英文逻辑推理题
cf战队名字大全要霸气-笼罩的近义词是什么
英文逻辑推理题
1. Nearly one in three
subscribers to Financial Forecaster is a
millionaire, and over
half are in top
management. Shouldn’t you subscribe to Financial
Forecaster now?A
reader who is neither a
millionaire nor in top management would be most
likely to act
in accordance with the
advertisement’s suggestion if he or she drew which
of the
following questionable conclusions
invited by the advertisement?
(A) Among
finance-related periodicals. Financial Forecaster
provides the most
detailed financial
information.
(B) Top managers cannot do their
jobs properly without reading Financial
Forecaster.
(C) The advertisement is placed
where those who will be likely to read it are
millionaires.
(D) The subscribers
mentioned were helped to become millionaires or
join top
management by reading Financial
Forecaster.
(E) Only those who will in fact
become millionaires, or at least top managers,
will
read the advertisement.
Questions 2-3 are based on the following.
Contrary to the charges made by some of its
opponents, the provisions of the new
deficit-
reduction law for indiscriminate cuts in the
federal budget are justified.
Opponents should
remember that the New Deal pulled this country out
of great
economic troubles even though some of
its programs were later found to be
unconstitutional.
2. The author’s method
of attacking the charges of certain opponents of
the new
deficit-reduction law is to
(A)
attack the character of the opponents rather than
their claim
(B) imply an analogy between the
law and some New Deal programs
(C) point out
that the opponents’ claims imply a dilemma
(D) show that the opponents’ reasoning leads
to an absurd conclusion
(E) show that the New
Deal also called for indiscriminate cuts in the
federal budget
3. The opponents could
effectively defend their position against the
author’s
strategy by pointing out that
(A) the expertise of those opposing the law is
outstanding
(B) the lack of justification for
the new law does not imply that those who drew it
up
were either inept or immoral
(C) the
practical application of the new law will not
entail indiscriminate budget cuts
(D)
economic troubles present at the time of the New
Deal were equal in severity to
those that have
led to the present law
(E) the fact that
certain flawed programs or laws have improved the
economy does not
prove that every such program
can do so
1
4. In
Millington, a city of 50,000 people, Mercedes
Pedrosa, a realtor, calculated
that a family
with Millington’s median family income, $$28,000 a
year, could afford to
buy Millington’s median-
priced $$77,000 house. This calculation was based
on an 11.2
percent mortgage interest rate and
on the realtor’s assumption that a family could
only
afford to pay up to 25 percent of its
income for housing.
Which of the
following corrections of a figure appearing in the
passage above, if
it were the only correction
that needed to be made, would yield a new
calculation
showing that even incomes below
the median family income would enable families in
Millington to afford Millington’s median-
priced house?
(A) Millington’s total
population was 45,000 people.
(B)
Millington’s median annual family income was
$$27,000.
(C) Millington’s median-priced house
cost $$80,000.
(D) The rate at which people in
Millington had to pay mortgage interest was only
10
percent.
(E) Families in Millington
could only afford to pay up to 22 percent of their
annual
income for housing.
5.
Psychological research indicates that college
hockey and football players are
more quickly
moved to hostility and aggression than are college
athletes in noncontact
sports such as
swimming. But the researchers’ conclusion—that
contact sports
encourage and teach
participants to be hostile and aggressive—is
untenable. The
football and hockey players
were probably more hostile and aggressive to start
with
than the swimmers.
Which of the
following, if true, would most strengthen the
conclusion drawn by the
psychological
researchers?
(A) The football and hockey
players became more hostile and aggressive during
the
season and remained so during the off-
season, whereas there was no increase in
aggressiveness among the swimmers.
(B)
The football and hockey players, but not the
swimmers, were aware at the start of
the
experiment that they were being tested for
aggressiveness.
(C) The same psychological
research indicated that the football and hockey
players
had a great respect for cooperation
and team play, whereas the swimmers were most
concerned with excelling as individual
competitors.
(D) The research studies were
designed to include no college athletes who
participated in both contact and noncontact
sports
(E) Throughout the United States, more
incidents of fan violence occur at baseball
games than occur at hockey or football games.
1. D 2. B 3. E 4. D 5. A
2
1. Although
90 percent of the population believes itself to be
well inFORMed about
health care, only 20
percent knows enough about DNA. So apparently at
least 80
percent of the population does not
know enough about medical concepts to make
well-inFORMed personal medical choices or to
make good public policy decisions
about health
care.
The argument's reasoning is
questionable because the argument fails to
demonstrate that
(A) those people who
can understand news stories about DNA are able to
make
well-inFORMed personal medical choices
(B) more than 20 percent of the population
needs to be well inFORMed about
health care
for good public policy decisions about health care
to be made
(C) one's being able to make
well-inFORMed personal medical choices ensures
that one makes good public policy decisions
about health care
(D) an understanding of
DNA is essential to making well-inFORMed personal
medical choices or to making good public
policy decisions about health care
(E) since
90 percent of the population believes itself to be
well inFORMed about
health care, at least 70
percent of the population is mistaken in that
belief.
2. During the 1980's, Japanese
collectors were very active in the market for
European art, especially as purchasers of
nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings.
This striking pattern surely reflects a
specific preference on the part of many Japanese
collectors for certain aesthetic attributes
they found in nineteenth-century
Impressionist
paintings.
Which one of the following, if
true, most strongly supports the explanation
above?
(A) Impressionist paintings first
became popular among art collectors in Europe
at the beginning of the twentieth century.
(B) During the 1980's, the Japanese economy
underwent a sustained expansion
that was
unprecedented in the country's recent history.
(C) Several nineteenth-century Impressionist
painters adopted certain techniques
and visual
effects found in Japanese prints that are highly
estee
11. The average cable television
company offers its customers 50 channels, but
new fiber-optic lines will enable telephone
companies to provide 100 to 150 television
channels to their customers for the same price
as cable companies charge for 50.
Therefore,
cable companies will be displaced by the new
companies within a few
years.
Which of
the following, if true, most helps to strengthen
the argument?
(A) The initial cost per
household of installing new fiber-optic television
service
will exceed the current cost of
installing cable television service.
(B) The
most popular movies and programs on channels
carried by cable
companies will also be
offered on channels carried by the fiber-optic
lines owned by
the telephone companies.
(C) Cable television companies will respond to
competition from the telephone
companies by
increasing the number of channels they offer.
3
(D) Some telephone companies
own cable companies in areas other than those in
which they provide telephone services.
(E) The new fiber-optic services offered by
telephone companies will be subject
to more
stringent governmental programming regulations
than those to which cable
companies are now
subject.
12. The only physical factor
preventing a human journey to Mars has been
weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a
conventional spacecraft to Mars and back
would
make even the lightest craft too heavy to be
launched from Earth. A device has
recently
been invented, however, that allows an otherwise
conventional spacecraft to
refill the craft's
fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian
atmosphere for
the return trip. Therefore, it
is possible for people to go to Mars in a
spacecraft that
carries this device and then
return.
Which one of the following is an
assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The amount of fuel needed for a spacecraft to
return from Mars is the same
as the amount of
fuel needed to travel from Earth to Mars.
(B) The fuel manufactured from the Martian
atmosphere would not differ in
composition
from the fuel used to travel to Mars.
(C) The
device for manufacturing fuel from the Martian
atmosphere would not
take up any of the
spaceship crew's living space.
(D) A
conventional spacecraft equipped with the device
would not be
appreciably more expensive to
construct than current spacecraft typically are.
(E) The device for manufacturing fuel for
the return to Earth weighs less than the
tanks
of fuel that a conventional spacecraft would
otherwise need to carry from Earth
for the
return trip.
13. In 1712 the government
of Country Y appointed a censor to prohibit the
publication of any book critical of Country
Y's government; all new books legally
published in the country after 1712 were
approved by a censor. Under the first censor,
one half of the book manus submitted to the
censor were not approved for publication.
Under the next censor, only one quarter of the
book manus submitted were not
approved, but
the number of book manus that were approved was
the same under both
censors. If the statements
in the passage are true, which one of the
following can be
properly concluded from them?
(A) More books critical of Country Y's
governments were published before the
appointment of the first censor than after it.
(B) The first censor and the second censor
prohibited the publication of the same
number
of book manus.
(C) More book manus were
submitted for approval to the first censor than to
the
second.
(D) The second censor allowed
some book manus to the published that the first
censor
would have considered critical of
Country Y's government.
(E) The number of
writers who wrote unpublished manus was greater
under the first
censor than under the second.
4
14. If the government
increases its funding for civilian scientific
research, private
patrons and industries will
believe that such research has become primarily
the
government's responsibility. When they
believe that research is no longer primarily
their responsibility, private patrons and
industries will decrease their contributions
toward research. Therefore, in order to keep
from depressing the overall level of
funding
for civilian scientific research, the government
should not increase its own
funding.
Which one of the following is an assumption
on which the argument relies?
(A)
Governments should bear the majority of the
financial burden of funding for
civilian
scientific research.
(B) Any increase in
government funding would displace more private
funding
for civilian scientific research than
it would provide.
(C) Private donations
toward research are no longer welcomed by
researchers
whose work receives government
funding.
(D) Civilian scientific research
cannot be conducted efficiently with more than
one source of funding.
(E) funding for
civilian scientific research is currently at the
highest possible
level.
15. Dental
researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a
harmless procedure: it
inevitably damages some
of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are
harmful only if
the decay reaches the nerves
inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left
untreated,
never progress to that point.
Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity
unless the
nerves inside the tooth are in
imminent danger from that cavity.
Which
one of the following principles, if valid, most
strongly supports the
researcher's reasoning?
(A) Dentists should perform any procedure
that is likely to be beneficial in the
long
term, but only if the procedure does not cause
immediate damage.
(B) Dentists should help
their patients to prevent cavities rather than
waiting
until cavities are present to begin
treatment.
(C) A condition that is only
potentially harmful should not be treated using a
method that is definitely harmful.
(D) A
condition that is typically progressive should not
be treated using methods
that provide only
temporary relief.
(E) A condition that is
potentially harmful should not be left untreated
unless it
can be kept under constant
surveillance.
16. The axis of Earth's
daily rotation is tilted with respect to the plane
of its orbit at an
angle of roughly 23
degrees. That angle can be kept fairly stable only
by the
gravitational influence of Earth's
large, nearby Moon. Without such a stable and
moderate axis tilt, a planet's climate is too
extreme and unstable to support life. Mars,
for example, has only very small moons, tilts
at wildly fluctuating angles, and cannot
support life.
5
If the
statements above are true, which one of the
following must also be
true on the basis of
them?
(A) If Mars had a sufficiently large
nearby moon, Mars would be able to support
life.
(B) If Earth's Moon were to leave
Earth's orbit, Earth's climate would be unable
to support life.
(C) Any planet with a
stable, moderate axis tilt can support life.
(D) Gravitational influences other than moons have
little or no effect on the
magnitude of the
tilt angle of either Earth's or Mars's axis.
(E) No planet that has more than one moon can
support life
17. Psychologist: Some
astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely
determine our personalities, but this claim is
false, I concede that identical
twins——who
are, of course, born at practically the same
time——often do have
similar personalities.
However, birth records were examined to find two
individuals
who were born 40 years ago on the
same day and at exactly the same time——one in
a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in
New York. Personalities of these two
individuals are in fact different.
Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the psychologist's
argument depends?
(A) Astrologers have not subjected their
claims to rigorous experimentation.
(B) The
personality differences between the two
individuals cannot be explained
by the
cultural difference between Toronto and New York.
(C) The geographical difference between
Toronto and New York did not result in
the two
individuals having different horoscopes.
(D)
Complete birth records for the past 40 years were
kept at both hospitals.
(E) Identical twins
have identical genetic structures and usually have
similar
home environments.
18.
Modern navigation systems, which are found in most
of today's commercial
aircraft, are made with
low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to
interference
than the vacuum-tube circuitry
found in older planes. During landing, navigation
systems receive radio signals from the airport
to guide the plane to the runway.
Recently,
one plane with low-power circuitry veered off
course during landing, its
dials dimming, when
a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly,
modern
aircraft navigation systems are being
put at risk by the electronic devices that
passengers carry on board, such as cassette
players and laptop computers.
Which one of
the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the
argument above?
(A) After the laptop
computer was turned off, the plane regained course
and its
navigation instruments and dials
returned to normal.
(B) When in use all
electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation,
which is
known to interfere with circuitry.
(C) No problems with navigational equipment
or instrument dials have been
6
reported on flights with no passenger-
owned electronic devices on board.
(D)
Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can
travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern
aircraft are located
within four meters of the
navigation systems.
(E) Planes were first
equipped with low-power circuitry at about the
same time
portable electronic devices became
popular.
Jane: Television programs and
movies that depict violence among teenagers are
extremely popular. Given how influential these
media are, we have good reason to
believe that
these depictions cause young people to engage in
violent behavior. Hence,
depictions of
violence among teenagers should be prohibited from
movies and
television programs, if only in
those programs and movies promoted to young
audiences.
Maurice: But you are
recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides
which,
your claim that television and movie
depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken:
violence among young people predates movies
and television by centuries.
19. Which one
of the following, if true, most strengthens Jane's
argument?
(A) The most violent characters
depicted in movies and on television programs
are adult characters who are portrayed by
adult actors.
(B) The movies that have been
shown to have the most influence on young
people's behavior are those that are promoted
to young audiences.
(C) The people who make
the most profits in the movie and television
industry
are those who can successfully
promote their work to both young and old
audiences.
(D) Many adolescents who engage
in violent behavior had already displayed
such
behavior before they were exposed violence in
movies.
(E) Among the producers who make
both movies and television programs, many
voluntarily restrict the subject matter of
films directed toward young audiences.
20. A rise in the percentage of all 18-year-olds
who were recruited by the armed
services of a
small republic between 1980 and 1986 correlates
with a rise in the
percentage of young people
who dropped out of high school in that republic.
Since
18-year-olds in the republic are
generally either high school graduates or high
school
dropouts, the correlation leads to the
conclusion that the republic's recruitment rates
for 18-year-olds depend substantially on
recruitment rates for high school dropouts.
Which one of the following statements, if true,
most weakens the argument?
(A) A large
number of 18-year-old high school graduates were
recruited for the
republic's armed services in
1986 than in 1980.
(B) Many of the high-
technology systems used by the republic's armed
services
can be operated only by individuals
who have completed a high school education.
(C) Between 1980 and 1986 the percentage of high
school graduates among
18-year-olds recruited
in the republic rose sharply.
(D) Personnel of
the republic's armed services are strongly
encouraged to finish
their high school
education.
(E) The proportion of recruits
who had completed at least two years of college
7
education was greater in
1986 than in 1980.
21. Historian: We
can learn about the medical history of individuals
through
chemical analysis of their hair. It is
likely, for example, that Isaac Newton's
psychological problems were due to mercury
poisoning; traces of mercury were found
in his
hair. Analysis is now being done on a lock of
Beethoven's hair. Although no
convincing
argument has shown that Beethoven ever had a
venereal disease, some
people hypothesize that
venereal disease caused his deafness. Since
mercury was
commonly ingested in Beethoven's
time to treat venereal disease, if researchers
find a
trace of mercury in his hair, we can
conclude that this hypothesis is correct.
Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the historian's argument
depends?
(A) None of the mercury introduced into the body
can be eliminated.
(B) Some people in
Beethoven's time did not ingest mercury.
(C)
Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal
disease.
(D) Mercury poisoning can cause
deafness in people with venereal disease.
(E) Beethoven suffered from psychological problems
of the same severity as
Newton's.
22. In 1992, a major newspaper circulated
throughout North American paid its
reporters
an average salary paid by its principle
competitors to their reporters. An
executive
of the newspaper argued that this practice was
justified, since any shortfall
that might
exist in the reporters' salaries is fully
compensated by the valuable training
they
receive through their assignments.
Which one
of the following, if true about the newspaper in
1992, most seriously
undermines the
justification offered by the executive?
(A)
Senior reporters at the newspaper earned as much
as reporters of similar
stature who worked for
the newspaper's principle competitors.
(B)
Most of the newspaper's reporters had worked there
for more than ten years.
(C) The
circulation of the newspaper had recently reached
a plateau, after it had
increased steadily
throughout the 1980s.
(D) The union that
represented reporters at the newspaper was
different from the
union that represented
reporters at the newspaper's competitors.
(E) The newspaper was widely read throughout
continental Europe and Great
Britain as well
as North America.
23. On a certain day,
nine scheduled flights on Swift Airlines were
canceled.
Ordinarily, a cancellation is due to
mechanical problems with the airplane scheduled
for a certain flight. However, since it is
unlikely that Swift would have the mechanical
problems with more than one or two scheduled
flights on a single day, some of the
nine
cancellations were probably due to something else.
(A) More than one or two airplanes were
scheduled for the nine canceled flights.
(B)
Swift Airlines has fewer mechanical problems than
do other airlines of the
same size.
8
(C) Each of the canceled flights
would have been longer than the average flight
on Swift Airlines.
(D) Swift Airlines had
never before canceled more than one or two
scheduled
flights on a single day.
(E)
All of the airplanes scheduled for the canceled
flights are based at the same
airport.
24. The interstitial nucleus, a subregion of
the brain's hypothalamus, is typically
smaller
for male cats than for female cats. A
neurobiologist perFORMed autopsies on
male
cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting
no more than .05 percent of
male cats, and
found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei
that were as large as
those generally found in
female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial
nucleus
determines whether or not male cats
can contract disease X.
Which one of the
following statements, if true, most seriously
weakens the
argument?
(A) No female cats
have been known to contract disease X, which is a
subtype of
disease Y.
(B) Many male cats
who contract disease X also contract disease Z,
the cause of
which is unknown.
(C) the
interstitial nuclei of female cats who contact
disease X are larger than
those of female cats
who do not contract disease X.
(D) Of 1,000
autopsies on male cats who did not contract
disease X, 5 revealed
interstitial nuclei
larger than those of the average male cat.
(E) The hypothalamus is known not to be causally
linked to disease Y, and
disease X is a
subtype of disease Y.
25. There should
be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol is a mixture
of alcohol and
gasoline, and has a higher
octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions
than
straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds
no more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
than
plants remove by photosynthesis.
Each of the
following, if true, strengthens the argument above
EXCEPT:
(A) Cars run less well on gasoline
than they do on gasohol.
(B) Since less
gasoline is needed with the use of gasohol, an
energy shortage is
less likely.
(C) Cars
burn on the average slightly more gasohol per
kilometer than they do
gasoline.
(D)
Gasohol is cheaper to produce and hence costs less
at the pump than gasoline.
(E) Burning
gasoline adds more carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere than plants can
remove.
26.
Barnes: The two newest employees at this company
have salaries that
are too high for the simple
tasks normally assigned to new employees and
duties that
are too complex for inexperienced
workers. Hence, the salaries and the complexity of
the duties of these two newest employees
should be reduced.
Which one of the
following is an assumption on which Barnes's
argument
9
depends?
(A)
The duties of the two newest employees are not
less complex than any others
in the company.
(B) It is because of the complex duties
assigned that the two newest employees
are
being paid more than is usually paid to newly
hired employees.
(C) The two newest
employees are not experienced at their
occupations.
(D) Barnes was not hired at a
higher-than-average starting salary.
(E) The
salaries of the two newest are no higher than the
salaries that other
companies pay for workers
with a similar level of experience.
27.
These days, drug companies and health
professionals alike are focusing their
attention on cholesterol in the blood. The
more cholesterol we have in our blood, the
higher the risk that we shall die of a heart
attack. The issue is pertinent since heart
disease kills more North Americans every year
than any other single cause. At least
three
factors——smoking, drinking, and exercise-can each
influence levels of the
cholesterol in the
blood.
Which one of the following can be
properly concluded from the passage?
(A) If
a person has low blood cholesterol, then that
person's risk of fatal heart
disease is low.
(B) Smoking in moderation can entail as
great a risk of fatal heart disease as does
heavy smoking.
(C) A high-cholesterol
diet is the principal cause of death in North
America.
(D) The only way that smoking
increases one's risk of fatal heart disease is by
influencing the levels of cholesterol in the
blood.
(E) The risk of fatal heart disease
can be altered by certain changes in lifestyle.
28. Ordinary mountain sickness, a
common condition among mountain climbers,
and
one from which most people can recover, is caused
by the characteristic shortage
of oxygen in
the atmosphere at high altitudes. Cerebral edema,
a rarer disruption of
blood circulation in the
brain that quickly becomes life-threatening if not
correctly
treated from its onset, can also be
caused by a shortage of oxygen. Since the
symptoms of cerebral edema resemble those of
ordinary mountain sickness, cerebral
edema is
especially dangerous at high altitudes.
Which
one of the following is an assumption on which the
argument depends?
(A) The treatment for
ordinary mountain sickness differs from the
treatment for
cerebral edema.
(B)
Cerebral edema can cause those who suffer from it
to slip into a coma within
a few hours.
(C) Unlike cerebral edema, ordinary mountain
sickness involves no disruption of
blood
circulation in the brain.
(D) Shortage of
oxygen at extremely high altitude is likely to
affect thinking
processes and cause errors of
judgment.
(E) Most people who suffer from
ordinary mountain sickness recover without
any
special treatment.
10
29.
The price of a full-fare coach ticket from Toronto
to Dallas on Breezeway Airlines
is the same
today as it was a year ago, if inflation is taken
into account by calculating
prices in constant
dollars. However, today 90 percent of the Toronto-
to-Dallas coach
tickets that Breezeway sells
are discount tickets and only 10 percent are full-
fare
tickets, whereas a year ago half were
discount tickets and half were full-fare tickets.
Therefore, on average, people pay less today
in constant dollars for a Breezeway
Toronto-
to-Dallas coach ticket than they did a year ago.
Which one of the following, if assumed,
would allow the conclusion above to be
properly drawn?
(A) A Toronto-to-Dallas
full-fare coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines
provides
ticket-holders with a lower level of
service today than such a ticket provided a year
ago.
(B) A Toronto-to-Dallas discount
coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines costs about
the same in constant dollars as they did a
year ago.
(C) All full-fare coach tickets on
Breezeway Airlines cost the same in constant
dollars as they did a year ago.
(D) The
average number of coach passengers per flight that
Breezeway Airlines
carries from Toronto to
Dallas today is higher than the average number per
flight a
year ago.
(E) The criteria that
Breezeway Airlines uses for permitting passengers
to buy
discount coach tickets on the Toronto-
to-Dallas route are different today than they
were a year ago.
30. Combustion of
gasoline in automobile engines produces benzene, a
known
carcinogen. Environmentalists propose
replacing gasoline with methanol, which does
not produce significant quantities of benzene
when burned. However, combustion of
methanol
produces FORMaldehyde, also a know carcinogen.
Therefore the
environmentalists' proposal has
little merit.
Which one of the following,
if true, most supports the environmentalist'
proposal?
(A) The engines of some
automobiles now on the road burn diesel fuel
rather
than gasoline.
(B) Several large
research efforts are under way to FORMulate
cleaner-burning
types of gasoline.
(C)
In some regions, the local economy is largely
dependent on industries
devoted to the
production and distribution of automobile fuel.
(D) FORMaldehyde is a less potent carcinogen
than benzene.
(E) Since methanol is water
soluble, methanol spills are more damaging to the
environment than gasoline spills.
Questions 31-32
Political opinion and
analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found
on
television talk shows, and it might be
thought that this state of affairs is a product of
the political agenda of the television
stations themselves. In fact, television stations
are driven by the same economic forces as
sellers of more tangible goods. Because
they
must attempt to capture the largest possible share
of the television audience for
11
their shows, they air only those shows
that will appeal to large numbers of people. As
a result, political opinions and analyses
aired on television talk shows are typically
bland and innocuous.
31. An assumption
made in the explanation offered by the author of
the passage
is that
(A) most television
viewers cannot agree on which elements of a
particular
opinion or analysis are most
disturbing.
(B) there are television viewers
who might refuse to watch television talk shows
that they knew would be controversial and
disturbing.
(C) each television viewer holds
some opinion that is outside the political
mainstream, but those opinions are not the
same for everyone.
(D) there are television
shows on which economic forces have an even
greater
impact than they do on television talk
shows.
(E) the television talk shows of
different stations resemble one another in most
respects.
32. The explanation offered by
the author of the passage makes the assumption
that
(A) television station executives
usually lack a political agenda of their own
(B) bland and innocuous political opinions and
analyses are generally in the
mainstream
(C) political analysts outside the mainstream are
relatively indifferent to the
effect their
analyses have on television viewers
(D)
most television viewers are prepared to argue
against allowing the
expression of political
opinions and analyses with which they disagree
(E) the political opinions of television
station executives are not often reflected
in
the television shows their stations produce
Questions 33-34
Conservationist: The
population of a certain wildflower is so small
that the
species is headed for extinction.
However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with
a
closely related domesticated daisy,
producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination
could result in a significant population of
wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should
therefore be introduced into the wildflower's
range, since although the hybrid would
differ
markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the
only means of preventing
total loss of the
wildflower in its range.
33. Which one of
the following principles, if valid, most helps to
justify the
conservationist's reasoning?
(A) It is better to take measures to preserve a
valued type of organism, even if
those
measures are drastic, than to accept a less
valuable substitute for the organism.
(B)
It is better to preserve a type of organism that
is in danger of extinction, even
if surviving
organisms of that type are not vigorous, than to
allow something more
vigorous to replace it.
(C) It is better to change a type of
organism that would otherwise be lost, even if
the changes are radical, than to lose it
entirely.
(D) It is better to destroy one of
two competing types of organisms, even if both
12
are irreplaceable, than to
allow both of them to be lost.
(E) It is
better to protect an endangered type of organism,
even if doing so has
some negative effects on
another type of organism, than to do nothing at
all.
34. Which one of the following is an
assumption on which the conservationist's
reasoning depends?
(A) The wildflower
currently reproduces only by FORMing seeds.
(B) The domesticated daisy was bred from wild
plants that once grew in the
wildflower's
range.
(C) Increasing the population of the
wildflower will also expand its range.
(D)
Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able to
reproduce.
(E) The domesticated daisy will
cross-pollinate with any daisy like plant.
35. Because of increases in the price of oil and
because of government policies
promoting
energy conservation, the use of oil to heat homes
fell by 40 percent from
1970 to the present,
and many homeowners switched to natural gas for
heating.
Because switching to natural gas
involved investing in equipment, a significant
switch
back to oil in the near future is
unlikely.
The prediction that ends the
passage would be most seriously called into
question
if it were true that in the last few
years.
(A) the price of natural gas to heat
homes has remained constant, while the cost
of
equipment to heat homes with natural gas has
fallen sharply.
(B) the price of home
heating oil has remained constant, while the cost
of
equipment to heat home with natural gas has
risen sharply.
(C) the cost of equipment to
heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply,
while the price of home heating oil has fallen
to 1970 levels.
(D) the cost of equipment to
heat homes with oil has fallen sharply, while the
price of heating with oil has fallen below the
price of heating with natural gas
(E) the
use of oil to heat homes has continued to decline,
while the price of
heating oil has fallen to
1970 levels
36. Sometimes when their trainer
gives the hand signal for
creative
together
simultaneously. On the other
occasions, the same signal elicits synchronized
backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors
are not simply learned responses to
a given
stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher
cognitive
<I>function<I>s that may
include the use of language and forethought.
Which one of the following, if true, most
strengthens the argument?
(A) Mammals have
some resemblance to one another with respect to
bodily
<I>function<I> and brain
structure.
(B) The dolphins often exhibit
complex new responses to the hand signal.
(C) the dolphins are given food incentives as part
of their training.
(D) Dolphins do not
interact with humans the way they interact with
one another.
(E) Some of the behaviors
mentioned are exhibited by dolphins in their
natural
habitat
37. Editorialist: Drivers
with a large number of demerit points who
additionally have
been convicted of a serious
driving-relative offense should either be
sentenced to jail
13
or be
forced to receive driver reeducation, since to do
otherwise would be to allow a
crime to go
unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be
made more responsible
drivers should driver
re-education be recommended for them.
Unfortunately, it is
always almost impossible
to make drivers with a large number of demerit
points more
responsible drivers.
If the
editorialist's statements are true, they provide
the most support for which
one of the
following?
(A) Drivers with a large number
of demerit points who have been convicted of a
serious driving-related offense should be sent
to jail.
(B) Driver re-education offers the
best chance of making drivers with a large
number of demerit points responsible drivers.
(C) Driver re-education is not a harsh
enough punishment for anyone convicted
of a
serious driving-related offense who has also
(D) Driver re-education should not be recommended
for those who have
committed no serious
(E) Drivers with a larger number of demerit points
but no conviction for a
serious driving-
related offense should receive driver re-education
rather than jail
38. Amphibian populations
are declining in numbers worldwide. Not
coincidentally, the earth's ozone layer has
been continuously depleted throughout the
last
50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of
ultraviolet radiation that is
continuously
produced by the sun, and which can damage genes.
Because amphibians
lack hair, hide, or
feathers to shield them, they are particularly
vulnerable to UV-B
radiation. In addition,
their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of
leathery or hard
shells. Thus, the primary
cause of the declining amphibian population is the
depletion
of the ozone layer.
Each of
the following, if true, would strengthen the
argument EXCEPT:
(A) Of the
<I>var<I>ious types of radiation
blocked by atmospheric
ozone, UV-B is the only
type that can damage genes.
(B) Amphibian
populations are declining far more rapidly than
are the
populations of nonamphibian species
whose tissues and eggs have more natural
protection from UV-B.
(C) Atmospheric
ozone has been significantly depleted above all
the areas of the
world in which amphibian
populations are declining.
(D) The natural
habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over
the past
century.
(E) Amphibian
populations have declined continuously for the
last 50 years.
39. Quasars——celestial
objects so far away that their light takes at
least 500
million years to reach Earth——have
been seen since 1963. For anything that far
away to appear from Earth the way quasars do,
it would have to burn steadily at a rate
that
produces more light than 90 billion suns would
produce. But nothing that burns at
a rate that
produces that much light could exist for more than
about 100 million years.
If the statements
above are true, which one of the following must
also be true on
the basis of them?
(A)
Instruments in use before 1963 were not sensitive
enough to permit quasars
14
to
be seen.
(B) Light from quasars first began
reaching Earth in 1963.
(C) Anything that
from Earth appears as bright as a quasar does must
produce
more light than would be produced by
90 billion suns.
(D) Nothing that is as far
from Earth as quasars are can continue to exist
for
more than about 100 million years.
(E) No quasar that has ever been seen from Earth
exists any longer.
40. More and more
computer programs that provide solutions to
mathematical
problems in engineering are being
produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary
for practicing engineers to have thorough
understanding of fundamental mathematical
principles. Consequently, in training
engineers who will work in industry, less
emphasis should be placed on mathematical
principles, so that space in the
engineering
curriculum will be available for other important
subjects.
Which one of the following, if
true, most seriously weakens the argument given
for the recommendation above?
(A) The
effective use of computer program that provide
solutions to
mathematical problems in
engineering requires an understanding of
mathematical
principles.
(B) Many of the
computer programs that provide solutions to
mathematical
problems in engineering are
already in routine use.
(C) Development of
composites and other such new materials has meant
that the
curriculum for engineers who will
work in industry must allow time for teaching the
properties of these materials.
(D) Most
of the computer programs that provide solutions to
mathematical
problems in engineering can be
run on the types of computers available to most
engineering firms.
(E) The engineering
curriculum already requires that engineering
students be
familiar with and able to use a
<I>var<I>iety of computer programs.
41. Raymond Burr played the role of lawyer
Perry Mason on television. Burr's
death in
1993 prompted a prominent lawyer to say
strove
for such authenticity that we feel as if we lost
one of our own.
from a prestigious attorney
provides appalling evidence that, in the face of
television,
even some legal professionals are
losing their ability to distinguish fiction from
reality.
The reasoning in the argument
is flawed because the argument
(A) takes the
views of one lawyer to represent the views of all
lawyers
(B) criticizes the lawyer rather
than the lawyer's statement
(C) presumes
that the lawyer is qualified to evaluate the
perFORMance of an
actor
(D) focuses on a
famous actor's portrayal of a lawyer rather than
on the usual
way in which lawyers are
portrayed on television
(E) ignores the part
of the lawyer's remark that indicates an awareness
of the
difference between reality and fiction
42. For next year, the Chef's Union has
requested a 10 percent salary increase for
15
each of its members, whereas the
Hotel Managers' Union has requested only an 8
percent salary increase for each of its
members. These facts demonstrate that the
average dollar amount of the raises that the
Chefs' Union has requested for next year
is
greater than that of the raises requested by the
Hotel Managers' Union.
Which one of the
following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) The Chefs' Union has many more members
than does the Hotel Managers'
Union.
(B)
The Chefs' Union is a more powerful union than is
the Hotel Managers'
Union and is therefore
more likely to obtain the salary increases it
requests
(C) The current salaries of the
members of the Chefs' Union are, on average,
higher than the current salaries of the
members of the Hotel Managers' Union
(D) The
average dollar amount of the raises that the
members of the Chefs'
Union received last ear
was equal to the average dollar amount of the
raises that the
members of the Hotel Managers'
Union received
(E) The members of the Chefs'
Union received salary increases of 10 percent in
each of the last two years, while the members
of the Hotel Managers' Union received
salary
increases of only 8 percent in each of the last
two years
43. Zoos have served both as
educational resources and as entertainment.
Unfortunately, removing animals from their
natural habitats to stock the earliest zoos
reduced certain species' populations,
endangering their survival. Today most new zoo
animals are obtained from captive breeding
programs, and many zoos now maintain
breeding
stocks for continued propagation of
<I>var<I>ious species. This
makes
possible efforts to reestablish endangered species
in the wild.
Which one of the following
statements is most strongly supported by the
inFORMation above?
(A) Zoos have played
an essential role in educating the public about
endangered
species.
(B) Some specimens
of endangered species are born and bred in zoos.
(C) No zoos exploit wild animals or endanger
the survival of species.
(D) Nearly all of
the animals in zoos today were born in captivity.
(E) The main purpose of zoos has shifted
from entertainment to education.
44. Legal
theorist: It is unreasonable to incarcerate anyone
for any other reason
than that he or she is a
serious threat to the property or lives of other
people. The
breaking of a law does not justify
incarceration, for lawbreaking proceeds either
from
ignorance of the law or of the effects of
one's actions, or from the free choice of the
lawbreaker. Obviously mere ignorance cannot
justify incarcerating a lawbreaker, and
even
free choice on the part of the lawbreaker fails to
justify incarceration, for free
choice
proceeds from the desires of an agent, and the
desires of an agent are products
of genetics
and environmental conditioning, neither of which
is controlled by the
agent
The
claim in the first sentence of the passage plays
which one of the following
roles in the
argument
(A) It is offered as a premise that
helps to show that no actions are under the
16
control of the agent
(B)
It is offered as background inFORMation necessary
to understand the
argument
(C) It is
offered as the main conclusion that the argument
is designed to establish
(D) It is offered
as evidence for the stated claim that protection
of life and
property is more important than
retribution for past illegal acts
(E) It is
offered as evidence for the stated claim that
lawbreaking proceeds from
either ignorance of
the law, or ignorance of the effects of one's
actions, or free choice
45. Commissioner:
Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of
a billion
dollars in the coming fiscal year.
Since there is no feasible way to increase the
available funds, our only choice is to
decrease expenditures. The plan before you
outlines feasible cuts that would yield
savings of a billion dollars over the coming
fiscal year. We will be able to solve the
problem we face, therefore, only if we adopt
this plan.
This reasoning in the
commissioner's argument is flawed because this
argument
(A) relies on inFORMation that is
far from certain
(B) confuses being an
adequate solution with being a required solution
(C) inappropriately relies on the opinions
of experts
(D) inappropriately employs
language that is vague
(E) takes for granted
that there is no way to increase available funds
17