到”，从哪里听到要用from来表示。例如：
I’ve heard
from Xiao Wu that we’ll start out military
training tomorrow.我听小吴说，我们明天开始军训。Listen to the
tape and write out what you hear from Han
Mei.听录音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。
hear
from还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”（=receive a letter from
sb.）。例如：
I heard from my pen friend in the
U.S.A. last month. 上个月我受到了美国笔友的来信。
I heard
from her last week. 我上周接到了她的来信。
hear of和和hear
from含义不同。hear of
意思是“听说”，“得知”（某事或某人的存在），常用在疑问句和否定句里。
例如：Who is
he? I’ve never heard of him.他是谁？我从来没有听说过他。I never
heard of such a thing! 这样的事我
从来没有听说过。
6.
It’s a pleasure.
It’s a
pleasure这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语，意思是“那是我乐意做的”。例如：
---Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你地帮助。---It’s a
pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。
---Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。
再见。---It’s a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。再见。
类似的话还有 “Not
at all.” “You are welcome.” “That’s all right.”
With pleasure也用作客气的答语，主要用在别人要你做某事，而你又非常愿意去做的场合
。例如：---Will you please
pass me the newspaper,
please?请你把报纸递给我好吗？
---With pleasure.当然可以。
7. seemlook
(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲，但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作
出的有根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实；look着
重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to
be)+形容词和as if从句。如：He seems looks (to be) very
happy today. 他
今天看起来很高兴。
It looks (seems)
as if it it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。
(2)但下列情况中只用seem不用look：
1)后跟不定式to do时。如：He
seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。
2)在It seems
that ...结构中。如：It seems that he is happier now than
yesterday.他像比昨天高兴些了。
8. be ready to dobe ready
for get ready to doget ready for
(1)be ready
to do和be ready for…表示“已作好…的准备”，强调状态
(2)get
ready to do和get ready for…表示“为…做准备”，强调行为。如：
I'm ready to do anything you want me to do.
我愿意随时准备做一切做你要我做的事。
I'm ready for any questions
you may ask.我愿意随时准备回答你可能问的问题。
He's getting
ready to leave for Tokyo.他正准备动身去东京。
Let's get
ready for the hard moment.我们为这一艰难时刻作好准备吧。
(3)be ready to do
通常可理解“乐于做某事”，即思想上总是有做某事的准备。be not ready to
do表示“不轻易做某事”。
如：He's usually not ready to
listen to others.他通常不轻易听从别人。
9. at tableat the
table
at table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁边。例如：The
Greens are at table. 格林一家人在吃饭。
Mr. Black is
sitting at the table and reading a
book.布莱克先生坐在桌旁读书。
10. reach, arriveget to
三者都有到达之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get和arrive是不及物动词
，不能直接加名词，须借助于
介词。get
to后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to去掉；arrive at +小地方，arrive
in+大地方。如：
Lucy got to the zoo before 8
o'clock. 露西8点前到了动物园。
When did your parents
arrive in Shanghai? 你父母何时到上海的？
It was late
when I got home. 我到家时天色已晚。
11. sickill
二者都
是形容词。当“生病的，患病“之意时，ill只作表语，不作定语；而sick既可作表语也可作定语。sic
k有
呕吐，恶心的意思，只能作表语，而ill无此意。如：
Li Lei was ill
last week. (只作表语)李磊上周生病了。He's a sick man.
（作定语）他是病人。不能说成：He's an ill
grandfather was
sick for a month last year. （作表语）我祖父去年病了一个月。
12. in timeon time
in time是及时的意思，on
time是准时，按时。如：I didn't get to the bus stop in time.
我没有及时赶上汽车。We'll
finish our job on time.
我们要按时完成任务。
13. may bemaybe
It may be in
your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your inside
pocket. 也许在你里边的口袋里。第一句中may be是情态动
词+be 动词构成的谓语部
分，意思是也许是，可能是；第二句中的maybe是副词，意思是可能，常位于句首，
不能位于句中，
相当于另一副词 perhaps。再如：Maybe you put it in that
bag.也许你放在了那只包里。（不能说You
maybe put it
in
that bag.）It may be a hat.那可能是顶帽子。（不能说It maybe a
hat. 或It maybe is a hat.）
14. noise voice
sound
noise 指嘈杂声，噪音大的吵杂声。voice是指说话的声音，嗓音，嗓子。so
und是指耳朵能够听到的声音、闹声等。
它是表示声音之意的最普通的字。有时还用作科学上的声音。
例如：
Don't make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗！
I
didn't recognize John's voice on the telephone.
在电话里我听不出约翰的声音。
He spoke in a low voice.
他低声说话。We heard a strange sound. 我们听到了一种奇怪的声音。
Sound travels fast, but light travels faster.
声音传得快，但是光传得更快。
初二英语（下）
【知识梳理】 20. look up
I. 重点短语 21. enjoy oneself
22. help
yourself
1. on time 23. tell a story stories
2. out of
24. leave....behind ……
3.
all by oneself 25. come along
4. lots of 26.
hold a sports meeting
5. no longer 27. be
neck and neck
6. get back 28. as ... as
7.
sooner or later 29. not so as ... as
8. run
away 30. do one's best
9. eat up 31. take part
in
10. take care of 32. a moment late
11.
turn off 33. Bad luck!
12. turn on 34. fall
behind
13. after a while 35. high jump
14. make faces 36. long jump
15. teach
oneself 37. relay race
16. fall off 38. well
done!
17. play the piano 39. take off
18.
knock at 40. as usual
19. to one's surprise
41. a pair of
42. at once
7. Maybe
it’s a tiger.
43. hurry off
8. Let’s get
it back before they eat the food.
44. come to
oneself 9. Did she learn all by herself?
45.
after a while
10. Could she swim when she was
…years old?
46. knock on
11. She didn’t
hurt herself.
47. take care of
12. He
couldn’t buy himself many nice things.
48. at
the moment 13. Did he enjoy himself?
49. set
off 14. Help yourselves.
50. here and there
15. Bad luck!
51. on watch 16. Come on!
52. look out 17. Well done! Congratulations
(to…)!
53. take one’s place
18. It must be
very interesting.
19. I don’t think
you’ll like it.
II. 重要句型 20. It seems to be an
interesting book.
21. I’m sure (that)…
I’m not sure if… I’m not sure what
1. We’d
better not do sth. to…
2. leave one. oneself
22. I hope so.
3. find one’s way to a place
23. What was heshe drawing when…?
4. stand on
one’s head 24. I’m sorry to trouble you.
5.
make sb. Happy 25. Would you please…?
6. catch
up with sb.
26. What were you doing at ten
o’clock yesterday
7. pass on sth. to somebody
morning?
8. spend time doing sth. 27. You look
tired today.
9. go on doing sth.
28. You’d
better go to bed early tonight, if you can.
10. get on well with sb. 29. How kind!
11.
be angry with sb.
30. Let’s move the bag, or
it may cause an accident.
12. be fed up with
sth.
31. It’s really nice of you.
13.
not…until…
32. Don’t mention it.
14. make
room for sb.
33. Don’t crowd around him.
III. 交际用语 IV. 重要语法
1. We’re all by
ourselves.
1. 不定代词副词的运用；
2. I fell a
little afraid. 2. 反身代词的用法；
3. Don’t be afraid.
3. 并列句；
4. Help! 4. 形容词和副词的比较等级；
5.
Can’t you hear anything?
5. 冠词的用法；
6. I
can’t hear anything anybody there.
6.
动词的过去进行时；
【名师讲解】
1. bringtake
Br
ing表示“带来、拿来”，指从别处朝说话人所在或将在的地方“带来、拿来”。而take则表示“拿去、带
走”，它
表示的方向与bring相反，指从说话人所在地“拿走、带走”。如：
Bring
me the book, please. 把那本书给我拿来。
Take some food
to the old man. 给那位老人带去些食物。
2. somebody
anybodynobody
一般说来，somebody用于定句，anybody用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句。例如：
Somebody came to see you when you were out.
你出来时有人来见你。
Does anybody live on this island?
有人在这岛上住吗？
I didn't see anybody there.
我在那儿谁也没看见。
Don't let anybody in. I'm too busy
to see anybody. 别让任何人进来。我太忙，谁也不想见。
There is
nobody in the room. 房间里没人。
Nobody told me
that you were ill, so I didn't know about it
.谁也没告诉我你病了所以我不知道。
3. listen, listen to, hear
这三个词意思都是“听”，但是它们的用法不完全相同。它们的区别在于：
(1)listen 只用于不及物动词，后面接人或人物做宾语，着重于“倾听”，指的是有意识的动
作，至于是否听到，并非
强调的重点。如：
Listen! Someone is
singing in the classroom. 听！有人在教室唱歌。
(2)listen
to 为listen的及物形式，后面一定要接人或物做宾语，这里的to是介词。如：
Do
you like listening to light music?你喜欢听轻音乐吗？
(3)hear 可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意思是“听到、听见”，指用耳朵听到了某个
声音，表示无意识的
动作，着重于听的能力和结果。如：We hear with our
ears.我们用耳朵听。She listens but hears
nothing.她听了听，但
是什么也没有听见。
4. many much a few
a little few little
(1)many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词；都表示许多。例如：
He has
many books.他有许多书。He drank much milk.他喝了许多牛奶。
(2)a few和a little都表示有一点儿，侧重于肯定，相当于，但a
few修饰可数名词，a little修饰不可数名词，
例如：He has a few
friends in London.他在伦敦有一些朋友。
Would you like
some coffee? Yes, just a little.喝点咖啡好吗？好的，只要一点。 (3)few和little表示几乎没有，侧重否定。few后接可数名词，little后接不可数名词
。例如：
He is a strange man. He has few
words.他是个怪人，他几乎不说什么话。
Hurry up, there is
little time left.赶快，没什么时间了。
5. either neither
both
either可作形容词，一般指两者中的任何一个。有时也可表示两个都……的意思，后
跟名词的单数形式；neither:
指两者中没有一个，全否定；both:
指两者都，肯定。句中可作主语、宾语和定语，both后面应跟名词的复数形式。
如：Neither
of the films is good.两部电影都不好。（没有一部是好的）Either of
the films is good. 两部电影都不错。（谓
语动词用单数）Both the
teachers often answer the questions.这两个老师都常常解答问题。
6. take part injoin
take part in参加某种活动;
join参加，加入某一政党或组织。例如：Can you take part in my
party.你能来参加我的派对
吗？We often take part in many
school activities.我们经常参加学校里的一些活动。He joined the
party in 1963. 他1963
年入的党。My little brother
joined the army last year. 我小弟去年参的军。
7. quite
rather very
(1)quite 表示程度“很，十分，完全地”，“相当”。如：She
is quite right.她对极了。
That's not quite what I
want . 那并不完全是我所要的。
(2)rather
表示程度上的“相当”，比预想地程度要大，通常用在不喜欢的情况下。如：It's rather cold
today.今天的天
气相当冷。
(3)very 表示程度“很，甚，极其，非常”，用于
修饰形容词或副词，既可用在喜欢的情况下，也可用于不喜欢的情
况下。应注意“a very
+形容词+可数名词的单数”结构中，应置于之前，该结构相当“quite aan
+形容词+
名词”的结构。如：Two months is quite a long time.
a very long time. 两个月是一段很长的时间。It's a very nice day
quite a nice day. 今天天气很好。
初三年级（上）
【知识梳理】 4. walk away with sth.
I. 重点短语 5.
leave for some place
6. sooner or later
1. at the moment 7. pay for
2. used
to 8. come up with an idea
3. for a while
9. think of
10. have a try
11.
all over the world
12. be famous for
13.
large numbers of
14. all the year round
15. no matter what
16. give up
17.
for example
18. by the way
19. on
business
20. so far
21. come true
22. set off
23. slow down
24. go on
doing
25. wait for
26. be proud of
27. be afraid of
28. speak highly of
29. a year and a half
30. half a year
31. pick up
32. as soon as
33. keep…
clean
34. take care of
35. cut down
36. make a contribution to
37. base on
38. make sure
39. take away
40.
begin with
41. right now
42. as soon as
possible
43. leave a message
44. all
kinds of things
45. walk around
46. fall
asleep
47. wake up
48. go on a trip
49. have a good time
50. take photos
51. come out
52. come on
53. have a
family meeting
54. talk about
55. go for a
holiday
56 go scuba diving
57. write down
58. by oneself
59. walk along
60.
get a chance to do sth
61. have a wonderful
time
62. book a room
63. have an accident
64. be interested in
65. use sth. to do
sth.
66. make a TV show
67. be amazed at
68. take part in
69. feed on
70. get
out of
II. 重要句型
1. Why don’t
you do sth.?
2. make sb. Happy
3.
borrow sth. from sb.
4. forget to do
sth.
5. pay fro sth.
6.
return sth. To sb.
7. learn sth. from sb.
8. be famous for sth.
9. No matter what…
10. be with sb.
11. go on doing sth.
12. speak highly of sb.
13. keep doing
sth.
14. allow sb. To do sth.
15. encourage sb. to do sth. 16. It is
said that…
III. 交际用语
1. ---
Excuse me, have you got …?
--- Yes, I have.
(Sorry, I haven’t.)
2. --- Why don’t you …?
--- Thanks, I will.
3. --- Thanks a lot.
(Thank you very much.)
--- You are welcome.
4. --- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I
have, once. (No, never.)
5. --- I’ve just
done…
--- Really?
6. ---What’s …like ?
7. --- How long have you been…?
--- Since…
8. --- Have you ever been to…?
--- I’ve
never been there. (None of us has. Only …has. )
9. --- Would you like to have a try?
--- I don’t think I can… 20. --- Go
straight along here.
10. --- What have you
done since…? 21. ---Please go to Gate 12.
11.
--- How long have you been at this …? 22. ---
Please come this way.
--- For… 23. --- Could
you tell me what you think about Hainan
12.
--- How long has she he worked there…? Island?
--- She’s He’s worked there for… all her
his life. 24. --- That sounds really cool!
13.
--- I’m sorry he isn’t here right now.
14.
--- May I help you? IV. 重要语法
15. --- That’s
very kind of you. 1. 宾语从句
16. ---Could we go
scuba diving? 2. 现在完成时
17. --- Could you tell
us how long we’re going to be away?
18. ---
Let’s try to find some information about it, OK?
3. 一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较：
19. --- Could you please
tell me how to search the Internet?
【名师讲解】
1. Maybe may be
(1)
maybe是副词，意思是“大概，也许”，常用作状语。例如： Maybe you put it in
your bag.也许你把它放在包里了。
“Will he come
tomorrow?”“Maybe not.” “他明天来吗？”“也许不”。
(2)
may be相当于是情态动词may与be动词搭配一起作谓语，意思是“也许是…，可能是…”。
例如：It may be 9:00 when they
arrive.他们可能于九点到达。The man may be a lawyer. 那人也许是律师。
2. borrow lend keep use
(1)
borrow表示的是从别人那里借来东西，即我们通常所说的“借进来”。例如：We often
borrow books from our school
library.我们经常从学校图书馆借书。I borrowed this
dictionary from my teacher. 我从老师那儿借来了这本字典。
borrow是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与时间段连用。
例如：You can
borrow my recorder for three days. ( 错误 )I have
borrowed this book for only one week. ( 错误 )
(2) lend表示的是把自己的东西借给别人，即我们通常所说的“借出去”。 例如：Thank
you for lending me your bike.
谢谢你把自行车借给我。He
often lends money to his brother.他经常借钱给他弟弟。
lend与borrow一样，也是一个瞬间完成的 动作，不能与一段时间连用。
(3) kee
p的意思也是“借”，但一般是指借来后的保存或使用阶段，是一段持续的时间，因此可以与时间段连用。例如：You can keep my recorder for three
days.我的录音机你可以借用三天。
I have kept this book for
only one week.这本书我才刚借了一星期。
(4)
use也可以当“借用”讲，但它的本意是“用，使用”。例如：May I use your ruler?
我能借你的尺子用一下吗？
He had to use this public
telephone.他不得不使用这部公用电话。
3. leave leave for
(1) leave意思是“离开，留下”。 例如：We left Shanghai two
years ago.我们两年前离开了上海。
He left his cell
phone in the taxi last week.他上周把手机落在出租车里了。
(2)
leave for意思是“前往”，表示要去的目的地。例如：We will leave for
Tibet next month.我们将于下月去西藏。The
train is
leaving for Moscow.这趟火车即将开往莫斯科。
4. since for
(1) since用于完成时态，既能用作介词，也能用作连词，后常接时间点，意思是“自从”。
例如：
He has been a worker since he came into
this city.自从他来到这个城市，他就是工人了。
I have never seen
him since we last met in Shanghai
.自从我们上次在上海见过之后我再也没见过他。
since作连词，还有“既然”的意思。例如：
Since you are interested in it, just do it.
既然你对它感兴趣，那就做吧。
You can have fun now since
you’ve finished your work.既然你已经做完了功课，就开心玩会儿吧。
(2) for用于完成时，用作介词，后常接一段时间，意思是“经过…”。例如： I have
learned English for five years.我
已经学了五年英语了。They
have waited for you for 30 minutes.他们已经等了你三十分钟了。
for也可以用作连词，但意思是“因为”。 例如： They missed the
flight for they were late.他们由于完到了而误了航
班。He fell
ill for many reasons.他由于多种原因病倒了。
5. neither
either both
(1) neither作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为“两者都不”
，作主语时谓语动词用单数.例如：Neither of the boys is
from England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国。I know
neither of them. 他们两个我都不认识。
neither用作形容词，也修饰单
数名词，意思与作代词时相同；用作连词时，一般与nor搭配，表示
“既不…也不”。
作主语时，谓语动词也遵循就近原则。 例如：She neither ate
nor drank yesterday. 她昨天既不吃也不喝。Neither he nor
we play football on Sundays. 他和我们星期天都不踢球。
(2)
either作代词时，是指两者中的任意一方,(两者之)每一个，故作主语时谓语动词用单数.
例如：Either of the books is new.这两本书任何一本都是新的.
She doesn’t like either of the
films.这两部电影她都不喜欢.
either作形容词,
用来修饰单数名词,意思与作介词时相同.
例如：Either school is
near my home. (这两所学校中的)任何一所学校都离我家很近.
Either
question is difficult.两个问题(中的任何一个)都难.
either作连
词时,一般与or搭配,表示两者选其一，意思是“不是…就是”。作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。
Either he or I am right.不是他就是我是对的。
Either
my sister or my parents are coming to see
me.不是我姐姐就是我父母要来看我。
(3) both作代词时，指的是所涉及到的“两者都”,
故作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
I like both of the
stories.这两个故事我都喜欢。Both of my parents are
teachers.我父母两人都是老师。
both作形容词时，用来修饰两者,意思与作代词时相同.Both his arms are
hurt.他的两只胳膊都受伤了。
Both these students are good
at English. 这两个学生都擅长英语。
both用作连词时，多与and搭配，表示“既…又, 不仅…而且”,
作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数形式。
Both piano and violin are my
bobbies.钢琴和小提琴都是我的爱好。
They study both history
and physics. 他们既学历史，又学物理。
6. findlook for
find out
(1)
find强调找的结果，意思是“找到”。此外还有“发现，发觉”的意思，后可接宾语从句。
例如：Jim couldn’t find his hat.吉姆找不着帽子了。Have you
found your lost keys? 你找到丢失的钥匙了吗？
He found the
lights were on along the street.他发现沿街的灯都亮了
(2)
look for的意思为“寻找”，指的是找的动作而非结果。另外，还有“盼望，期待”的意思。
例如：She is looking for her son.她正在找她的儿子。We’ve
been looking for the car since early this
morning.我们从今
天一大早就开始找这辆车了。I look for the coming
holiday.我期待着即将来临的假期。
(3) find out含有经过观察、研究或探索而
得知的意思，后常接较抽象的事物，意思是“找出，发现，查明（真相）”
等。例如： I can
find out who took my money away.我能查出谁拿了我的钱。
Could you find out when the plane arrives?
你能设法知道飞机何时到吗？
7. forget to do forget doing
(1) forget to do是指忘记去做某件事了，即该事还没有做。例如： Please
don’t forget to call this
afternoon.今天下午
不要忘了给我打电话。I forgot to take some
small change with me.我身上忘了带零钱了。
(2) forget
doing是指忘记某件已经做过的事情，即该事已经做了，但被忘记了。 例如：He forgot
telling me his address.
他忘了告诉过我地址了。They forgot
having been here before.他们忘了以前曾来过这儿。
8. stop
doing stop to do
(1) stop
doing是指停止做某事，即doing这个动作不再继续。例如：They stopped
debating.他们停止了辩论。（不辩
论了）He had to stop driving
as the traffic lights changed in to red.
由于交通灯变成了红色他不得不停车。
(2) stop to
do是指停下来开始做另一件事，即停止原先的事，开始做do这个动作。
例如：She
stopped to have a rest.她停下来休息会儿。（开始休息）They stopped
to talk.他们停下来开始交谈。
9. except besides
(1)
except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”，可以理解为“撇开…不谈”,表示两部分的不同。
Everyone is
excited except
me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。（他们激动，而我却不激动）All the visitors are
Japanese except
him.
除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）
(2)besid
es是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”，可以理解为“除之外…还、除之外…又”，表示两部分的相似性。<
br>例如：Twenty-five students went to the cinema
besides him.除他以外，还有25个学生去看了电影。(他和另外25人都
去了)We
like biology besides
English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。（生物和英语都喜欢）
besides还可用作副词，意思是“此外；而且”，常用于句首或句尾。
例如：He
is a great thinker, and besides, he is a
politician.他是一名伟大的思想家，除此以外，他还是一位政治家。
They encouraged me, and they supported
me with money, besides. 他们不仅鼓励我，而且与我以金钱上的支持。
10. keep doing keep on doing
(1) keep
doing指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事，中间不间断。 例如：It kept blowing for
a whole day.刮了一整天
风了。The temperature keeps
dropping.温度持续下降。
(2) keep on
doing是指反复坚持做某事，但动作之间略有间隔。例如：They have kept on
writing to each other for many
years.他们已经互相通信多年了。After drinking some water,
he kept on talking.喝了一些水后，他坚持讲话。
11. seem look
(1) seem一般着重于以客观迹象为依据，意思是“似乎、好象、看起来…”。 例如：The
baby seems to be happy.婴儿
看上去似乎很高兴。He seemed to
be sorry for that.他似乎为那件事感到抱歉。
seem能与to
do结构连用，而look不能。 例如：It seems to rain. 似乎要下雨了。
They seemed to have finished their
work.他们似乎已经完成了工作。
在it作形式主语的句型中只能用seem。 例如：It
seems that he is quite busy now.他现在看起来很忙。
It
seems to us that there is nothing
serious.在我看来没什么大不了的。
(2)
look用作“看起来；好像”时，常从物体的外观或样貌上来判断，是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的。
例如：The room looks clean.这间房看起来很干净。The girl
looks like her mother.那女孩看起来向她的妈妈。
12. such so
(1)such常用作形容词，用来修饰名词。 例如：Don’t be such a
fool.别这么傻。
He is such a clever
boy.他是如此聪明的一个男孩。
(2) so是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。 例如：He
is so kind! 他真好心！
Why did you come so late?
你为何回来得如此晚？
当名词前有many, much, few,
little等表示多、少时，应该用so。
例如：He has so many
friends.他有如此多的朋友。 Only so little time is left!
才剩这么一点儿时间！
13. either too also
(1)either用作“也”时是副词，常用于否定句句尾。
例如：She is not
a Japanese, I’m not, either.她不是日本人，我也不是。
My
sister doesn’t like this song, either.我妹妹也不喜欢这首歌。
(2)too常用于肯定句或疑问句尾，表示“也”。
例如：He likes
China, too.他也喜欢中国。 Are you in Grade 3, too?
你也在三年级吗？
(3)also也常用于肯定句或疑问句，但一般位于句中。
例如：We
are also students.我们也是学生。 He also went there on
foot.他也是走着去的。
Did you also want to have a
look? 你也想看看吗？
14. if whether
在下列情况下只能用whether而非if：
(1)与or
not连用时，只能用whether.
We want to know whether you
are ill or not. 我们想知道你是否生病了。
Please tell me
whether or not you have finished your
work.请告诉我们你是否完成了工作。
(2)后接动词不定式时，只能用whether.
Adam didn’t know whether to go or
stay.亚当不知道是走还是留。
He hasn’t decided whether to
have dinner with me.他还没决定是否和我共进晚餐。
(3)所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用whether.
Whether it
will rain or snow, we don’t mind. 我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。
Whether I won or lost, she didn’t want to
know.我是赢是输她不想知道。
(4)引导主语从句或表语从句时，一般用whether.
The most important was whether they had
gone.最重要的是他们是不是已经走了。
Whether he will go with
me is a secret.他是否会和我一起去还是个秘密。
if能引导条件状语从句，表示“如果，假如”，而whether没有此用法。
We’ll
have a football match if it doesn’t rain
tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们 要进行足球赛。
I’ll tell him if I
sees him.我看见他就告诉他。
If you’re in danger, please
call 110.如果你遇到危险，请拨打110。
15. cost spend
pay take
(1)
cost一般用某物来做主语，表示“（某物）值…、花费…”，既能指花费时间也能指金钱。
The
new bike costs me 300 yuan.这辆新自行车花了我三百元。
It
will cost you a whole to read through this
book.通读这本书将会花费你整整一周时间。
cost
还可以用作名词，表示“成本、费用、价格、代价”等。
What’s the cost of
this TV set? 这台电视机的成本是多少钱？
They succeeded at
the cost of hard work.他们辛苦地工作换来的成功。
(2)
spend一般用某人来作主语，表示“（某人）花费…，付出…”，也能指时间或金钱，指时间时常与
in搭配，指
金钱时常与on或for搭配。
We spent two days in
repairing this machine.我们花了两天时间修理这台机器。
Mr. Lee
spends $$20 on books every month.李先生每月花二十美元在书上。
(3) pay用作动词时，一般也以某人作主语，但一般指花钱、付款等，很少用来指花费时间。常与
for搭配使用。例
如：They paid 70 yuan for the
tickets.他们花了七十元买票。
He was too poor to pay for
his schooling.他穷得交不起学费。
pay还可以用作名词，意思为“薪水、工资”等。
It’s hard for me
to live with such low pay.我很难靠这么低的薪水生活下去。
(4)take也指“花费(时间、金钱)”，但通常用某事、某物做主语，或用形式主语it.
How long will the meeting take? 会议要开多久？It took
me several hours to get there. 我花了几个小时才到那儿。
16. bad badly
这两个词的意思含有“坏、糟、严重”等意思，且它们有共同的比较级worse和最高级worst
。
(1) bad是一个形容词，意思是“坏的，糟糕的，差的，严重的”。
例如：I
don’t think he is a bad person.我并不认为他是一个坏人。I had a
bad headache.我的头疼得很厉害。
(2)badly是一个副词,意思是“不好地，差
”，也可以表示程度，意为“严重地，非常，极度”。
例如：We need help
badly.我们急需帮助。His arm was badly hurt.他的胳膊严重受伤了。
17. interested interesting
(1)
interested是指“对…产生兴趣的，对…感兴趣的”，一般用人做主语，后常用介词in.
例如：He was interested in biology
before.他以前对生物感兴趣。 I’m not interested in
art.我对艺术不感兴趣。
(2)interesting的意思是“有趣的”，指能够给人带来兴趣的某人或某事物。例如：
He is an interesting old man.他是个有趣的老头。The
interesting story attracted me. 这个有趣的故事吸引了我。
18. dead die death dying
(1)
dead是形容词，意思为“死了的、无生命的”，表示状态，可以与一段时间连用。 例如：
The
tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了有十年了。The
rabbits are all dead. 这些兔子都是死的。
(2)
die是动词，意思为“死、死亡”，是一个瞬间动词，不能与一段时间连用。例如：
My
grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。The old man
died of cancer.老人死于癌症。
(3)
death是名词，意思为“死亡、去世”等。
The memorial hall was
built one year after his death.他死后一年，纪念馆建成了。
His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我们的巨大损失。
(4) dying 是die的现在分词，用作形容词，意思是“垂死的、即将死去的”。
The doctors have saved the dying
man.医生们救活了那个垂死的人。
The poor dog had no food, it
was dying.可怜的狗没有食物,快要饿死了。
初三年级（中） 6. at that
time
【知识梳理】 7. send message by telegraph
I. 重点短语 8. graduate from
9. turn down
1. give up 10. put up
2. try out 11. at
the top of
3. most of 12. get together
4. not…any more
13. from house to house
5. at the age of 14. at the end of
15. on top of
3. stop…from…
16. as well
4. keep…from…
17. climb
down 5. be filled with sth.
18. in a single
night 6. give birth to
19. even though 7. be
covered with
20. live on 8. be made of
21. once upon a time
9. fill…with…
22.
according to
10. match…with
23. keep warm
11. be used for
24. on the other hand 12.
have nothing to do with
25. on show 13. come
up with
26. on display
14. no matter how…
27. in the future 15. keep
28. look up
III. 交际用语
29. Tree Planting Day
30.
just right 1. ---I'm trying to …
31. as
often as possible 2. --- I'll …
32. wash away
3. --- Which of these would you like most to …?
33. in this way 4. --- What do you want to …
?
34. in a few years' time 5. --- I want to…
35. point to 6. --- I hope to …
36.
thanks to 7. --- I plan to…
37. more or less
8. --- I'm going to…
38. so far 9. --- I'm so
happy that …
39. shut down 10. --- I'm glad
….
40. send up 11. --- me too.
41. put
off 12. --- What's this called in English?
13. --- What's it made of?
II. 重要句型 14. ---
It's made of …
15. --- What's it used for?
one's mind to do sth. 16. --- It's used for
…
2. put … together
17. --- English is
widely used for business …
18. --- It is one
of the world's most important languages as it is
so widely used.
19. --- Where is are … grown
produced made ?
20. --- The (ground ) must be
just right…
21. --- It's best to …
22. ---
The hole should not be too deep.
23. --- The
Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and
between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide.
24. ---
The more, the better.
25. --- More or less!
26. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
27. --- The hole should not be too deep.
28. 掌握以下常见标志：
ENTRANCE EXIT PUSH PULL NO
SMOKING NO PARKING
FRAGILE THIS SIDE UP NO
PHOTOS DANGER BUSINESS HOURS
PLAY STOP PAUSE
ON OFF
IV. 重要语法
1. 动词被动语态的结构和用法；
2. 动词不定式的功能和用法。
【名师讲解】
1. be able to
can
(1) 都能表示“能够，具备干某件事的能力”这个含义，此时可以互换。
Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.
= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.
格林先生能够按时完成这项工作。
(2) be able
to可以用于各种时态，而can 为情态动词，多用于现在时，其过去式为could。
We
are sure he will be able to be an artist when he
grows up.我们相信他长大后能够成为一名画家。
Miss Lin has been
able to pay the car by herself.林小姐已经能够自己负担那辆车了。
(4) Can除了表示“能够，有能力做某事”以外，还有如下用法，而be able to
则没有。表示请求，但语气没有could
委婉
Can I have a look at
this picture? 我能看看这张图片吗？
Can we leave school
after 6:00 p.m. ?我们可以在下午6点之后再离开学校吗？
表示可能性。
That man can’t be our new teacher.
那人不可能是我们的新老师。
The exam can’t be too
difficult.考试不会太难。
2. bring takecarryfetch
(1) bring一般是指拿来，即从别处往说话人这里拿，翻译成“带来”。
He
brought us some good news.他给我们带来了一些好消息。
Please
don’t forget to bring your homework
tomorrow.明天请别忘了把家庭作业带来。
(2)
take一般是指从说话人这里往别处拿，翻译成“带走”。
Please take the
umbrella with you. It’s going to rain.要下雨了，请把伞带上。
She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。
(3)
carry不强调方向，表示“携带、背着、运送、搬扛”等意思。
They carried
the boxes into the factory. 他们把箱子搬进了工厂。
A
taxi carried them to the station. 出租车送他们到了车站
(4) fetch表示的是“去取来、去拿来、去叫来”等意思，包含去和来两趟。
The waiter fetched them some
apples.侍者为他们取来了一些苹果。
Mother fetched the doctor
for her ill son.妈妈为生病的儿子请来了医生。
3. whole all
(1) whole强调一个完整如一，互不分割的整体。
The whole
country is suffering the war. 整个国家正遭遇战争。
I
just want to know the whole story.我仅仅只想知道完整的故事。
whole在句中的位置是放在所有格，冠词和指示代词的之后。
They will
spend their whole holiday in
Canada.他们将到加拿大渡过整个假期。（所有格后）
She has finished
writing the whole book. 她已经写完了整本书。（冠词后）
whole用来修饰可数名词（名词用单数）。
He ate the whole
cake. 他把整个蛋糕都吃了。（强调整整一个蛋糕）
(2)
all强调由一个个部分组成的“全部”。
Miss Green knew all the
students in the class.格林小姐认识这个班上的所有人。（一个一个全认识）
all在句中的位置是放在所有格，定冠词和指示代词的之前。
Jim finished
all his homework in twenty
minutes.吉姆在20分钟之内完成了所有的作业。（所有格前）
Of all the
boys here, he sings best.在这里所有的男孩之中，他唱的最好。（定冠词前）
The boy can answer all these
questions.那个男孩能够回答所有的这些问题。（指示代词前）
all既能修饰可数名词（名词须用复数），又能修饰不可数名词。
All these
five books are mine.这五本书都是我的。（修饰可数名词）
She was
worried about her son all the
time.她总在为她的儿子担心。（修饰不可数名词）
4. fill full
(1)
fill常作动词，与with连用，意思是“注满、装满”，也能表示“填空；补缺”的意思。例如：
He filled the box with chalk.他把粉笔装满了盒子。The
bucket is filled with water.水桶里装满了水。
(2)
full是形容词，翻译成“满的，装满的”，常与of连用。此外还能表示“完全的”和“吃饱的，过饱的”。
All the rooms are full of people.所有的房间都满人了。
The bus was full. He had to wait for the next
one.这辆车人满了，他只有等下一辆。
5. be made of be made from
be made in be made into
(1) be made
of表示由…制成一般指能够看出原材料，或发生的是物理变化。例如：
This table
cloth is made of paper.这张桌布是由纸做的。
This salad
is made of apples and strawberries.这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。
(2) be made
from也表示由…制成，但一般指看不出原材料，或发生的是化学变化。例如：
Bread is
made from corn.面包是小麦做的。
The lifeboat is made
from some special material.这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。
(3) be made in指的是产地，意思为于…制造。
The caps are
made in Russia.这些帽子产于俄罗斯。
My mother likes to
buy things which are made in China.我妈妈喜欢买中国产的东西。
(4) be made into的意思为被制成为…。
This piece of
wood will be made into a small bench.
这块木头将要被制成一个小凳。
The paper has been made into
clothes for the doll. 纸被做成了洋娃娃的衣服。
6. none no
one neither
(1)
none既能指人，又能指物，意思是没有一个，无一，常用作代词，与of连用。
None of
us has heard of him before.我们没有一个人以前听说过他。
I
like none of the coats. 那些外套我一件都不喜欢。
none用作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。例如：
None of the
answers is true.没有一个答案是正确的。None of the rooms are
mine.没有一间房子是我的。
(2) no one只能用来指人，且不能与of连用。例如：
No one is absent.没有人缺席。I knew no one
there.那里我一个人也不认识。
no one用作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。
例如：No one agrees with you. 没有人同意你的说法。
(3)
neither作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为两者都不，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
例如：Neither of the boys is from England.
这两个男孩都不是来自英国。
I know neither of
them.他们两个我都不认识。
7. found find
(1)
find的意思是找到、发现，其过去式和过去分词都是found.
I can't find
my glasses.我找不着我的眼镜了。He found it boring to sit
here alone.他发现独自坐在这里很没劲。
(2)
found是另外一个词，与find并没有关系，意思是成立、建设，常用作及物动词。
The
People's Republic of China was founded in
1949.中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
The school was founded
by the local residents.这所学校是由当地居民修建的。
8. hear
hear of hear from
(1)hear的意思是听见；听说，得知，后面能接名词、代词或宾语从句。
例如： We
heard the news just a moment ago.我刚听说这个消息。Can you
hear me? 能听见我说话吗？
(2) hear
of的意思是听说，一般指非直接的听见，而是听别人说的。后不能接宾语从句。例如：
I have
never heard of her.我从未听说过她。They heard of the film
long time ago.他们很久以前就听说过这部电影。
(3) hear
from的意思是收到来信，与听无关。例如：I often hear from him.
我经常收到他的来信。
He hasn't heard from his mother for
a long time.他很久没有收到妈妈的信了
9. send send for
(1) send意思是送往，派遣，还有发信，寄信的意思。例如：The company
sent him to study abroad.公司派他到国
外学习去了。Mr. Brown
sent her children away.布郎夫人送走了孩子们。
(2) send
for意思是召唤；派人去取；派人去拿，而非本人亲自去。例如：They have sent for a
repairman.他们已经
派人去请了一名修理工。 She sent for
some flowers.她派了人去买花。
10. get to arrive reach
(1)
arrive后不能直接接地点，是一个不及物动词。若表示到达一个相对大的地点，用arrive in
若表示相对小的地
点，用arrive at .
The delegation
will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m.代表团将于下午5:00到达北京。
It was dark when they arrived at the railway
station.当他们到达火车站的时候，天已经黑了。
When did she
arrive here last time? 她上次是什么时候到这儿的？（副词前省略介词）
(2) reach能直接接所到达的地点，是一个及物动词。例如：They reached
London on Friday.他们星期五到达了伦敦。
The news only
reached me yesterday.我于昨天才接到这个消息。
reach还有伸手去取，伸手触及，联络等意思。
Can you reach that
apple on the tree? 你能够到树上的哪个苹果吗？
He can always
be reached on the phone.可随时打电话跟他联系。
(3)
get在表示到达时是不及物动词，应与to搭配使用。
We often get to
school on foot.我们经常步行到学校。
They got to the top
of the hill at noon.他们于中午到达了山顶。
初三年级（下）
5. be angry with sb.
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语 III.
交际用语
1. beg one's pardon 1. ---How
much does… cost …?
2. multiply …by…
2.
---It can cost as little as … yuan and as much as
… yuan.
3. slow down 3. ---It costs ….
4.
wear out 4. ---It's worth ….
5. try on 5.
---I don't agree with ….
6. make a decision,
6. ---I wasn't sure whether….
7. a place of
interest 7. ---I wonder if ….
8. make a
mistake 8. ---What size …?
9. drop off 9.
---Have you got any other colour size kind?
10. think about 10. ---Have you got anything
cheaper?
11. make up one's mind, 11. ---How
much are they?
12. at all, 12. ---How much
does it cost?
13. at least 13. ---How much is
it?
14. by the time 14. ---That's a bit
expensive.
15. carry on 15. ---Even though
they're a little expensive, I'll take them.
16. never mind 16. ---I'll think about ….
17. from now on 17. ---I don't think I'll take
….
18. come down 18. ---I like ….
19.
hands up 19. ---I don't really like ….
20.
before long， 20. ---Can I help you, girl?
21.
no one， 21. ---Would you like me to look in the
back?
22. not…any longer
22. ---We can
find ….
23. ---Do you like being …?
II.
重要句型 24. ---Can I ask you some questions?
25. ---Sure.
1. be busy doing sth. 26. ---It
was great.
2. prefer to do sth. 27. ---Wow!
3. regard... as... 28. ---Yeah!
4. be
pleased with . 29. ---Oh dear!
30.
---Hands up! 39.---Yes, we can't wait any longer.
Let's go without him.
31. ---I’ll shoot anyone
who moves. 40. ---That's terrible!
32.
---There’s no need to thank me. 41. ---That's a
really bad excuse!
33. ---Can you remember
anything else about him?
34. ---Come down,
Polly! IV. 重要语法
35. ---There is a little
traffic accident． 1. 过去将来时
36. ---There's a
big traffic jam. 2. 过去完成时
37. ---Well, I'm
sure he'll be here before long. 3. 动词不定式
38.
---I'm beginning to get angry with him! 4. 定语从句
【名师讲解】
1. think thinkabout think of
(1) think 单独使用时表示思考， 接that 宾语从句时意为认为，觉得。
I am thinking how to work out the problem. I
think she is a good student.
当宾语从句含有否定概念时，通常形式上否定think ，但意义上却是否定宾语从句。
I
don't think he can come. I don't think it will
be windy.
(2)think about 可接一个名词，动词-ing
形式或由疑问词引导的不定式或宾语从句，意思是考虑……。
I have thought
about it for a long time. Please think about
how to tell her the bad news.
(3)think of
表示认为， 一般用于疑问句中，与what 连用。
What do you think
of the TV play? = How do you like the TV play?
2. big large great
上述形容词都表示大，但侧重点及程度不同。
(1) big指具体事物的大小，强调比正常形体的标准大，既可用在普通场合，
也可用在正式场合。它可用来指人
的身材高大或长大了，还可表示伟大，重要之意。如：
Can you lift up this big stone? On the last
day I made a big decision.
(2)
large特别强调远远超过标准的大，指体积、面积、容积、数量之大。如：
A whale is
a large animal. A large crowd collected at the
gate of the theatre.
(3)
great除了表示数量体积之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味着伟大性，重要性， 优越性；常用于抽象
或无形的东西；用于有形的东西时，常带有伟大，大得令人吃惊等意思，含有一定的感情色彩。如：
China is a great country with a long history.
He was one of the greatest scientists.
3. cost
take spend pay
(1)
cost表示花钱，花费，付出（只能用于钱、精力、生命等；主语必须是物。）The book cost
me five yuan.
(2) take的主语是动词不定式,
通常用it做形式主语。It took me five yuan to buy the book..
(3) spend，在主动语句中主语是人I spent five yuan on (for)
the book.或I spent five yuan (in) buying the book.
(4) pay的主语是人。I paid five yuan for the book.
4. expensive high cheap low
这四个词在谈论到价格的高低时
，要注意使用。expensive与high涉及到价格高，而cheap 与low涉及到价格低。
(1) expensive昂贵的，花钱多的。这个单词若谈到价格高，货贵时其主语不能是价格，必
须是货物、物品本身。
如：This watch is expensive.
这只表很贵。These glass-products are not expensive.
这些玻璃制品不是很值钱。
注意：cheap表示价廉，便宜的，其主语也不能是价格，必须是物品本身。如：
The
cheap table was bought from him. 这张便宜的桌子是他卖给我们的。
This cloth doll is very cheap. 这只布娃娃很便宜。
(
2)high在表示价格时，含义是高，low在表示价格时，含义是低，这两个词不能用于物品本身，只
能用在价格上。如：The price of this watch is very high.
这只表的价格太高了。
The price of this book is not low
for me. 这本书的价格对我来说是不低。
下面我们试看几个句子的正误对照：
The price of this computer is
expensive.(宜改为：This computer is expensive. 或The
price of this computer is high. )
The price of
this pen is not cheap for him to buy.(宜改为：This pen
is not cheap for him to buy. 或 The price of this
pen is
not low for him. )
5. alone lonely
lonely 与alone的意思比较接近，但在使用时有所区别：
(1)
lonely用作形容词，意思是孤单的；寂寞的。可指心灵上的寂寞，也可指偏僻的地点。在句中既可作表语，
也
可作定语。(2)alone 可作形容词和副词，意思是单独；独自，不指心理上寂寞的感觉。
She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone,
but she never felt
lonely.她被带到一个荒岛上，自己居住，但她从不感到寂
寞。
6. before
long long before
(1)before long
作“不久以后”讲，切不要按字面译为“长时间以前”或“好久以前”。如：
We hope to
finish our experiment before long.
我们希望不久（以后）就把实验做完。
(2)long before
作很久以前讲。原意为……以前很久，故也可译为老早。long before 跟before long
不同，前者在其后面可以接名词或一个从句；当上下文明确时，名词或从句还可以省略。Before
long 则没有上述搭
配用法。They began the test yesterday,
but we had made experiment long before.
我们昨天开始做实验，但我们在那以
前很久就已经做准备了。
7. as when
while
(1)as
是连词，意思是当……的时候，一面……一面，（强调同时，一般连续时间不长），如：
As we
were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in.
正当我们谈论泰坦尼克号这部电影时，教师进来了。
The students sing as
they go along. 学生们边走边唱。
(2)When和as一样都是连词，注意它们的
不同。如when当……的时候（一般表示动作紧接着发生）；
那时（等立连词，前有逗号分开）I
stayed till sunset, when it began to rain.
我一直呆到太阳下山，那时天开始下雨
了。
(3)while是当……时候；和……同时（强调同时发生，一般连续时间较长）例如：While
I was watching TV, he was
reading.
当我在看电视的时候，他正在看书。While there is life, there is
hope. 有生命就有希望。
8. beatwin hit
(1)beat
是动词，意思是连续地打; 打败; 敲打。beat后可接人或队名。意思是击败对手。如：
I
can beat you at swimming.
(2)win意思是赢得某个项目，后面常接。如：He won a game. 他胜一局。We
won a match. 我们比赛
得胜。
(3)hit意思是击中（有时可表示打一下）。如：The mother hit her
child out of anger. 妈妈生气，打了她孩子一下。
9. keep
doingkeep on doing
(1)keep
doing侧重表示持续不停地做某事或持续某种状态。如：The girl kept crying
all the time. 那个女孩一直在
哭。The baby kept sleeping
about four hours. 这个婴儿连续睡了大约四个小时。
(2)keep on
doing 表示总不断做某事，不表示静止状态。不能与sitting, sleeping,
lying, standing这类
词连用。如：It kept on raining for
seven days. Don't keep on asking such silly
questions.
10. get turn become
这三个词都可作系动词
用，表示状态的变化，后跟表语，但三个词的用法稍有不同。get强调情感、气候和环境的
变化；tu
rn强调色彩的变化；而become则强调职务、职称等的变化。如：
The days are
getting shorter and shorter in
winter．冬天的白天越来越短。She couldn't answer the question
and her face
turned red．她回答不出问题，脸红了。When did
you become a teacher? - Ten years
ago.你什么时候当的老师？十年前。
11. steal rob
从意思上讲steal表示偷窃的意思。而rob表示抢劫的意思；从搭配上来讲，steal sth
from sbsth 而rob则用rob sbsth
of sth; 例如：He
stole money from the rich to give it to the
robbed the bank of one million dollars.
12.
seelookwatchnotice
在英语中，see，look，watch，notice都有“看”的意思，要注意他们的区别。
see意为“看到”，表示视觉器官有意识或无意识地看到物体，强调“看到”的结果。
look意为“看”，表示有意识地观看，强调“看”的动作。
watch意为“观看，注视”，指以较大的注意力观看。
notice意为“看到，注意到”，指有意识的注意，含有从不注意到注意的变化的意义。例如：
What can you see in the picture？在图画中你能看到什么？
Look! How happily they are playing！看！他们玩得多高兴啊！
He’s watched TV for over two
hours．他看了两个多小时的电视。
He noticed a purse
lying on the road．他注意到地上有个钱包。
13. Shoot shoot
at
shoot是及物动词，意思是“射中，射死”，宾语多为人或动物等。而shoot
at是一个动词词组，意为“向……射击”，
至于射中或射死与否不得而知。如：
The
man shot five birds in the
forest．那个人在森林里射死（中）了五只鸟。The hunter shot at the
bear．猎人朝熊射击
了。They shot at the she－wolf， but
didn't shoot her．他们向那只母狼射击，但是没有射中／死。
14.
escape run away
(1)escape作“逃跑”、“逃脱”或“逃避”讲时，往往会有成功之意。如：The old
man escaped death．那个老人死里
逃生。The thief escaped
from prison．那个小偷越狱了。
(2)run
away作“逃跑”、“跑走”讲时，往往强调动作。如：Don't let him run away．
别让他跑了。
口语中escape和run away可以互用。
15. so
that.... so... that....
(1) so that....为了，以便
。引导一个目的状语从句，从句中往往有情态动词。也可引导一个结果状语从句。如：
I left
at 5:00 so that I could catch the early bus.
Speak loudly, so that they can hear what you say.
He didn't study English so that he lost a
chance to work in a foreign company.
(2) so...
that....既可引导一个结果状语从句，也可引导一个目的状语从句。
如：The
classroom was so noisy that I could hardly study.
I got up so early in the morning that I could
catch the train.