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范文1
题目：
论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用
学 院
外国语学院
专 业
英语
班 级
英语0802
（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同）
姓
名
刘 潇
指导教师
李文涛
山东财经大学教务处制
二Ｏ一二年五月
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On
Application of Conversion
in English-Chinese Translation
by
Liu Xiao
Under the Supervision
of
Li Wentao
Submitted
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
School of Foreign Studies
Shandong
University of Finance and Economics
May 2012
Acknowledgements
Upon the completion of the thesis, first of
all, I would like to express my
throughout
the process of writing this thesis. Without the
School of
Foreign Studies of Shandong
University of Finance and Economics, for their
valuable and informative courses which
Application of
Conversion
in English-
Chinese Translation
Liu Xiao
Due
to the great differences between English and
Chinese in grammar and
expression style,
translators may adopt the approaches of changing
the word
classes and sentence components in
English-Chinese (E-C) translation. As a
frequently-used translation technique,
conversion enables translators to achieve a
natural, fluent and accurate translation that
not only conveys the original text’s
information but also fits the idiomatic usage
of Chinese.
The thesis consists of three
chapters. The first chapter examines the
conversion of word classes in E-C translation
such as conversion from English
nouns or
prepositions into Chinese verbs. The conversion of
word classes usually
results in the conversion
of sentence components, so the second chapter
discusses
the conversion of sentence
components. The third chapter explores the
approaches of .
Key words:
conversion; word classes; sentence components;
perspectives;
E-C translation
摘要
论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用
刘潇
由于英汉两种语言在语法或表达习惯上存在巨大差异,
在英汉翻译的过程中, 译者往
往需要改变原文的词类或句子成分。作为英汉翻译中常用的翻译技巧，转
换法可以使译文自
然、流畅、准确，既传达原意又符合汉语的表达习惯。
本文共分三章。第一
章介绍了英汉翻译过程中几种常见的词性转换方法，如原文中的名
词或介词转换为译文中的动词。词性的
转换通常会引起句子成分的改变，第二章分析了句子
成分的转换现象。第三章讨论了如何将英语思维视角
转换为相应的符合汉语文化和思维模式
的视角。
关键词：转换法；词类；句子成分；视角；英译汉
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………ii
Abstract………………………………………………………….…iii
Abstract in Chinese………………………………………………iv
Introduction…………………………………………………………1
Chapter One Conversion of Word
Classes…………...…………3
I. Conversion into Chinese
Verbs…………………………………3
II. Conversion into
Chinese
Nouns………………………………5
III. Conversion
into Chinese
Adjectives…………………………6
IV.
Conversion into Chinese
Adverbs……………………………7
Chapter Two Conversion of Sentence
Components…...………..9
I. Conversion into
Chinese
Subjects………………………………9
II.
Conversion into Chinese
Predicates…………………………10
III. Conversion into Chinese
Objects……………………………11
IV. Conversion into
Chinese
Attributes…………………………11
V.
Conversion into Chinese Complements…………………12
Chapter Three Conversion of
Perspectives……………………14
I. Conversion of
English Impersonal
Subjects…………………14
II.
Conversion from the Abstract into the
Concrete…………….17
III. Conversion from the
Stative into the
Dynamic………………17
IV.
Conversion from the Passive into the
Active………………18
V. Conversion between
Negative and
Affirmative………………18
Conclusion…………..……………………………….……………20
Works
Cited……………………………………………………..…21
如有三级标题，可以i. ii. iii. iv. 编写，为简明，建议目录中尽量不要写三级标题
，正文中可
有三级标题。注意各级标题大小写，确保目录中的标题、页码与正文中的标题、页码保持对<
br>应。
注意每段的首行缩进、行距、字体、字号等要保持全文一致
Introduction
In translation we may go through many
procedures to translate the text to
make it
acceptable for the specific communicative
situation. The translating
process is
explained as follows:
Translation is not the
transcoding of words or sentences from one
language to another, but a complex form of
action, whereby someone
provides information
on a text (source language material) in a new
situation and under changed functional,
cultural and linguistic conditions,
preserving
formal aspects as closely as possible. (Snell-
Hornby 82)
注意引
语段格式
According to
the explanation, in translating, a translator’s
task is to convey the
content and spirit of
the source text and rearrange them into the target
text in a
smooth and logical way under the new
specific situations and conditions.
Additionally, we should remember that “a
natural style in translating is
nevertheless
essential to producing in the ultimate receptors a
response similar to
that of the original
receptors” (Ma and Miao 17). Therefore, effective
translation
methods and techniques are
undoubtedly indispensable in translating
activities.
注
意文内引文规范。每个文献须在文末参考书目中出现。
Conversion, as a grammatical phenomenon, a
the field of linguistic
research. Since source
language and target language are quite different
in nature
and use, and the target text should
convey the meaning of the source text in the
closest natural manner, conversion becomes one
of the most effective techniques to
seek in
the target language the equivalent information of
the source language.
A clear and correct
expression of the source text is what really
matters in
translation, for it is crucial in
translation to seek equivalence in content or
information, but not absolute
formal correspondence. “For most people the
informative function is predominantly the
major role of language” (Hu 10). A good
translator will therefore employ all possible
means to reproduce the thought of the
author
faithfully in another language. “Conversion
accepted as one of the
techniques essential to
improving the quality of our version” (Zhong 98),
by which
the mechanical translation could be
avoided; therefore it enables translators to
achieve a natural and faithful translation
which not only offers information of the
source text but also keeps with the expression
this way, contents of both source
language and
target language are in accordance with each other,
though forms
may be somewhat changed.
The
thesis argues that, because of the great
differences between English and
Chinese in
grammar and expression style, conversion becomes a
frequently-used
translation technique, which
enables translators to achieve a natural, fluent
and
accurate translation. In addition to
Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis
consists of three parts. The first chapter
discusses the conversion of word classes in
English-Chinese (E-C) translation. The second
chapter focuses on the conversion
of sentence
components, which is usually caused by the
conversion of word classes.
The third chapter
explores the approaches of Chinese.
Chapter One
Conversion
of Word Classes
In E-C translation, it is
difficult to get an appropriate corresponding
Chinese
word for an English word of the same
class all the time. If each word in one
language is replaced with words of the same
word classes in another, such
expressions
would sound very awkward or even unintelligible to
the reader.
Therefore, effective use of word
class conversion is crucial and necessary in E-C
translation.
I. Conversion into Chinese
Verbs
Because one of the most remarkable
differences between English and Chinese
lies
in the use of the verb, conversion into Chinese
verbs technique used in E-C
translation.
i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Verb
As for English, “it seems possible to express
ideas with greater precision and
adequacy by
means of nouns than by means of the more pictorial
verbs”
(Jespersen 139). That is to say,
“English is a language in which nouns are more
widely used than those in Chinese, while in
Chinese verbs are more frequently used
and
occupy a dominant position” (Zhou 391), therefore
some English nouns are
often converted into
Chinese verbs in the practical translation.
注意文内引文规范。
每个文献须在文末参考书目中出现。
Specifically, an English noun which possesses
the property of a verb or was
derived from a
verb is often converted into a verb when
translated into Chinese.
Here is an example to
illustrate this point.
Example 1:
The use
of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of
the international law.
使用细菌武器显然违反国际法。
ii. Converting English Preposition
into Chinese Verb
It is known that “there are
about 286 prepositions and prepositional phrases
in English” (Lian 50). Prepositions or
prepositional phrases are so widely and
frequently used in English that English is
sometimes called prepositional language.
Prepositions in English, which are very rich
and flexible in meaning, on the
contrary,
the Chinese language is verb-oriented, so it is
not without reason that
English prepositions
or prepositional phrases are often converted into
Chinese
verbs or verbal phrases in E-C
translation. There is an example below.
Example 2:
It is our goal that the people
in the undeveloped areas will be finally off
poverty.
我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。
iii.
Converting English Adjective into Chinese Verb
When meeting with such English adjectives that
often indicate the
psychology or state of
mind, such as one’s consciousness, emotional
activities and
desires, translators usually
convert them into Chinese verbs. Here is an
example to
illustrate the point.
Example
3:
Advancing into the vastness of space, man
is becoming fully aware of the
smallness of
implied meaning of verbs, if necessary, are often
converted into
Chinese verbs. The following
example illustrates this point.
Example 4:
They found Mr. Bennett still up.
他们发现班纳特先生还没有睡觉。
v. Converting English
Gerund into Chinese Verb
Gerund, also called
as a verbal noun, often serves functionally as a
noun but
retains some properties of a verb in
the original text. However, there is no such
linguistic form of -ing in Chinese, so English
gerunds are generally converted into
Chinese
verbs in E-C translation. Here is an example.
Example 5:
Heating water does
not change its chemical composition.
把水加热不会改变水的化学成分。
II. Conversion into
Chinese Nouns
Nouns account for an
overwhelming part of the vocabulary not only in
English but in Chinese. Some English words,
for example, which are derived from
nouns, can
Because some English verbs describing the
characteristics or properties of the
subject
are difficult to express in exact corresponding
Chinese verbs, they are often
converted into
Chinese nouns so as to achieve a satisfactory
translation. Here is an
illustrative example.
Example 6:
To them,
Sometimes English
adjectives are also converted into Chinese nouns
for the
smoothness of translation. The
following is one example:
Example 7:
Everyday experience shows us that ice is not
as dense as water and it therefore
floats.
日常经验告诉我们，冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。
Generally
speaking, a “definite article (the) + adjective”
construction
indicates people of some kind or
abstract concepts, so such adjectives are often
converted into Chinese nouns.
Example 8:
He is always dreaming of living a life as the
rich.
他总是梦想过富人一样的生活。
Here, “the rich”
referring to people of some kind is converted into
a Chinese
noun.
Example 9:
It is the false and the truth.
最重要的是分清是非。
Here, “the false” and “the
truth” referring to abstract concepts are
converted
into Chinese nouns.
III.
Conversion into Chinese Adjectives
i.
Converting English Noun into Chinese Adjective
English nouns are much more frequently used
and contain a more extended
meaning than
Chinese nouns, and some abstract nouns are very
closely related to
their corresponding
adjectives in meaning. Therefore, it is necessary
to convert
such kind of nouns into Chinese
adjectives. The following is an example.
Example 10:
We found difficulty in solving
this complicated problem.
我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题很困难。
Some abstract nouns, preceded by an indefinite
article, are also usually
converted into
adjectives in translation for a more appropriate
and natural effect.
There is an example below.
Example 11:
The garden-party is a great
success.
那个园会真是圆满极了。
ii. Converting
English Adverb into Chinese Adjective
As
a result of the conversion from some English verbs
into Chinese nouns, the
adverbs which modify
the English verbs are naturally converted into
Chinese
adjectives to modify the Chinese
nouns. Here is an example to illustrate this
point.
Example 12:
His speech impressed
the audience deeply.
他的演讲给听众留下了很深的印象。
IV. Conversion into Chinese
Adverbs
There are occasions when some parts of
speech in English may be converted
into
adverbs in Chinese in order to make the Chinese
version more expressive.
i. Converting English
Noun into Chinese Adverb
The conversion of
English nouns into Chinese adverbs is far from
being a
universal phenomenon in translation.
However, some good translations, as
illustrated by the following one, demonstrate
that the conversion of English nouns
into
Chinese adverbs makes a more natural and smooth
translation in certain
context.
Example
13:
He converted into Chinese verbs, English
adjectives which modify the nouns
are
accordingly converted into Chinese adverbs to
modify the verbs in the
translated version.
Here is an example.
Example 14:
We place
the our friendly relations with developing
countries.
我们高度地珍视同发展中国家的友好关系。
A few
adjectives which modify or emphasize some nouns,
if translated into
Chinese, are always
converted into adverbs, although this conversion
is not caused
by the result of conversion from
English nouns into Chinese verbs. Illustrative
examples are as follows:
Example 15:
Your story about the frog turning into a
prince is sheer nonsense.
你的青蛙变成王子的故事完全是胡说。
Example 16:
He
dialed the wrong number.
他拨错了电话号码。
The
above discussion reveals that the conversion of
word classes is frequently
used to achieve
accuracy and expressiveness in E-C translation.
Through
conversion, English
words are often translated into Chinese words
similar in
meaning but different in word
classes. In addition, the conversion of word
classes
often requires the conversion of
sentence components, which will be discussed in
the next chapter.
Chapter Two
Conversion of Sentence
Components
It is discussed in the previous
chapter that an English word is not necessarily
changed into a Chinese word of the same word
class in E-C translation. Therefore,
in order
to achieve the maximal expressiveness, conversion
of word classes
occurrence in translation,
which often results in the conversion of sentence
components. This chapter will discuss the
conversion of sentence components in
E-C
translation.
I. Conversion into Chinese
Subjects
i. English Object Converted into
Chinese Subject
As some objects of verbs in
English are subjects of the sentences in the
logical
sense, they may usually be converted
into subjects in Chinese so as to give
prominence to the objects in English. Here is
an example to illustrate this point.
Example
17:
This sort of stone usually teams up with
a noun, pronoun, or gerund, which
is called
the object of the preposition and they are often
converted into Chinese
subjects. Here is an
illustrative example.
Example 18:
With the
introduction of the new method, the products
decreased in cost.
引进了新方法，产品的成本降低了。
iii.
English Predicative Converted into Chinese Subject
In English, the predicative, especially the
nominal one, may be in line with the
subject
in terms of content. Therefore, when rendered into
Chinese, such kind of
English predicative is
often changed into the subject in the target
language so that
the translation coherence is
ensured or the importance of the predicative is
effectively stressed. Here is an example to
illustrate this point.
Example 19:
Two widely used alloys of
copper are brass and bronze.
黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。
II. Conversion into
Chinese Predicates
i. English Attribute
Converted into Chinese Predicate
In English,
adjectives themselves can not serve as predicates;
Chinese, they
could. Therefore, the adjective
attributes in English can be changed into
predicates
in Chinese; accordingly, in some
circumstances, the core word in the adjective
phrase is turned into subject in Chinese so
that the translation is smooth and
idiomatic.
Here is an example to illustrate this point.
Example 20:
We look forward to an ever-
increasing volume of business with your factory.
我方盼望与贵方工厂的交易额日益提高。
ii. English Object
Converted into Chinese Predicate
In certain
cases, an English verb can not be translated into
the corresponding
Chinese verb, while the
English object conveys the meaning of action, such
object
or the object together with the verb
may usually be converted into the predicate in
Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 21:
Physical changes do not result
in formation of new substances, nor do they
involve a change in composition.
物理变化不会形成新的物质，也不会改变物质的成分。
iii. English
Subject Converted into Chinese Predicate
Some
nouns, which serve functionally as the subjects of
the sentence in the
original English text but
retain some properties of verbs, are often
converted into
Chinese predicate. Here is an
example to illustrate this point.
Example 21:
A glance through Monument and the Lincoln
Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。
III.
Conversion into Chinese Objects
Actually this
kind of conversion is closely related to the
passive English,
which is further elaborated
in the next chapter. As “a kind of changed verb
forms
in English,” passive voice “expresses
the logical verb-object relationships between
predicate verb and its subject,” and its
subject is “actually the receiver of the
predicate-verb action” it is unnecessary or
undesirable to mention the agent”
(Zandvoort
53). Because sentences using the passive voice are
not so common in
Chinese, English subjects are
generally converted into Chinese objects. Here is
an
illustrative example.
Example 22:
As the match burns, off.
火柴燃烧时发出光和热。
IV. Conversion into Chinese
Attributes
i. English Subject Converted
into Chinese Attribute
Since there may be
close relationship between subject and object, or
the object
itself is part of the subject, the
subject in the source language is occasionally
converted into an attribute for the sake of
naturalness of Chinese. Therefore, it can
be
coherent in meaning as well as in logic despite
the change in the word order.
Here is an
example to illustrate this point.
Example 23:
Various substances differ widely in their
magnetic characteristics.
各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。
Here, the sentence construction of the
rendered version is different from that
of the
original, but it conveys the exact meaning in
English.
ii. English Adverbial Converted into
Chinese Attribute
Certain prepositional
phrases, mostly adverbials of place and time,
serve as
adverbials in the
form, but they are actually connected closely with
certain nouns.
Such adverbials may be
converted into attributes in Chinese. Here is an
illustrative
example.
Example 24:
Throughout the world, oil consumption is
growing rapidly.
全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。
V.
Conversion into Chinese Complements
It is
known that, in English, adverbials most commonly
take the form of
adverbs, adverb phrases or
prepositional phrases to modify verbs. However,
Chinese sentences are typically concerned with
the result and direction of a verb,
which is
sometimes referred to by Western texts as double
verbs. The active verb of
a sentence is
followed by a second verb which indicates either
the result of the first
action, or the
direction in which it takes the subject.
A
complement of result usually indicates either an
absolute outcome or a
possible outcome. To
illustrate, in the expression
听得懂
(“to be
able to understand
something you ”) will serve
as the active verb, and
懂
(“to
understand”) will serve
as the complement of
result. Another illustrative example is as
follows.
Example 25:
The attractive force
between the molecules is negligibly small.
分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计。
To illustrate the
complements of direction, we may take as examples
the two
simple directional complements,
去
(“to go”) and
来
(“to come”), which may
be
placed at the end of a verb to indicate
that it moves somehow away or towards the
speaker, respectively.
Example 26:
He
walked up (towards me).
他走上来了。
The above
discussion shows that, along with the conversion
of word classes,
the
conversion of sentence components can E-C
translation. Translators should
be flexible in
changing the sentence components. Actually,
conversion of word
classes and sentence
components are subject to not only differences in
linguistics
factors but also differences in
cultural perspectives, which will be analyzed in
the
following chapter.
Chapter Three
Conversion of Perspectives
As discussed in the previous chapters, it
is not difficult to find that conversion
of
word classes and conversion of sentence components
are actually subject to the
vast differences
between English and Chinese, which often produce
barriers for
intercultural communication. At
times people from different cultures approach the
same thing from different perspectives, so it
is necessary to explore the translation
technique of conversion by focusing on
different perspectives in English and
Chinese.
I. Conversion of English Impersonal Subjects
It is asserted that “formal written English
language often goes with an
impersonal style,
i.e., one in which the speaker does not refer
directly to is also
vividly described by some
scholars as “the writer and the readers are out of
the
picture, 76). While Chinese are actually
going with the personal style, it is
necessary
in the E-C translation to convert the English
impersonal style into the
Chinese personal
one.
i. Converting Impersonal Subjects into
Personal or Other Subjects
There are more
impersonal subjects in English than in Chinese.
Although
English sentences with impersonal
subjects sound objective and fair, they are often
rhetorically flavored with personification or
euphemism; therefore, converting
English
impersonal subjects into Chinese personal or other
subjects is necessary in
the E-C translation.
Example 27:
Excitement deprived me of all
power of utterance.
我兴奋地什么话也说不出来。
Example 28:
Friday
started with a morning visit to the modern campus
of the
22000-student University of Michigan in
nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese
table
tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line
for lunch and later played an
exhibition
match.
星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近去参观拥有22000名学生的密歇根大
学
现代校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅一起排队取午餐，然后举行了一场表演赛。
ii. Converting Impersonal Subjects and Split
English Simple Sentences into
Chinese Complex
Sentences
In English, impersonal subjects and
simple sentences are very common, but in
Chinese there are fewer simple sentences.
Furthermore, sometimes “English
modifiers are
too long to be placed before the word being
modified in the Chinese
version” (Xu 164), so
it is necessary to convert impersonal subjects and
split
English simple sentences into Chinese
complex sentences. Here is an illustrative
example.
Example 29:
The image of a
sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and an
instant is
still imprinted on my mind.
顷刻之
间，滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来，一股脑儿连人带车都冲走了。这情景，直
到现在还印在我的脑海里
。
iii. Converting Impersonal Subjects into
Chinese Adverbials or Prepositional
Phrases
Impersonal subjects lend simplicity and
vividness to the English sentence.
Nouns
indicating time, place or natural phenomenon are
often used in this kind of
sentences, serving
as the impersonal subjects.
Example 30:
March 1940 found me working in a small
construction firm.
1940年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。
Here, the subject in the original
English sentence is converted into the Chinese
adverbial. The form of the Chinese version is
quite different from that of the
English one,
but the translation fully conveys the content of
the source language
and expresses it in a
legible way in the target language.
Example
31:
No city on American soil such
destruction.
在美国国土上，没有一座城市曾经遭受过如此严重的破坏。
Here, the subject in the original English
sentence is converted into the Chinese
prepositional phrase, which provides
information about the place where the event
is achieved through the reorganization of the
sentence.
iv. Converting Impersonal Subjects
and Split English Sentences, Simple or
Complex, into Chinese Compound or Run-on
Sentences
As we know, a compound sentence
consists of two or more simple sentences.
Additionally, a run-on sentence in Chinese
refers to running together of two
independent
clauses without a conjunction or even punctuation,
though the
so-called run-on sentences are
considered as incorrect forms in English. “As Mr.
Lv Shuxiang indicates, there are many run-on
sentences in Chinese spoken
language, with one
small sentence after another, and even many parts
can be
broken” (Wang 141). Therefore, by means
of conversion, we may convert English
impersonal subjects into Chinese personal ones
and split English sentences, simple
or
complex, into Chinese compound or run-on
sentences.
Example 32:
The round about
Elements”
In Chinese, sometimes, two words or
phrases which mean the same are put
apart in
two places, with one as the sentence composition
and the other outside the
sentence, and the
outside one is often a pronoun called extra-
position. Nevertheless,
this phenomenon is not
frequently seen in English. Therefore, some
elements of
English sentences are usually
converted into the extra-position in Chinese, as
is
shown in the following example.
Example 33:
The abuse of basic
rights in their own country in violation of the
agreement
reached at Helsinki of freedom-
loving people everywhere.
他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，这已受到各地热爱自由的人们
的谴责。
II. Conversion from the Abstract into the
Concrete
“An excessive reliance on the noun at
the expense of the verb will, in the end,
detach the mind of the writer from the
realities of and what mood the thing was
done, and insensibly induce a , generalization
and vagueness” (Gowers 79). English
people are
good at abstract thinking, and therefore, abstract
nouns are more
frequently used. Chinese
people, to image; so a large number of concrete
images
are used to illustrate abstract
concepts.
Just as noted by Flesch, “while
English people fill their talk with masses of
empty syllables and words, Chinese keep their
feet on the ground and says
everything in the
most concrete, specific words. They Chinese”
(15-16). Therefore,
conversion from the
English abstract into the Chinese concrete often
seems
necessary. Here is an illustrative
example.
Example 34:
What they wanted
most was an end of uncertainties.
那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。
III. Conversion
from the Stative into the Dynamic
Chinese
tends to use verbs in the case of activity. On the
contrary, English is
more prone to employ more
nouns, especially abstract nouns, prepositions,
adjectives, gerunds and some other means to
replace verbs and express the
meaning of
action.
Broadly speaking, nouns can be
characterized naturally as “stative”
in that
they refer to entities that are regarded as
stable, whether these are
concrete or abstract. At the opposite pole,
verbs can be equally naturally
characterized
as “dynamic”: they are fitted to indicate action,
activity and
temporary or changing conditions.
(Quirk 48)
Actually, this section can be
regarded as another examination over the
contents of the first section in chapter one,
which analyzes the conversion from
other
English word classes into Chinese verbs. Another
representative example is
given the
application of advanced building techniques.
这些建筑的创新之处在于使用了先进的建筑技术。
IV. Conversion
from the Passive into the Active
Although
active and passive voices are used in both Chinese
and English, the
frequencies they present
themselves in the two languages are quite
different. “Our
massed, scientific, and
bureaucratic society is so addicted to the passive
voice that
you must constantly alert yourself
against its drowsy, impersonal pomp” (Baker
121).
The passive voice is quite common
in English, but not in Chinese. Chinese
language carries with it a strong personal
consciousness. Action in a sentence is
done by
the subject “man,” while “things” or “objects”
generally do not take the
place of the doer or
the agent. The third section of chapter two from
English
subjects into Chinese objects is
closely related to the passive English. Another
illustrative example is as follows:
Example 36:
Her plans for a movie career
are believed to merely a pipe dream.
有人认为她当电影明星的计划不过是黄粱美梦。
V. Conversion
between Negative and Affirmative
It is often
seen that what is affirmative in English may
correspond with
something negative in Chinese,
and vice versa. Native speakers of English way of
expressing negative implications, which is
quite different from that of the Chinese.
In E-C translation, one on the
source text and produce the idiomatic target one.
i. English Negative Converted into Chinese
Affirmative
The negative form is more common
in English than in Chinese. The main
function
of negative sentence is to strengthen the positive
expression. Here is an
example to illustrate
this point.
Example 37:
The doubt was
still unsolved after .
虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
There is another special branch of English
negative form — double negation.
“Double
negations make one affirmative. Negatives such as
no, not together with
no, but, without,
unless, until and so like illustrate an
affirmative meaning” (Li and
Peng 100). The
following is one example:
Example 38:
There is no rule that .
任何规则都有例外。
ii.
English Affirmative Converted into Chinese
Negative
Such cases are also found in a
relatively wide range of expressions, in which
what is affirmative in form in English means
something negative in Chinese.
Example 39:
They keep their thoughts and feelings to
themselves.
他们的思想和感情不外露。
The above
analysis shows of perspectives works in E-C
translation.
Conversion of perspectives, which
reflects different thinking patterns and cultural
backgrounds, is one of the most important
techniques leading to adequate
translation. It
can be seen as one of the most effective measures
to seek the
equivalent information of the
source language in the target language. In this
way, a
faithful translation is achieved by
focusing primarily on accurate conveying of
ideas rather than mechanical change of
linguistic forms.
Conclusion
It is stressed that
“translation theory’s main concern is to determine
appropriate translation methods” (Newmark 19),
and this thesis technique —
conversion.
Analysis and examples in the above chapters show
convincingly that,
the greatest enemy to an
appropriate and readable target text in E-C
translation is
the rigid adherence to the
syntax of the original language. Various kinds of
conversion methods, such as conversion of word
classes, conversion of sentence
components and
conversion of perspectives, are eventually aimed
at the accuracy
and expressiveness of the
target text.
A good translator aims to make
the source text’s meaning accurately understood
by the target readers. Therefore, the
effective transfer of the original content or
spirit should be prior to that of the original
form or structure. Conversion, as one
of the
most fundamental and crucial translation
techniques, can , and achieve a
natural and
accurate translation which not only conveys the
source language’s
information but also fits
the expression . The Practical Stylist.
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Works Cited按字母排序，每一条文献都应该是正文中出现过的，切勿随便列一些正文没有出
现过的文献。格式问题十分复杂，学生和指导老师务必认真对待，如有疑问，可进一步查阅
“M
LA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”和“英语本科毕业论文撰写指南”。