人教版英语八上语法知识篇完整版

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2020年12月30日发(作者:郑小瑛)







人教版英语八上语法知
识篇
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Grammar
Unit1. 不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns)
不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。常见不定代词如下
所示:
some 一些 somebody 某人 someone 某人 something 某事;某

any
一些;任
anybody任何人 anyone 任何人 anything 任何事物


no 没有,nobody 没有人 no one 没有人 nothing 没什么

every 每个 everybody
每人;人人
everyone 每人 everything 每件事
物;一切
all 全体;全部 each 每个(两者或以上)none 没人或物
(指两个以上)
neither 两者都不(谓单) either 两者中的任何一个(谓单)both
两者都(谓复)
other(s)另一个(些) another另外一个;以一个 much
很多
few 很少a few 一些;几个 little 很少 a little 一些 one
一个(人或物)
不定代词的用法中有几点需要注意上:
1. some 和any既可修饰可数名词复数,也可修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯
定句,
any则多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如:
A: Are there any apples in the fridge? B: Yes, there are some.
No, there aren’t any.
A: Is there any water in the bottle? B: Yes, there is some
water. No, there isn’t any water.
但在Would you like some tea?这类问句中则用some,而不用any,这是因
为问
话者希望得到对方肯定的答复。
2. many, much, a lot of 均表示“很多”。但many 只修饰可数名词复数,
much只
修饰不可数名词,而a lot of既可接可数名词复数,又可与不可数名词连
用。
3. few 与 a few是一对反义词,修饰可数名词复数;little与a little 也
是一对反义词,
修饰不可数名词。few 和little的意思是“很少;几乎没有”,侧重“否
定”的含义;a few
和a little 的意思是“有一些”,侧重“肯定”的含义。例如:



Don’t worry. There is a little time to go. We took quite a
few photos there.
Few people know what happened. There is now little hope
of success.
4. 由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时,都作单数看待,
其谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。例如:
Something is
wrong with my watch. Well,
everyone wants

to win.
Nobody knows
what the future will be like.
There
is something
for everyone at Greenwood Park.
5. 除no one以外,其他复合不定代词都写成一个词。
6. 不定代词若有定语修饰,该定语要置于其后。例如:
Did anyone see
something good
at the cinema?

For lunch, we had
something very special
—Malaysian yellow
noodles.
Do you have
anything to say


Unit2.频度副词(Adverbs of Frequency)
1. 定义:频度副词是表示动作或状态出现的频率的副词,常用以回答how
often的提问。
2. 常见的频度副词:
always (100%)> almost always> usually>often>sometimes>hardly
ever(seldom)>never(0%)
always 总是,一直,始终 100%
3. 位置:频度副词通常位于实意
动词之前,be动词、助动词、情
almost 几乎总是 95%
态动词之后。Sometimes有时可
always
位于句首或句末。
usually 通常,经常 90%
例如:
often 常常,经常 70%
It’s always interesting to
sometimes 有时,不时 40%
watch other people show their
hardly ever 几乎从不,几乎不5%
talents.
(seldom) 曾,难得
Tom doesn’t usually eat
(很少)
breakfast at school.
never 从不,绝不 0%
They hardly ever watch TV.
Fewer people will do such jobs in the future because they are
boring, but robots will
never get bored.
He sometimes gets up at 6:00. = Sometimes he gets up at 6:00.
4. 表示频率的短语:
once twice a week 一周一次两次, three times a day 一天三次,
every hour day week year 每小时每天每周每年
提示:三次或三次以上一般用“基数词+times”来表示。



5. 当对频度副词及事件发生频率的短语提问时,常用How often, 意为“多久
一次”。
例如: A: How often does Lisa go to the movies
B: Never.
6. 频率副词或短语通常与一般现在时连用,有时也与一般过去时连用。
例如:I hardly ever stay up late.
He always went to work by bus last year.
Unit3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(Comparative and Superlative Forms of
Adjective and Adverbs)
1. 概念:大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:a.原级,即原形。b.比较级,表示
“较……”或
“更……一些”。c. 最高级,表示“最……”。两者比较用比较级,三者或三
者以上用最高 级。比较的对象必须属于同一性质或范畴的人或物。
2. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成
1)规则变化
构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
high higher highest
一般在词尾加-er或-tall taller tallest
est short shorter shortest
slow slower slowest
以字母e结尾的词,在fine finer finest


词尾加- r或-st late later latest



重读闭节词词尾只有一big bigger biggest

thinner thinnest


个辅音字母时,先双写thin
fat fatter fattest


该辅间字母,再加-er

或-est
以“辅音字母+y”结尾easy easier easiest
的双音节词,先funny funnier funniest
把”y”改为”i”,再early earlier earliest
加-er或- est
beautiful more beautiful most
interesting more beautiful



comfortable interesting most


comfortably more interesting


在词前加more或most
comfortable most


more comfortable


comfortably most
comfortably
注:音节:一般情况,一个单词有几个发音的元音字母就有几个音节。
闭音节:以一个或几个 辅音字母结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。若该
音节处在重读音节上,称为重读闭音节。
2)不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级






goodwell
badbadly
manymuch
little
far
old
better best
worse worst
more most
less least
farther[fɑ:e(r)] farthest[fɑ:est]
further[f:e(r)] furthest[f:est]
older['ldr] oldest[ldst]
elder[eld(r)] eldest[eldst]

3. 用法
一、原级的用法
(1)“甲 +be+(倍数)+as+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或
“甲是乙的几倍”
例如,Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。
Tom is twice as old as Kate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。
(2)“甲+be+not+asso+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙…
例如,This room is not asso big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。
二、比较级的用法
(1)“甲+be+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙更…”
“甲+be+倍数+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示 “甲比乙…几倍”
“甲+数词+名词+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙大几岁或高多
少”
例如,Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。
This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三
倍。
He is two years older than me. 他比我大两岁。
(2)比较级前用much,a lot,far,…得多a little,a bit,…一点儿 even
甚至,still仍然等词修饰,加强语气。Her hair is much longer than mine.
她的头发比我长得多。
(3)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。
例如,He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。
The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。
He does his homework more and more carefully.他做作业越来越认真了。
(4)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,越……”。
例如,The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.你越
认真,犯的错误越少。
(5)“甲+be +the+形容词比较级+of the two+……”表示“甲是两者中较……
的”。
Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
看那两个男孩,我
弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。
(6)“甲+be+形容词或副词比较级+than +any other+单数名词(+介词短语) ”表
示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人物都……”,含义是“甲最……”。
例如,The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.(长
江,扬子江)



He jumps higher than any other student in his class.
(7)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级,甲or乙”


例如,Which is bigger,the earth or the moon哪一个大,地球还是月球

“特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级,甲or乙”Who draws better,Jenny or
Danny

Unit4.最高级及常用句型结构
(1)“主语+be +the+形容词最高级+单数名词+inof短语”表示“……是……
中最……的”。
例如,Tom is the tallest in his all the students.汤姆是他们
班上所有学生当中最高的。(2)“主语+be +one of the+形容词最高级+复数名
词+inof短语”表示“……是……中最……之一”。
例如,Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.北京是中国最大城
市之一。
(3)“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙”用于三者以上的比较。
例Which country is the largest,China,Brazil or Canada?
哪一个国家最
大,中国,巴西还是加拿大?
Which season do you like best,spring,summer or
autumn
你最喜欢哪一个季节,春夏还是秋
(4)
.形容词和副词最高级的意义也可以用比较级形式表达。常见的有:

1)形容词副词比较级+than+any other+单数名词。如:
Jack gets up earlier than any other student in our
class.杰克在我们班起得最早。
2)形容词副词比较级+than+the other+复数名词。如:
Linda is quieter than the other girls in her class.琳达
是她班上最安静的女孩。
注:1.形容词最高级前必须加the,副词最高级前常省略the。
2.形容词最高级前若有物主代词,指示代词或名词所有格等修饰时,不加
定冠词the.
易错题解析:
1. I am more taller than him. () I am taller than him. (比较级不能
重叠)
2. Taking buses in Beijing is than taking a taxi.
A. more cheaper B. much cheaper C. a little cheap D. less cheaper
3. I am taller than any other student in my class. (比较级对象不能重
叠)
我比班里其他学生都高



4. Your book is newer than me. () Your book is newer than mine. (比
较级对象要对等)
Unit5 一、What dodoes of sth.句型的运用

某人认为某物怎么样?其同义句型为“How dodoes
sth.”这一句型主要用于询问某人对某物的喜爱程度
或看法。句中think of意为“认为”,对这一句型的回答由某
人对某物喜爱程度的高低来定,具体有I love…(love喜爱,
很喜欢,相当于like…very much);I like…(like喜爱,所
表示的喜爱程度比love低);I don't mind…(don't mind不
介意,表示喜爱的程度低);I don't like…(don't like不喜
欢,喜爱程度为零);I can't stand…(can't stand不能忍
受,所表示的喜爱程度低于零,达到讨厌的地步)
二、动词不定式作宾语的用法
动词不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等。
不定式作宾语的用法非常广泛。许多动 词都可以接这种宾
语,结构为“动词+不定式”。常见动词有:ask,expect,
pla n,want,learn,need,hope,try,like,begin,agree
等。下 面的顺口溜能帮助同学们记住这一用法:
同意(agree)做计划(plan),需要(need)来帮忙(help)。
努力(t ry)多学习(learn),想要(want)有希望(hope),期盼(expect)送祝愿
( wish)。
Unit6. 一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
1.一般将来时的定义
一般将来时表示在将来某一个时间将要发生的动作或存在



的状态,也可以表示打算好在将来要去做的动作。一般将来时
主要有 两种表示形式:“will+动词原形”和“be going to
结构”。本单元主要介绍“be going to结构”。
2.“be going to结构”的基本句式
(1)肯定句:主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 其
他.如:
I am going to play computer games next Sunday.下周
日我打算玩电脑游戏。
(2)否定句:主语 + be + not + going to + 动词原
形 + 其他.如:
He isn't going to see a film with us tonight.今晚他
不打算和我们一起去看电影。
(3)一般疑问句:Be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形
+ 其他?

肯定回答:Yes,主语 +be. 否定回答:No,主语 +
be + not.如:
—Are you going to watch talk shows after dinner晚
饭后你们打算看访谈节目吗

—Yes,we ,we aren't.是的,我们打算看。
不,我们不打算看。



(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to
+ 动词原形 + 其他?如:

How are you going to learn English你打算怎样学习英


3.一般将来时的判断
(1)句中有表示将来时间的状语时,用一般将来时。这样的
时间状语有:
①“tomorrow一类”。如:tomorrow morning,at five
o'clock tomorrow afternoon
②“next一类”。如:next week,at four next Friday
afternoon
③“this一类”。如:at the end of this month
【温馨提示】 this morning常用于一般过去时。
④表示将来的短语或日期。如:soon,from now on,in
the future,in a few days' time,in a moment,in the
year 2016。如:
The famous singer is going to have a concert next
month.那个有名的歌手下个月将举办演唱会。
The kids are going to climb the mountains this
weekend.这个周末孩子们要去爬山。



(2)有迹象表明或从句意判断出某一动作或状态是在将来发
生或存在的,也用将来时。如:
The boys are putting their books and pens in their backpacks.I think
they are going to walk home.那些男孩们正在把书和钢笔放进他们的背包
里。我想他们将步行回家。
注:1)在口语中,will常缩略为’.., will not 常缩略为won’t。
2)在表示“带意愿色彩的将来”时,常用助动词will。例如: I will
tell you all about it.
3)在疑问句中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,也常用助动词shall。
例如:When shall we have the party?

4)在书面语中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,也常用助动词shall。
例如:I shall write you a letter next month.但在口语中,所有人
称都可以用will。
5)“be going to+动词原形”也可能表示将要发生的动作或安排,或打
算、计划、决定要做的事。例如:
The Smiths are going to see a Peking opera this evening.
They’re going to play volleyball next week.
I’m going to study medicine at a university.
When are you going to work

I. 动词(Verbs)
1. 动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)
类别 说明 例句
实义动词 表示动作或状态,在句中能独立She has a new friend from
Full Verbs 作谓语。 Australia.
He takes the train every
day.
We leave for school at
around seven.
连系动词 不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一He is popular in school.
Linking 起构成谓语。 Twins usually look the
Verbs same.
Threes turn green in
spring.
助动词 不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动I don’t want to go for a
Auxiliary 词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑drive.(否定)
Verbs 问、时态或其他语法形式。 We are playing
basketball.(进行时态)
Do you like tomatoes(
疑问)
情态动词 不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动She can speak a little



Modal
Verbs
词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的
证据和情态。情态动词一般没有
人称和数的变化。
English.
I think you should go to
college.
Can you come to my party?

II. 冠词(Article)
冠词是一种虚词,常放在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或 事物的含义。
冠词本身不能单独使用,在句中一般不重读。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两类。
1. 不定冠词(Indefinite Articles)
aan是不定冠词,a 用在发音以辅音开头的单词之前,如 a book, a
girl等;an则用在发音以元音开头的单词之前,如an hour, an English
teacher等。注意:不定冠词只用于可数名词单数前。不定冠词的具体用法
见下表:
用法 例词或例句
指人或事物的某一种类 China is a very interesting
country.
It’s an action movie.
指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或Is there a bank near here?

何物。
I found a small boy crying in the
corner.
We work five days a week.
表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没He has a big nose and two small
有one强烈。 eyes.
用于某些固定词组中。 a few, a little, a lot of, a
moment ago
2. 定冠词(Definite Article)
不论是单数名词还是复数名词,也不论是可数名词还是 不可数名词,其前
均可用定冠词the。定冠词的主要用法见下表:
用法 例词或例句
特指其(些)人或某(些)物。 Show me the photo of your family.
The book on the desk is mine.
指双方都知道的人或事物。 —How much are the red socks?

—They’re eight dollars.
指上下文提过的人或事物。 First, cup up a tomato. Put the
tomato on the bread.
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。 The sun is bigger than the moon.
用在序数词和形容词最高级前。 In the first photo, I’m playing
basketball at school.
What’s the best radio station?

用在由普通名词构成的专用名词the Great Wall, the Children’s
前。 Palace



用在姓氏的复数形式前
用在乐器名称前。
the Browns(布朗一家人)
Can you play the guitar?

用在一些习惯用语中。 in the morningafternoonevening, on
the leftright, the day before
yesterday, all the same
3. 不用冠词的情况(Zero Article)
英语中在 不少场合下名词前是不需要使用冠词的,有的语法书上把这种
现象称做“零冠词”。不用冠词的情况见下 表:
用法 例词或例句
在专有名词和不可数名词前。 China, Tian’anmen Square, milk,
Miler’s Clothes Store, Class 9
名词前已有作定语的this, that, It’s her ruler.
my, your, some, any, each, How much are these trousers?
every 等代词。 This book is really interesting.
Some boys are playing in the snow.
I think every home will have a
robot.
复数名词表示一类人或事物时。 She thinks talk shows are wonderful.
I like elephants because they are
cute.
在星期、月份、节日前。 Can you come to my party on
Saturday?
A special day in the United States
is Thanksgiving.
在称呼语、头衔和职务等名词前。 My science teacher is Mr. Chen.
—Don’t run in the hallways.
—Sorry, Ms. Clark.
在一日三餐前。 For lunch, she likes hamburgers,
salad and oranges.
在球类运动的名称前。 Can you play soccer?
Do you play tennis?
用在某些固定词组中。 at homeschool, by train, go to
schoolbed, on time, at nightnoon,
after classschool, be late for
school
III. 连词(Conjunctions)
用来连接词与词、短语与短语,以及句子与句子的虚词叫做连词。 连词在句
中不能单独作句子成分,一般不重读。连词按其性质可分为两类:并列连词和
从属连词 。
1. 并列连词(Coordinate Conjunctions)
并列连词是指用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子的连词。常见的并
列连词有:and, but, for, or, so, both…and…, not only…but
also…等,例如:



Beck and her father often watch NBA games.
Are you going to have a picnic on Saturday or Sunday?

He got up very early this morning , but still he’s late for
school.
2.从属连词(Subordinate Conjunctions)
从属连词是指用以引导从句的连词。常见的从属连词有:when, while,
as ,after, before, until, if , because, although, than, as soon
as等,例如:
Adam always finishes his homework before he plays football.
She can’t go to school because she is ill today.
注: 在同一个句子中,though(although)与but、 because与so不可同时
使用,例如:
()Though she was ill, but she was listening to the report
carefully.(删去but;要么删去though)
()Because her parents died, so she had to make a living by
herself.(删去because;要么删去so)
IV.句子的成分(Parts of a Sentence)
组成句子的名个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、
宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。
句子成分 意义 例句
主语 表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什Lucy is an American
The Subject 么事物”,一般由名词、代词或相当girl.
于名词的词或短语等充当。 She often goes to the
movies.
谓语 说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或We are both quiet.
The 者“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分主要He has a toothache.
Predicate 的词)用动词,谓语和主语在“人His parents teach
称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 math.
表语 说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么Her mother is a bank
The 样”,由名词、形容词或相当于名词clerk.
Predicative 或形容词的词或短语等充当,和系动Are you ready

词一起构成谓语。
We are at home last
night.
It taste great.
宾语 表示动作、行为的对象,由名词、代Let me tell you what
The Object 词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当,he is like.
和及物动词一起说明说明主语“做什He’s playing soccer.
么”。 Can I ask some
questions

宾语补足语 用来补足宾语意义,一般置于宾语之I found the book very
The Object 后,由名词、形容词、不定式、动名interesting.



Complement
定语
The
Attribute
词、分词、介词短语等充当。
用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的 除形
容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介
词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语
等。
状语
The
Adverbial
用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,一般< br>表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、
方式、程度等意义,通常由副词、介
词短语或相当于 副词的词或短语等充
当。
V. 句子的种类(Typed of Sentences)
1. 句子按其结构可分为以下几种类型:
类别 构成 例句
简单句 由一个主语(或并列I get up at sic in the morning.
The Simple 主语)和一个谓语My mother and I often go shopping.
Sentence (或并列谓语)构成Some students walk or ride bikes to
的句子。 school.
并列句 由并列连词(and, She doesn’t like science, and she
The so, but, or等)把thinks it is boring.
Compound 两个或两个以上的简Ed has a great sports collection,
Sentence 单句连在一起而构成but he doesn’t play sports.
的句子。 School starts at eight, so I get up
at six thirty.
复合句 由一个主句和一个或What do you want to be when you grow
The 一个以上的从句构成up?
Complex 的句子。 I think Screen City has the most
Sentence comfortable seats.
2. 简单句的五种基本句型(Five Kinds of Simple Sentences)

类别 谓语部分Predicate
主语 谓语动词 表语 宾语 宾语补足语
SubjectVerb(V) PredicativObject(O) Object
(S) e(P) Complement
(OC)

第1种 We exercise.

S+V (不及物动
词)

第2种 I like bananas.
S+V+O (及物动词)

第3种 They are students.

S+V+P (系动词)

第4种 She gave me a pen


My mother wants me to
drink it.
Peel three bananas.
What’s your name,
please?

She’s a good
basketball player.
I like it very much.
People are all
working hard.
Hong Kong is not very
cold in winter.



S+V+
indirect
O+ direct
O
第5种
S+V+O+OC

(及物动词) (间(直
接宾接宾
语) 语)
the boy laugh. He

made
(及物动词)

月光曲简谱-海阔天空歌词


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